1 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO
2 Opinion Number:
3 Filing Date: OCTOBER 22, 2018
4 No. A-1-CA-35621
5 NEW MEXICO MILITARY INSTITUTE,
6 Plaintiff-Appellee, 7 v.
8 NMMI ALUMNI ASSOCIATION, INC., 9 a New Mexico non-profit corporation,
10 Defendant-Appellant.
11 APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF CHAVES COUNTY 12 Jane Shuler Gray, District Judge
13 Hinkle Shanor, LLP 14 Richard E. Olson 15 Parker B. Folse 16 Roswell, NM
17 for Appellee
18 Keleher & McLeod, P.A. 19 Jeffrey A. Dahl 20 Michael G. Smith 21 Albuquerque, NM
22 for Appellant 1 OPINION
2 KIEHNE, Judge.
3 {1} The New Mexico Military Institute (NMMI) sued the New Mexico Military
4 Institute Alumni Association, Inc. (the Association), claiming that the Association
5 breached its contractual obligation to maintain a proper financial accounting
6 system and also alleging that the Association was NMMI’s agent. NMMI asked
7 that the Association be made to turn over donations it received while acting as
8 NMMI’s agent. After a bench trial, the district court found that the Association had
9 not breached its contractual obligations to NMMI, but it also found that the
10 contract between the Association and NMMI was terminable at will, that the
11 Association was NMMI’s agent, and that NMMI had legally terminated the
12 contract and revoked the Association’s authority to act as its agent. Based upon its
13 latter findings, the district court imposed a constructive trust over donations that
14 the Association received while acting as NMMI’s agent.
15 {2} The Association appeals, claiming that: (1) NMMI lacked standing to bring
16 its claims against the Association; (2) the district court’s ruling that the contract
17 was terminable at will should be reversed because NMMI did not raise that theory
18 until after trial; (3) the district court’s agency determination was not supported by
19 substantial evidence; (4) imposition of a constructive trust was improper; and (5)
20 requiring the Association to turn over donations that it received to NMMI violated 1 the donors’ intent. We hold that NMMI had standing, we affirm the district court’s
2 agency finding and the imposition of the constructive trust, and we reject the
3 Association’s claim that the constructive trust violates the donors’ intent. Because
4 we conclude that NMMI had a right to terminate its agency relationship with the
5 Association regardless of the existence of the contract between them, we do not
6 reach the questions of whether the contract was terminable at will or whether
7 NMMI appropriately terminated the contract.
8 BACKGROUND
9 {3} NMMI is a state-funded school that provides students with up to four years
10 of high school and two years of junior college instruction. The Association is a
11 non-profit corporation whose purpose, as stated in its articles of incorporation, is
12 “to promote the interest and welfare of [NMMI]. . .; to afford a permanent means
13 of contact between [NMMI] and its alumni; to create, establish and maintain
14 scholarships and student loan funds; and to collect and administer trust funds and
15 endowments for the use and benefit of [NMMI]; and to do generally any and all
16 things which may be deemed advisable, necessary or desirable in the interest of the
17 [NMMI], its students and faculty.” The Association’s bylaws also describe its
18 purposes as being, among other things, “[t]o promote the interest and welfare of
19 the [NMMI,]” to “foster[] lifelong connections between its Alumni and [NMMI,]”
20 and to “help establish and maintain scholarships, in conjunction with the New
2 1 Mexico Military Institute Foundation (the NMMI Foundation), for deserving
2 cadets to attend [NMMI.]”
3 {4} The Association was incorporated in 1964 and was originally staffed by
4 NMMI employees. In 1993 the Association and NMMI entered into a
5 Memorandum of Agreement (MOA), and the staffers handling alumni
6 communication and coordination left the employment of NMMI and became
7 employees of the Association. The employees’ duties did not change. NMMI
8 continued to provide office space and utilities to the Association free of charge.
9 The Association staff also used NMMI phone lines and email servers, and used
10 “@nmmi.edu” email addresses.
