944 F.2d 911
NOTICE: Although citation of unpublished opinions remains unfavored, unpublished opinions may now be cited if the opinion has persuasive value on a material issue, and a copy is attached to the citing document or, if cited in oral argument, copies are furnished to the Court and all parties. See General Order of November 29, 1993, suspending 10th Cir. Rule 36.3 until December 31, 1995, or further order.
NITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee,
v.
James Robert BAILEY, a/k/a James Robert Nicholson,
Defendant-Appellant.
No. 90-1148.
United States Court of Appeals,
Tenth Circuit.
Sept. 11, 1991.
Before McKAY and SETH, Circuit Judges, and BROWN, Senior District Judge.
ORDER AND JUDGMENT
McKAY, Circuit Judge.
Defendant James Bailey appeals his conviction on four counts of unauthorized use of food coupons under 7 U.S.C. § 2024(b) (1988) and aiding and abetting another in the unauthorized use of food coupons under 18 U.S.C. § 2 (1988). Defendant filed a motion for a new trial that was denied by the district court. He was sentenced to three years imprisonment on each of the counts, to be served concurrently. This appeal followed.
I.
Defendant and co-defendant Sinnica Nicholson operated Seven Seas Seafood, a food store in Denver, Colorado. They were authorized by the United States Department of Agriculture to redeem food coupons. USDA initiated an investigation into the possible unauthorized use of food coupons after receiving a phone call from the manager of the bank where the defendant and Ms. Nicholson had opened an account. The bank manager informed USDA agents that he was suspicious of defendant and Ms. Nicholson due to the extremely large volume of food stamps they had deposited into their account and because they were withdrawing the cash shortly after making deposits.
USDA conducted an investigation involving special agents and a civilian working as an undercover operative. On July 26, 1989, a special agent and the undercover operative entered Seven Seas Seafood. They asked defendant if he would redeem food stamps for cash. Defendant responded affirmatively and directed them to Ms. Nicholson who was in another part of the store. Ms. Nicholson exchanged $200 worth of USDA food coupons for $100 in cash.
On August 4, 1989, the undercover operative entered Seven Seas Seafood and contacted defendant. They left the store together, entered defendant's automobile, and drove behind the store into an alley. The undercover operative informed defendant that the food coupons she was about to exchange were stolen. Defendant paid $80 in cash for $160 in food coupons. The undercover operative also stated that she would have more food coupons to sell in the future. Defendant indicated that he was willing to purchase more coupons. This transaction was recorded through a device hidden on the undercover operative and was viewed by two federal agents.
The next exchange occurred on September 15, 1989. Following a phone conversation, co-defendant Nicholson met the undercover operative at the East Side Food Stamp Office in Denver. Ms. Nicholson exchanged $400 for $850 worth of USDA food coupons. The undercover operative saw defendant seated on a porch approximately one-half block from where the exchange occurred, and observed Ms. Nicholson walk toward him after the exchange was completed.
On September 18, 1989, the undercover operative again met Ms. Nicholson at the East Side Food Stamp Office after arranging the meeting over the telephone. Ms. Nicholson arrived in a car driven by defendant. She and the undercover operative then exchanged $500 in cash for $1000 worth of food coupons. After the transaction, Ms. Nicholson got back into the car and drove away with defendant. This exchange was videotaped and observed by federal agents.
The jury returned a verdict of guilty as to each of these transactions. Following a jury trial, appellant moved for a new trial on the basis of his allegation that the government failed to provide a complete transcript of the grand jury proceedings in violation of his discovery request. The district court denied the motion.
II.
Defendant alleges numerous errors that warrant reversal and a new trial. His first argument is that the district court erred in denying his motion for a new trial due to the failure of the government to produce a complete set of grand jury transcripts. He maintains that this alleged failure by the government to comply with his discovery request for Jencks Act material prejudiced his trial preparation. The government asserts that the only grand jury testimony upon which the indictment was based was the testimony of USDA Special Agent Hopko, and that the complete grand jury transcript was provided to defense counsel.
Whether to grant a motion for a new trial is a decision within the sound discretion of the district court. We will not reverse the court's decision absent a plain abuse of that discretion. United States v. McIntyre, 836 F.2d 467, 472 (10th Cir.1987); United States v. Troutman, 814 F.2d 1428, 1455 (10th Cir.1987).