11 {5} The Association and NMMI entered into a series of agreements between
12 1993 and 2013. The first was the 1993 MOA referenced above. In 2001 the
13 Association and NMMI entered into a new MOA (the 2001 MOA). They entered
14 into a third MOA in 2012 (the 2012 MOA). The 2001 MOA contained a number of
15 affirmative covenants requiring the Association to do a number of things unless
16 excused in writing by NMMI. These included maintaining the Association’s status
17 as a 501(c)(3) corporation; maintaining the composition of the membership of its
18 board of directors in accordance with its bylaws; employing an executive secretary
19 selected by its board of directors; and retaining advisory and other professional
20 services as deemed necessary to perform its primary function of supporting
3 1 NMMI; serving as the primary repository of records relating to NMMI alumni;
2 providing NMMI publications to alumni, cadets, and patrons; maintaining a
3 database with continued updates of all alumni to be used by NMMI for fundraising
4 programs; and receiving donations and disbursing those funds in conformity with
5 any conditions imposed by the donors and in accordance with NMMI rules and
6 regulations governing financial aid to cadets.
7 {6} The 2012 MOA contained the same affirmative covenants. The 2012 MOA
8 also contained language stating that NMMI had reviewed the Association’s articles
9 and bylaws and “found them acceptable” and that any proposed amendments
10 would be provided to NMMI for consideration and comment. All three MOAs
11 contained provisions obligating the Association to manage, document and track its
12 financial activity and provide financial information to NMMI. The 1993 and 2001
13 MOAs contained language stating that the Association was not NMMI’s agent.
14 The 2012 MOA, however, did not contain this language and did not say anything
15 about whether an agency relationship existed between the parties.
16 {7} NMMI, the Association, and the NMMI Foundation, a non-profit foundation
17 that provides primarily financial support to NMMI, provided financial support to
18 the Association, and holds scholarship funds for students of NMMI, also entered
19 into an “Alliance Agreement” to coordinate fundraising efforts. The Alliance
20 Agreement outlined the duties of each party relating to fundraising. This agreement
4 1 required that the Association supply an annual budget to the Alliance Committee, a
2 group made up of representatives from the NMMI Foundation, NMMI, and the
3 Association for approval.
4 {8} The Association held funds given to it by donors for the purpose of
5 providing scholarships to NMMI students. Some of these funds had donor-imposed
6 restrictions. The scholarship committee, which consisted of representatives from
7 NMMI, the Association, and the NMMI Foundation, met each February to award
8 scholarships from those funds. Students seeking scholarships would contact
9 NMMI’s financial aid office, and if a scholarship was awarded to a student using
10 the Association’s funds, NMMI would bill the Association at the end of the
11 academic year.
12 {9} In July 2009, NMMI hired a new president and superintendent, Major
13 General Jerry Grizzle. General Grizzle reviewed the agreements between NMMI
14 and the Association that were then in force, including the 2001 MOA and the Third
15 Amended Alliance Agreement. General Grizzle believed that the 2001 MOA was
16 outdated and wanted to update it to reflect “current processes, procedures, titles.”
17 General Grizzle also became concerned about the Association’s operations and
18 believed it was “in violation of every condition” in the 2001 MOA. Beginning in
19 2010, General Grizzle had discussions with successive board presidents of the
20 Association about his concerns. General Grizzle’s primary concern was his belief
5 1 that the Association was not complying with the MOA’s provisions governing
2 financial accounting and management of its finances. These efforts resulted in the
3 parties signing the 2012 MOA.
4 {10} The Association, however, still did not provide any audited financial
5 statements to NMMI, and it appeared to General Grizzle that the Association was
6 not likely to file a timely, audited tax return. Thus, on February 21, 2013, NMMI’s
7 Board of Regents sent a letter to the Association stating that it intended to
8 terminate the 2012 MOA because the Association had not maintained an adequate
9 financial accounting system and had not provided NMMI with a copy of its annual
10 audit, and asking it to cure these problems within thirty days. The Association did
11 not respond to this letter. In April 2013, NMMI sent a final notice to the
12 Association that it was terminating the relationship between NMMI and the
13 Association. On this same date, NMMI removed the Association from its offices
14 on NMMI property.
15 {11} NMMI brought suit against the Association in June 2013 claiming that the
16 Association breached its contractual obligation to maintain an adequate financial
17 accounting system, and that the Association was in possession of funds that it
18 received on behalf of NMMI while acting as NMMI’s agent. It asked the district
19 court to: freeze the Association’s accounts; prohibit the Association from using
20 NMMI’s name, logos, and trademarks; impose a constructive trust on funds in the
6 1 Association’s custody; appoint a receiver; order the Association to account for
2 funds it received while an agent of NMMI; and order the Association to transfer all
3 funds received for the benefit of NMMI or its cadets to an appropriate custodian.
4 {12} The district court held a one-week bench trial. Most of the evidence and
5 argument focused on the Association’s allegedly inadequate accounting system,
6 but the parties also tried the issue of whether the Association was NMMI’s agent.
7 After the trial, the district court issued an initial set of findings of fact and
8 conclusions of law, finding that the Association acted as NMMI’s agent, that the
9 Association did not breach the 2012 MOA, and that NMMI had improperly
10 terminated the 2012 MOA. The district court then issued a judgment and order,
11 imposing a constructive trust over funds in the Association’s custody, and stating
12 that because the Association was NMMI’s agent, it had a duty to convey these
13 funds to NMMI or the NMMI Foundation if NMMI so directed. After post-trial
14 motions filed by both parties, the district court issued supplemental findings of fact
15 and conclusions of law, reiterating that the Association had acted as NMMI’s
16 agent, and stating that “NMMI, as the principal, [could] terminate the
17 Association’s authority to act as its agent for any reason.” The district court also
18 found that the 2012 MOA was terminable at will. The court issued an amended
19 judgment reiterating its agency finding and the creation of a constructive trust over
7 1 funds in NMMI’s custody. The Association appeals from the district court’s ruling
2 and its imposition of a constructive trust.
8 1 DISCUSSION
2 A. NMMI had standing to sue the Association
3 {13} New Mexico’s standing doctrine requires litigants to allege that “(1) they are
4 directly injured as a result of the action they seek to challenge[,] (2) there is a
5 causal relationship between the injury and the challenged conduct[,] and (3) the
6 injury is likely to be redressed by a favorable decision.” ACLU of N.M. v. City of
7 Albuquerque, 2008-NMSC-045, ¶ 1, 144 N.M. 471, 188 P.3d 1222. Whether a
8 party has standing presents a question of law that we review de novo. Id. ¶ 6.
9 {14} Here NMMI alleged in its complaint that the Association acted as its agent,
10 that “[a]lumni and others have made numerous and substantial monetary
11 contributions to the Association on the condition, both express and implied, that
12 those funds directly benefit NMMI,” and that because the relationship between
13 NMMI and the Association had been terminated, the Association should not be
14 allowed to retain control over funds that were intended to benefit NMMI. These
15 claims allege an injury to NMMI in the form of loss of access to and control over
16 funds intended to support its students and programs.
17 {15} NMMI further alleged that it had demanded the return of the funds, but that
18 the Association had not responded to the demand, and apparently could not or
19 would not act on the demand because its board had split into two factions with
20 contrary aims. These allegations were sufficient to allege a causal connection
9 1 between NMMI’s loss of access to and control over the funds and the
2 Association’s unwillingness or inability to return the funds to NMMI, despite its
3 obligation to do so as NMMI’s agent. See, e.g., Moser v. Bertram, 1993-NMSC-
4 040, ¶ 6, 115 N.M. 766, 858 P.2d 854 (stating that an “agent stands in a fiduciary
5 relationship with his or her principal, a position of great trust and confidence
6 commanding the utmost good faith”); Restatement (Third) of Agency § 8.01 (Am.
7 Law Inst. 2006) (“An agent has a fiduciary duty to act loyally for the principal’s
8 benefit in all matters connected with the agency relationship.”). Finally, a
9 favorable decision would redress NMMI’s alleged injury by giving it control over
10 funds that the Association had raised on NMMI’s behalf.
11 {16} The Association claims, however, that NMMI failed to prove that it suffered
12 any injury because the district court rejected NMMI’s claim that it violated the
13 2012 MOA. The Association acknowledges NMMI’s argument that as its agent,
14 “the Association must return property that it can no longer rightfully possess after
15 the termination of the agency relationship[,]” but asserts that NMMI lacks standing
16 because: (1) NMMI failed to prove that it suffered any injury; (2) NMMI failed to
17 offer evidence “that would suggest that the Association was not the proper party to
18 hold and administer the funds under its control”; (3) “no language in the MOA . . .
19 suggest[s] that [NMMI] is the proper owner or trustee of the Association’s funds”;
10 1 and (4) “[t]here is also no law on point that holds that an agent must disgorge its
2 own property to a principal absent any breach of fiduciary duty.”