The Jencks Act requires that the government, on motion of the defendant, produce any "statement" of a witness it has called that relates to the subject matter to which the witness has testified. 18 U.S.C. § 3500(b) (1988). This material includes a transcript of a witness's testimony before a grand jury. Id., § 3500(e)(3); United States v. Knowles, 594 F.2d 753, 755 (9th Cir.1979).
Defendant points to passages in the grand jury transcript that he contends demonstrate the government did not produce the entire grand jury proceedings. The first example involves a statement by Agent Hopko that the USDA investigation of defendant stemmed from a Denver police complaint about defendant and Ms. Nicholson trafficking in food stamps and also possibly trafficking in narcotics. The government then asked a question referring to "these various episodes, that the Grand Jurors heard about involving drugs" and sought to clarify that no exchange of drugs ever occurred. Record, vol. 1, doc. 22, exh. 1 at 3. Defendant asserts that this reference indicates that there was earlier grand jury testimony. "Various episodes," however, could just as easily have been a reference to Agent Hopko's statement about the Denver police complaint. Moreover, this excerpt does not demonstrate that the district court abused its discretion in failing to grant a new trial.
Defendant also maintains that the government's reference to Agent Hopko's prior summary of nine food coupon transactions demonstrates that the witness had testified at a different grand jury proceeding about these transactions. Id. at 8.
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944 F.2d 911
NOTICE: Although citation of unpublished opinions remains unfavored, unpublished opinions may now be cited if the opinion has persuasive value on a material issue, and a copy is attached to the citing document or, if cited in oral argument, copies are furnished to the Court and all parties. See General Order of November 29, 1993, suspending 10th Cir. Rule 36.3 until December 31, 1995, or further order.
NITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee,
v.
James Robert BAILEY, a/k/a James Robert Nicholson,
Defendant-Appellant.
No. 90-1148.
United States Court of Appeals,
Tenth Circuit.
Sept. 11, 1991.
Before McKAY and SETH, Circuit Judges, and BROWN, Senior District Judge.
ORDER AND JUDGMENT
McKAY, Circuit Judge.
Defendant James Bailey appeals his conviction on four counts of unauthorized use of food coupons under 7 U.S.C. § 2024(b) (1988) and aiding and abetting another in the unauthorized use of food coupons under 18 U.S.C. § 2 (1988). Defendant filed a motion for a new trial that was denied by the district court. He was sentenced to three years imprisonment on each of the counts, to be served concurrently. This appeal followed.
I.
Defendant and co-defendant Sinnica Nicholson operated Seven Seas Seafood, a food store in Denver, Colorado. They were authorized by the United States Department of Agriculture to redeem food coupons. USDA initiated an investigation into the possible unauthorized use of food coupons after receiving a phone call from the manager of the bank where the defendant and Ms. Nicholson had opened an account. The bank manager informed USDA agents that he was suspicious of defendant and Ms. Nicholson due to the extremely large volume of food stamps they had deposited into their account and because they were withdrawing the cash shortly after making deposits.
USDA conducted an investigation involving special agents and a civilian working as an undercover operative. On July 26, 1989, a special agent and the undercover operative entered Seven Seas Seafood. They asked defendant if he would redeem food stamps for cash. Defendant responded affirmatively and directed them to Ms. Nicholson who was in another part of the store. Ms. Nicholson exchanged $200 worth of USDA food coupons for $100 in cash.
On August 4, 1989, the undercover operative entered Seven Seas Seafood and contacted defendant. They left the store together, entered defendant's automobile, and drove behind the store into an alley. The undercover operative informed defendant that the food coupons she was about to exchange were stolen. Defendant paid $80 in cash for $160 in food coupons. The undercover operative also stated that she would have more food coupons to sell in the future. Defendant indicated that he was willing to purchase more coupons. This transaction was recorded through a device hidden on the undercover operative and was viewed by two federal agents.
The next exchange occurred on September 15, 1989. Following a phone conversation, co-defendant Nicholson met the undercover operative at the East Side Food Stamp Office in Denver. Ms. Nicholson exchanged $400 for $850 worth of USDA food coupons. The undercover operative saw defendant seated on a porch approximately one-half block from where the exchange occurred, and observed Ms. Nicholson walk toward him after the exchange was completed.
On September 18, 1989, the undercover operative again met Ms. Nicholson at the East Side Food Stamp Office after arranging the meeting over the telephone. Ms. Nicholson arrived in a car driven by defendant. She and the undercover operative then exchanged $500 in cash for $1000 worth of food coupons. After the transaction, Ms. Nicholson got back into the car and drove away with defendant. This exchange was videotaped and observed by federal agents.
The jury returned a verdict of guilty as to each of these transactions. Following a jury trial, appellant moved for a new trial on the basis of his allegation that the government failed to provide a complete transcript of the grand jury proceedings in violation of his discovery request. The district court denied the motion.
II.
Defendant alleges numerous errors that warrant reversal and a new trial. His first argument is that the district court erred in denying his motion for a new trial due to the failure of the government to produce a complete set of grand jury transcripts. He maintains that this alleged failure by the government to comply with his discovery request for Jencks Act material prejudiced his trial preparation. The government asserts that the only grand jury testimony upon which the indictment was based was the testimony of USDA Special Agent Hopko, and that the complete grand jury transcript was provided to defense counsel.
Whether to grant a motion for a new trial is a decision within the sound discretion of the district court. We will not reverse the court's decision absent a plain abuse of that discretion. United States v. McIntyre, 836 F.2d 467, 472 (10th Cir.1987); United States v. Troutman, 814 F.2d 1428, 1455 (10th Cir.1987).
The Jencks Act requires that the government, on motion of the defendant, produce any "statement" of a witness it has called that relates to the subject matter to which the witness has testified. 18 U.S.C. § 3500(b) (1988). This material includes a transcript of a witness's testimony before a grand jury. Id., § 3500(e)(3); United States v. Knowles, 594 F.2d 753, 755 (9th Cir.1979).
Defendant points to passages in the grand jury transcript that he contends demonstrate the government did not produce the entire grand jury proceedings. The first example involves a statement by Agent Hopko that the USDA investigation of defendant stemmed from a Denver police complaint about defendant and Ms. Nicholson trafficking in food stamps and also possibly trafficking in narcotics. The government then asked a question referring to "these various episodes, that the Grand Jurors heard about involving drugs" and sought to clarify that no exchange of drugs ever occurred. Record, vol. 1, doc. 22, exh. 1 at 3. Defendant asserts that this reference indicates that there was earlier grand jury testimony. "Various episodes," however, could just as easily have been a reference to Agent Hopko's statement about the Denver police complaint. Moreover, this excerpt does not demonstrate that the district court abused its discretion in failing to grant a new trial.
Defendant also maintains that the government's reference to Agent Hopko's prior summary of nine food coupon transactions demonstrates that the witness had testified at a different grand jury proceeding about these transactions. Id. at 8. Agent Hopko, however, had summarized the trafficking of food coupons a few moments earlier during his testimony on that day, and, thus, his statement does not establish that there was prior grand jury testimony.
Finally, defendant asserts that the Assistant United States Attorney improperly tainted the grand jury when, in response to a grand juror's concern about the ability of untrustworthy individuals to obtain authorization to redeem food coupons, the AUSA mentioned that defendant had an extensive criminal history but was able to obtain authorization. The AUSA immediately cautioned the grand jury that they were not to take into consideration defendant's criminal history when deciding whether to return an indictment. Id. at 19-20. In light of the fact that this information came out in response to a grand juror's question and that the AUSA properly cautioned the grand jury, we cannot conclude that the district court abused its discretion in denying defendant's motion for a new trial.
III.
Defendant maintains that the evidence was insufficient to support his convictions for wilfully assisting Ms. Nicholson in the unauthorized acquisition of food coupons on September 15, 1989, and September 18, 1989. Evidence is considered sufficient to support a criminal conviction if, viewing all the evidence--both direct and circumstantial--in the light most favorable to the government, a reasonable jury could find the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. United States v. Culpepper, 834 F.2d 879, 881 (10th Cir.1987).