3 {17} These arguments lack merit. The premise of the Association’s arguments is
4 that NMMI needed to demonstrate that the Association committed some breach of
5 duty, or caused some harm, to justify NMMI’s decision to terminate the agency
6 relationship. But as we will explain at further length in response to the
7 Association’s substantial evidence claim, NMMI was entitled to terminate the
8 Association’s status as its agent for any reason or no reason. The Association was
9 therefore obligated to turn over to NMMI all donations that it had collected on
10 NMMI’s behalf, even if its conduct was faultless. Here, NMMI sufficiently
11 demonstrated that it had standing by alleging and proving that the Association was
12 its agent, that the agency relationship had been terminated, and that nevertheless
13 the Association would not or could not turn over to NMMI the donations that it had
14 collected on NMMI’s behalf. We therefore conclude that NMMI had standing to
15 pursue its claims against the Association. See Am. Fed’n of State, Cty. & Mun.
16 Employees, Council 18 v. Bd. of Cty. Comm’rs, 2016-NMSC-017, ¶ 32, 373 P.3d
17 989 (holding that injury-in-fact requirement to obtain standing is satisfied where
18 the plaintiff “show[s] that [it] is imminently threatened with injury, or, put another
19 way, that [it] is faced with a real risk of future injury, as a result of the challenged
20 action or statute” (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)).
11 1 B. The district court’s determination that the Association was acting as 2 NMMI’s agent is supported by substantial evidence
3 {18} The Association next claims that substantial evidence does not exist to
4 support the district court’s finding that the Association acted as NMMI’s agent,
5 because there was no evidence that NMMI exercised the degree of control over the
6 Association required to support the existence of an agency relationship. We
7 disagree.
8 {19} “On appeal, we will not disturb a finding of agency if [it is] supported by
9 substantial evidence.” Gallegos v. Citizens Ins. Agency, 1989-NMSC-055, ¶ 17,
10 108 N.M. 722, 779 P.2d 99. “Substantial evidence is such relevant evidence that a
11 reasonable mind would find adequate to support a conclusion.” State ex rel. King v.
12 B & B Inv. Grp., Inc., 2014-NMSC-024, ¶ 12, 329 P.3d 658 (internal quotation
13 marks and citation omitted). “[W]hen considering a claim of insufficiency of the
14 evidence, the appellate court resolves all disputes of facts in favor of the successful
15 party and indulges all reasonable inferences in support of the prevailing party.” Las
16 Cruces Prof’l Fire Fighters v. City of Las Cruces, 1997-NMCA-044, ¶ 12, 123
17 N.M. 329, 940 P.2d 177.
18 {20} “An agent is one authorized by another to act on his behalf and under his
19 control.” Hansler v. Bass, 1987-NMCA-106, ¶ 28, 106 N.M. 382, 743 P.2d 1031.
20 Whether an agency relationship exists is a question of fact to be determined “from
21 all of the facts and circumstances of the case, together with the conduct and 12 1 communications between the parties.” Brown v. Cooley, 1952-NMSC-083, ¶ 8, 56
2 N.M. 630, 247 P.2d 868. The existence of an agency relationship does not depend
3 on the name that the parties use to describe their relationship. See Chevron Oil Co.
4 v. Sutton, 1973-NMSC-111, ¶ 4, 85 N.M. 679, 515 P.2d 1283 (stating that “the
5 majority rule is that the manner in which the parties designate a relationship is not
6 controlling, and if an act done by one person on behalf of another is in its essential
7 nature one of agency, the one is the agent of the other, notwithstanding he is not so
8 called”).
9 {21} Here, the Association does not dispute that it acted on NMMI’s behalf, but
10 claims that NMMI did not exercise sufficient control over the Association to
11 render the Association its agent. In determining whether an agency relationship
12 exists, the “principal consideration” is “the control, or right to control” the agent’s
13 conduct. Shaver v. Bell, 1964-NMSC-255, ¶ 16, 74 N.M. 700, 397 P.2d 723. The
14 principal, however, need not control, or have a right to control, all aspects of the
15 agent’s activities. “Thus, a person may be an agent although the principal lacks the
16 right to control the full range of the agent’s activities, how the agent uses time, or
17 the agent’s exercise of professional judgement.” Restatement (Third) of Agency §
18 1.01 cmt. c (Am. Law Inst. 2006).
19 {22} In New Mexico, our case law has not required a particularly invasive level
20 of control to support a finding that a principal-agent relationship exists. For
13 1 example, in Shaver, a plaintiff who was injured after slipping in a puddle of
2 gasoline at a service station sued both the actual operators of the station (Bass and
3 Hendrix) and the man who had leased the station and sold gasoline to them (Bell)
4 for negligence. Bell argued that Bass and Hendrix were not his agents because he
5 could not control their operation of the gas station, and he obtained summary
6 judgment on that basis. Shaver, 1964-NMSC-255, ¶ 1. Our Supreme Court
7 reversed, holding that a dispute of fact existed about whether Bass and Hendrix
8 were Bell’s agents, although Bell did not control their day-to-day activities, where:
9 (1) Bell provided “certain specified equipment” to the station; (2) Bell provided
10 advertising for the station and paid its utilities; (3) Hendrix and Bass agreed to
11 purchase gasoline sold by Bell; (4) Bell employed a “[s]tation [s]upervisor” to
12 check on the station every week or two; and (5) Bell “sometimes suggested the
13 price at which the gasoline should be sold, as well as ways to increase the business
14 of the station, [although] these were suggestions only.” Id. ¶¶ 3, 25-26. Similarly,
15 in Chevron Oil, our Supreme Court held that an issue of fact existed about whether
16 Chevron, who had leased a gas station to a man named Sharp, but did not control
17 his day-to-day operations, was in a principal-agent relationship where Chevron
18 required Sharp to promote Chevron’s products, to remain open for certain hours,
19 and to meet minimum standards of cleanliness and order, and where Chevron
20 provided Sharp with gasoline, advertising, and uniforms, and allowed his
14 1 customers to pay with Chevron credit cards. 1973-NMSC-111, ¶ 7. And in
2 Gallegos, our Supreme Court held that an insurance agency was in a principal-
3 agent relationship with an insurance salesman where the salesman had access to
4 the insurance agency’s office building and rate books, solicited business for the
5 insurance agency, and received price information from the insurance agency to
6 relay to his customers. 1989-NMSC-055, ¶ 18.
7 {23} We conclude that substantial evidence supported the district court’s finding
8 that NMMI exercised sufficient control over the Association to place them in a
9 principal-agent relationship. First, there was abundant evidence to support the
10 existence of a close relationship between NMMI and the Association, and that the
11 donations it solicited were for the benefit of NMMI and its students. The district
12 court found that “[t]he Association, as an affiliated entity, has provided support to
13 NMMI by raising funds on behalf of NMMI that were intended to benefit NMMI
14 and its cadets[,]”; that “[t]he Association solicited donations on behalf of NMMI,”;
15 that “[o]n behalf of NMMI, the Association created and established endowments,
16 including those for scholarships, intended to benefit [the Association],”; and that
17 the Association “solicited and raised funds to promote and help fund NMMI’s]
18 annual homecoming festivities,” to “offset and support the costs of various NMMI
19 programs and cadet activities[,]” and to “create and establish professorial
20 endowments at NMMI.” All three MOAs, the Association’s by-laws, and the
15 1 Association’s articles of incorporation described the Association’s purposes as
2 promoting the interest and welfare of NMMI and collecting and administering trust
3 funds and endowments for the use and benefit of NMMI. The 2001 and 2012
4 MOAs specified that the Association would serve as the primary repository of
5 records relating to alumni for NMMI. The Association’s scholarship funds were
6 solicited on behalf of NMMI’s students.
7 {24} There was also substantial evidence of NMMI’s power to control the
8 Association’s fundraising activities. The district court found that as an “affiliated
9 entity with NMMI, the Association has been permitted to use the name ‘NMMI’ in
10 its corporate title and allowed the use of NMMI’s name and marks in its
11 letterhead”; that “[u]ntil NMMI declared the [2012 MOA] to be terminated, the
12 Association’s office was located on the campus of NMMI”; up until the 2012
13 MOA, all previous MOAs stated that the Association was not an agent of NMMI;
14 and that “[a]ll three MOAs required the Association to undertake several
15 commitments[,]” including the maintenance of an adequate financial accounting
16 system and submission to annual audits. Any changes to the Association’s bylaws
17 and its articles of incorporation required NMMI approval. The 2001 and 2012
18 MOAs also required the Association to do a number of things, “unless excused by
19 [NMMI] in writing,” including maintaining its existence as a tax-exempt
20 organization, employing an executive secretary, organizing its staff and retaining
16 1 advisory and other professionals services as it deemed necessary.” These
2 provisions indicate a level of control on the part of NMMI, as they outline the
3 basic structure and organization that the Association was to have and make clear
4 where the Association had authority to exercise its own professional discretion.