During the August 4, 1989, exchange of food coupons for cash, defendant stated that he was interested in acquiring additional food coupons in the future. Further, during the initial exchange on July 26, 1989, defendant directed the undercover operative and the special agent to Ms. Nicholson in order to consummate the exchange. In addition, evidence was presented showing that defendant and Ms. Nicholson were authorized to redeem food coupons, that they were co-signators on the bank account into which they deposited food coupons, that they both deposited coupons, and that they both withdrew large amounts cash from that account shortly after making deposits. Although defendant did not execute the transaction himself on September 18 but drove Ms. Nicholson to the site and drove away with her after the exchange was completed, a reasonable jury could infer that defendant willfully assisted Ms. Nicholson by transporting her to and from the site. Similarly, on September 15, defendant waited one-half block from where the transaction occurred, and Ms. Nicholson walked towards him after the exchange. Although there was no evidence showing that defendant transported Ms. Nicholson to the site, a permissible inference from all the evidence presented is that he wilfully assisted her. Viewing the evidence and the reasonable inferences to be drawn therefrom in the light most favorable to the government, we conclude that the jury could find beyond a reasonable doubt that defendant wilfully assisted Ms. Nicholson in the unlawful acquisition of food coupons on both September 15 and September 18.
IV.
Defendant contends that the district court abused its discretion by admitting extrinsic evidence of prior inconsistent statements to impeach Ms. Nicholson. He argues that the evidence was improperly admitted because she did not have an adequate opportunity to explain the prior statements as required by Rule 613(b) of the Federal Rules of Evidence. The decision of whether to admit evidence is a matter committed to the discretion of the district court. United States v. Alexander, 849 F.2d 1293, 1301 (10th Cir.1988).
During the government's case-in-chief, Ms. Nicholson stated that defendant did not give her money to purchase food coupons. The government sought to impeach her by introducing the testimony of government agents who testified that Ms. Nicholson had previously told them that the money came from defendant. Ms. Nicholson was given an opportunity to explain her prior statements, record, vol. 3, at 263, and the district court properly instructed the jury that the testimony of the government agents was for the limited purpose of impeaching Ms. Nicholson's credibility, and not to establish the truth of the prior statements. Id., vol. 4 at 339. Under these circumstances, we conclude that the district court did not abuse its discretion in admitting the agents' testimony of Ms. Nicholson's prior inconsistent statements.
V.
Defendant also argues that the district court erred by permitting a government agent to testify about a conversation he overheard between Ms. Nicholson and the undercover operative. The conversation had been recorded, but the audio tape was inaudible. Defendant argues that the admission of the testimony violated Rule 1004 of the Federal Rules of Evidence because the tape itself was the best evidence of the conversation and a proper foundation was not presented as to why the tape could not be produced at trial. We must determine whether the district court abused its discretion in admitting the agent's testimony. Alexander, 849 F.2d at 1301.
Defendant misapprehends the best evidence rule and the purposes for which the agent's testimony was offered. The best evidence rule requires the production of a writing, recording, or photograph in order to prove its contents. Fed.R.Evid. 1002. In this case, however, the government sought to establish the contents of Ms. Nicholson's conversation with the undercover operative, not the sounds preserved on the tape recording. Therefore, the best evidence rule is inapplicable. See United States v. Rose, 590 F.2d 232, 237 (7th Cir.1978), cert. denied, 442 U.S. 929 (1979); United States v. Gonzales-Benitez, 537 F.2d 1051, 1053-54 (9th Cir.), cert. denied 429 U.S. 923 (1976). The district court did not abuse its discretion in admitting the agent's testimony.
VI.
Defendant's last two contentions are not persuasive. He argues that the district court erred in denying his motion for a mistrial based on a government witness's reference to a "criminal history check" in response to a question about the training of the undercover operative. Record, vol. 4, at 303. Taken in context, this comment referred to the screening of individuals to determine their fitness as undercover operatives. The district court's denial of defendant's motion for a mistrial was not an abuse of discretion. See United States v. Peveto, 881 F.2d 844, 859 (10th Cir.), cert. denied, 110 S.Ct. 348 (1989).
Finally, defendant contends that the cumulative effect of the alleged errors require that we vacate his conviction. In light of our determination that the district court did not err as defendant alleges, cumulative-error analysis is inappropriate. See United States v. Rivera, 900 F.2d 1462, 1470-71 (10th Cir.1990).
The district court's judgment is AFFIRMED.