5 {25} The 2012 MOA also required the Association to provide NMMI publications
6 to alumni, provide and maintain a database with continued updates of all alumni,
7 and to receive and disburse scholarship funds in conformity with all conditions
8 imposed by the donors and in accordance with NMMI rules governing financial aid
9 to cadets. Students at NMMI had to apply for Association-administered
10 scholarships through NMMI’s financial aid office, and the Association provided
11 the scholarship funds for students to NMMI.
12 {26} This evidence established that NMMI exercised at least as much, if not
13 more, control over the Association as did the principals in Shaver, Chevron Oil,
14 and Gallegos. To be sure, the Association pointed to contrary evidence, such as the
15 testimony of its past president, John Phinizy, and its former executive secretary,
16 David Romero, that NMMI did not control the Association’s actions; NMMI’s
17 audited financial statements, which appeared to disclaim any ability to control the
18 Association’s daily operations; and statements in the 1993 and 2001 MOAs that
19 explicitly disclaimed a principal-agent relationship between NMMI and the
20 Association. But on substantial evidence review, “[t]he question is not whether
17 1 substantial evidence exists to support the opposite result, but rather whether such
2 evidence supports the result reached.” Sandoval v. Baker Hughes Oilfield
3 Operations, Inc., 2009-NMCA-095, ¶ 41, 146 N.M. 853, 215 P.3d 791 (internal
4 quotation marks and citation omitted). Having concluded that the evidence was
5 sufficient to support the district court’s finding that the Association acted as
6 NMMI’s agent, we affirm that finding.
7 C. NMMI had the power to terminate its agency relationship with the 8 Association, regardless of whether the 2012 MOA was terminable only 9 for cause, and the district court’s imposition of the constructive trust 10 was proper
11 {27} The Association vigorously argues that NMMI could only terminate the
12 2012 MOA for cause, and given that the district court found that the Association
13 did not violate the 2012 MOA, NMMI suffered no injury that would entitle it to
14 end the parties’ relationship or justify the imposition of a constructive trust
15 requiring that it transfer the scholarship funds in its possession to NMMI. The
16 Association also argues that the district court’s post-trial finding that the 2012
17 MOA was terminable at will cannot justify the order requiring it to turn over its
18 scholarship funds to NMMI, and should be reversed, because NMMI did not raise
19 the terminable-at-will theory until after trial concluded. Moreover, the Association
20 argues that even if the district court’s agency finding was supported by the
21 evidence, that “would not justify the transfer of funds to [NMMI].” The
22 Association therefore asks this Court to reverse the district court’s judgment and 18 1 “order the immediate return of the funds” to the Association. In response, NMMI
2 argues that because the Association was its agent, it therefore could end its agency
3 relationship regardless of whether the 2012 MOA was terminable only for cause,
4 and even if the Association complied with all of its obligations to NMMI. Whether
5 NMMI as principal could terminate its agency relationship with the Association
6 without cause presents a question of law that we review de novo. See Bank of N.Y.
7 Mellon v. Lopes, 2014-NMCA-097, ¶ 6, 336 P.3d 443 (“We review issues of law
8 de novo.”).
9 {28} Although the parties have not cited any New Mexico cases that have directly
10 addressed the issue, the overwhelming, if not unanimous, weight of authority is
11 that a principal has the power to terminate an agency relationship at any time and
12 for any reason, even if the principal and agent have signed a contract providing that
13 their relationship is irrevocable or may be terminated only for cause. The
14 Restatement (Second) of Agency § 118 (Am. Law Inst. 1958) states that
15 “[a]uthority terminates if the principal or the agent manifests to the other dissent to
16 its continuance[,]” and Comment b to this section explains that “[t]he principal has
17 power to revoke and the agent has power to renounce, although doing so is in
18 violation of a contract between the parties.” A principal or agent who terminates
19 the relationship in violation of such a contract may still be subject to liability to the
20 other party for breach of contract. Restatement (Second) of Agency § 118 cmts. b,
19 1 c. There is an exception to this rule where the agent’s authority is a “power given
2 as security[,]” Restatement (Second) of Agency § 138 (Am. Law. Inst. 1958), but
3 that does not apply here.
4 {29} The Restatement (Third) of Agency § 3.10 (Am. Law Inst. 2006) similarly
5 states that “[n]otwithstanding any agreement between the principal and agent, an
6 agent’s actual authority terminates . . . if the principal revokes the agent’s actual
7 authority.” Comment b to this section also states that the principal’s power to
8 revoke an agent’s authority “is not extinguished because an agreement between
9 principal and agent states that the agent’s actual authority shall be irrevocable or
10 shall not be revoked except under specified circumstances[,]” although exercising
11 that power “may constitute a breach of contract.” Comment b further explains that
12 “[t]he rationale for the power to revoke . . . is that agency is a consensual
13 relationship.” The power to revoke is justified because an agent with authority
14 “holds ongoing power to act with adverse consequences for the principal[,]” and
15 thus a principal should not be compelled to accept the services of an agent that has
16 lost the principal’s confidence. Restatement (Third) of Agency § 3.10 cmt. b. The
17 principal may, however, still be liable for breach of contract if it has wrongfully
18 terminated an agent’s authority (except that specific performance is not a remedy
19 available to the agent). Id.
20 1 {30} Case law from other jurisdictions confirms application of these general
2 principles, and the Association has not cited any authority to the contrary. See, e.g.,
3 Gov’t Guarantee Fund of Republic of Finland v. Hyatt Corp., 95 F.3d 291, 300 (3d
4 Cir. 1996) (stating that agency relationship is ordinarily terminable even if the
5 parties agreed the relationship could not be terminated); Woolley v. Embassy
6 Suites, Inc., 278 Cal. Rptr. 719, 724 (Ct. App. 1991) (stating that “[i]t is a cardinal
7 principle of agency law that a principal who employs an agent always retains the
8 power to revoke the agency”); Ireland v. Wynkoop, 539 P.2d 1349, 1362 (Colo.
9 App. Ct. 1975) (reversing portion of injunction that purported to prevent principal
10 from terminating agent’s authority, noting that principal has the power to terminate
11 an agency relationship at any time, even in breach of a contract).
12 {31} Because the district court found that the Association was NMMI’s agent (a
13 finding that we have already held was supported by substantial evidence), it
14 follows that NMMI could terminate the Association’s authority to act as its agent
15 without cause, even if the 2012 MOA could only be terminated for cause, and
16 despite the district court’s finding that the Association did not breach the 2012
17 MOA. While we are sympathetic with the Association’s protests that it did not
18 breach any duty to NMMI, mismanage any of its funds, or give NMMI any cause
19 to terminate their relationship, the law is clear that NMMI needed no cause to
20 terminate the Association’s status as an agent. The Association further argues that
21 1 allowing NMMI to terminate their relationship without cause violates New Mexico
2 law requiring the enforcement of contracts, because the 2012 MOA only allows
3 termination for cause. But as we have stated, the law allows a principal to
4 terminate an agent’s authority to act regardless of any agreement to the contrary. If
5 the Association believed that NMMI breached the 2012 MOA by terminating the
6 relationship, the Association could have asserted a breach of contract counterclaim
7 in the district court, but it did not do so.
8 {32} Because NMMI had the power to terminate its agency relationship with the
9 Association, it follows that the district court properly imposed a constructive trust
10 requiring the Association to turn over funds it solicited on NMMI’s behalf while
11 acting as NMMI’s agent. “The imposition of a constructive trust is an equitable
12 remedy . . . within the broad discretion of the district court.” In re Estate of Duran,
13 2003-NMSC-008, ¶ 35, 133 N.M. 553, 66 P.3d 326. “A constructive trust will be
14 imposed to prevent unjust enrichment that would result if the person having the
15 property were permitted to retain it.” Id. ¶ 34 (internal quotation marks and citation
16 omitted).
17 {33} As an agent, the Association owed fiduciary duties to its principal, NMMI.
18 Hydro Res. Corp. v. Gray, 2007-NMSC-061, ¶ 40, 143 N.M. 142, 173 P.3d 749
19 (stating that “agency is a fiduciary relationship, whereby the agent is required to
20 act only in the interest of the principal”). As part of its fiduciary duty, the
22 1 Association was required to respect NMMI’s interest in the donations that it
2 solicited on NMMI’s behalf. See Restatement (Third) of Agency § 8.12 (Am. Law
3 Inst. 2006) (stating that an agent has a duty “not to deal with the principal’s
4 property so that it appears to be the agent’s property” and “to keep and render
5 accounts to the principal of money or other property received or paid out on the
6 principal’s account”). Once NMMI terminated the Association’s status as an agent,
7 it was required to turn over those funds to NMMI. See Restatement (Third) of
8 Agency § 8.05 cmt. b (Am. Law Inst. 2006) (“A former agent who continues to
9 possess property of a principal has a duty to return it and to comply with . . .
10 management and record-keeping rules[.]”). It would therefore have been unjust for
11 the district court to allow the Association to retain those funds in the face of
12 NMMI’s demand for their return. The district court therefore acted within its
13 discretion by imposing the constructive trust.
14 D. The Association’s claim that the district court’s imposition of a 15 constructive trust violated the donors’ intent and New Mexico 16 testamentary law lacks merit
17 {34} The Association’s final claim is that the district court’s constructive trust
18 violated the intent of donors who made testamentary gifts to the Association to be
19 administered by the Association. We hold that this claim is meritless.
20 {35} As discussed above, the district court’s imposition of the constructive trust
21 was based on its finding that the Association was NMMI’s agent, and on its
23 1 conclusion that NMMI, as principal, was entitled to terminate the agency
2 relationship and require the Association, as its agent, to turn over all funds that it
3 received while acting as NMMI’s agent. The Association claims that it is
4 nevertheless entitled to keep the funds that it received and solicited on NMMI’s
5 behalf because the donors intended that the Association should be in charge of
6 administering and distributing those funds. In support of this claim, the Association
7 cites In re Cable Family Trust, 2010-NMSC-017, 148 N.M. 127, 231 P.3d 108 and
8 In re Estate of Seymour, 1979-NMSC-069, 93 N.M. 328, 600 P.2d 274 for the
9 legal principle that a donor “may do as he or she wishes with his or her money”
10 and that courts should therefore strive to give effect to a donor’s intent. The
11 Association, relying on Schwarzkopf v. American Heart Association, 541 So. 2d
12 1348 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1989) and National City Bank of Michigan/Illinois v.
13 Northern Illinois University, 818 N.E.2d 453 (Ill. App. Ct. 2004), also argues that a
14 court “has no authority to alter the terms of a decedent’s will, even if there is
15 evidence that there is a more cost effective and efficient means of operation.”
16 {36} The Association’s arguments, however, do not grapple with the district
17 court’s actual ruling or demonstrate that it was wrong. We have no quarrel with the
18 principle that courts should attempt to give effect to the intent of donors or
19 testators with respect to the disposition of their assets, or with the Association’s
20 reliance on Cable and Seymour for that general proposition. But the district court
24 1 found that the funds at issue here were donated to the Association in its capacity as
2 an agent for NMMI, and that NMMI was therefore entitled to demand that they be
3 turned over to it. The Association has cited no authority for the proposition that
4 where an agent receives or solicits funds on behalf of its principal, it is entitled to
5 keep those funds, even in the face of a demand from its principal for their return,
6 merely because the donor intended that the agent be the one to administer the
7 funds. Accordingly, the Association has failed to demonstrate that the district court
8 erred. See In re Adoption of Doe, 1984-NMSC-024, ¶ 2, 100 N.M. 764, 676 P.2d
9 1329 (“We assume where arguments in briefs are unsupported by cited authority,
10 counsel after diligent search, was unable to find any supporting authority.”).
11 {37} Similarly, we also have no reason to dispute the principle that a court may
12 not modify a will or gift merely because there’s a more efficient way of
13 distributing the funds. But the district court’s decision was not based on efficiency
14 concerns, and the Association’s argument and authority on this point are therefore
15 irrelevant. Accordingly, we reject the Association’s challenge to the district court’s
16 order directing it to turn over funds that it received while acting as NMMI’s agent.
17 CONCLUSION
18 {38} We affirm the district court’s judgment.
19 {39} IT IS SO ORDERED.
20 _________________________
25 1 EMIL J. KIEHNE, Judge
2 WE CONCUR:
3 _________________________ 4 J. MILES HANISEE, Judge
5 _________________________ 6 JULIE J. VARGAS, Judge