Fourth Court of Appeals San Antonio, Texas MEMORANDUM OPINION
No. 04-24-00651-CV
Nikolaj ZBIKOWSKI, Appellant
v.
Sean FLUEGGE, Appellees
From the 37th Judicial District Court, Bexar County, Texas Trial Court No. 2024-CI-13055 Honorable Kevin Henderson, Judge Presiding
Opinion by: Irene Rios, Justice
Sitting: Rebeca C. Martinez, Chief Justice Irene Rios, Justice Adrian A. Spears II, Justice
Delivered and Filed: December 10, 2025
AFFIRMED AS MODIFIED
Pro se appellant Nikolaj Zbikowski appeals a two-year protective order issued against him
for the protection of appellee Sean Fluegge, his brother-in-law, and Stasia Zbikowski, his sister
and Fluegge’s wife. Zbikowski’s appellate brief presents multifarious issues that are difficult to
comprehend. We construe Zbikowski’s arguments to include a challenge to (1) the issuance of a
temporary protective order because he did not receive notice of a hearing and no hearing was
conducted, and (2) the sufficiency of the evidence to support the trial court’s granting of the 04-24-00651-CV
protective order. For the reasons below, we modify the final protective order and affirm as
modified.
BACKGROUND
Police arrested Zbikowski in October 2019 following a physical altercation involving
Zbikowski, Fluegge, and Stasia. Zbikowski, Fluegge, Stasia, and Gale—Zbikowski’s and Stasia’s
mother—lived together in Gale’s house. In June 2024 and pursuant to section 82.002 of the Texas
Family Code, the Bexar County Criminal District Attorney’s Office filed an application for a
protective order on behalf of Fluegge naming Zbikowski as the respondent. See TEX. FAM. CODE
ANN.§ 82.002(d), (e).
On August 27, 2024, the trial court conducted a hearing at which Fluegge, Stasia, Gale,
and Zbikowski, acting pro se, testified. After considering all the evidence, the court issued an oral
ruling finding “the elements of the protective order have been met, and [the court is] granting a
protective order for a period of two years.”
The trial court then issued the written protective order the same day, finding, among other
things, Fluegge and Zbikowski were members of the same family or household, and family
violence occurred. The court prohibited Zbikowski from engaging in several enumerated acts, and
it set the duration of the protective order for a period of two years, or until August 27, 2026. Stasia,
in addition to Fluegge, was named as a protected person.
Following the trial court’s issuance of the protective order, Zbikowski filed a motion
seeking to vacate the order, which was overruled by operation of law. This appeal ensued.
COMPLAINTS REGARDING A TEMPORARY PROTECTIVE ORDER
We first address Zbikowski’s numerous complaints concerning a temporary protective
order, including his contention that he did not receive notice of a hearing, no hearing for a
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temporary protective order was conducted, and Fluegge did not sufficiently allege necessary facts
in his affidavit supporting his application for a protective order to exclude Zbikowski from the
family home.
Based on our review of the record, it is not clear whether a temporary protective order was
issued. Nonetheless, even if the trial court granted a temporary protective order, it has since expired
and been replaced by the final protective order. Generally, expired orders are considered moot on
appellate review. James v. Hubbard, 21 S.W.3d 558, 560 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2000, no pet.).
Appellate courts lack jurisdiction to decide moot controversies. See Nat’l Collegiate Athletic Ass’n
v. Jones, 1 S.W.3d 83, 86 (Tex. 1999). Moreover, we do not have subject matter jurisdiction to
resolve complaints about temporary protective orders that have been superseded by a final
protective order. See Ford v. Harbour, No. 14-07-00832, 2009 WL 679672, at *2 (Tex. App.—
Houston [14th Dist.] Mar. 17, 2009, no pet.) (mem. op.); accord Lancaster v. Lancaster, No. 01-
14-00845-CV, 2015 WL 9480098, at *5 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Dec. 29, 2015, no pet.)
(mem. op.). Any temporary protective order in this case was superseded by the August 27, 2024
final protective order.
Therefore, we do not further address Zbikowski’s appellate issues as they pertain to a
temporary protective order because they are moot.
SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE TO SUPPORT THE TRIAL COURT’S GRANTING OF THE PROTECTIVE ORDER
A. Standard of Review and Applicable Law
We review the grant of a protective order for legal and factual sufficiency using the same
standard we use in evaluating the sufficiency of the evidence following a jury verdict. Hollimon v.
Williams, No. 01-22-00414-CV, 2023 WL 4710895, at *4 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] July
25, 2023, pet. denied) (mem. op.); Yang v. Cao, 629 S.W.3d 666, 670 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st
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Dist.] 2021, no pet.). When, as here, a party who does not have the burden of proof at trial
challenges the legal sufficiency of the evidence, we consider the evidence in the light most
favorable to the prevailing party, indulging every reasonable inference in that party’s favor and
disregarding contrary evidence unless a reasonable factfinder could not. Yang, 629 S.W.3d at 670
(citing City of Keller v. Wilson, 168 S.W.3d 802, 827 (Tex. 2005)); City of Hous. v. Hildebrandt,
265 S.W.3d 22, 27 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2008, pet. denied) (citing Assoc. Indem. Corp.
v. CAT Contracting, Inc., 964 S.W.2d 276, 285–86 (Tex. 1998)).
We may sustain a legal sufficiency, or “no evidence” point, only if the record demonstrates
(1) a complete absence of evidence of a vital fact; (2) the court is barred by rules of law or of
evidence from giving weight to the only evidence offered to prove a vital fact; (3) the evidence
offered to prove a vital fact is no more than a mere scintilla; or (4) the evidence conclusively
establishes the opposite of the vital fact. Gabel v. Gabel-Koehne, 649 S.W.3d 590, 599 (Tex.
App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2022, no pet.) (citing City of Keller, 168 S.W.3d at 810). If more than
a scintilla of evidence exists to prove a vital fact, the evidence is legally sufficient, and we will
overrule the issue. Haggar Clothing Co. v. Hernandez, 164 S.W.3d 386, 388 (Tex. 2005);
Hildebrandt, 265 S.W.3d at 27. More than a scintilla of evidence exists if the evidence “rises to a
level that would enable reasonable and fair-minded people to differ in their conclusions.” Ford
Motor Co. v. Ridgway, 135 S.W.3d 598, 601 (Tex. 2004) (citing Merrell Dow Pharm., Inc. v.
Havner, 953 S.W.2d 706, 711 (Tex. 1997)).
For a party to successfully challenge the factual sufficiency of an adverse finding on an
issue wherein he did not have the burden of proof, he must demonstrate that the adverse finding is
so contrary to the overwhelming weight of the evidence as to be clearly wrong and unjust.
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Hollimon, 2023 WL 4710895, at *4. In conducting a factual sufficiency review, we examine,
consider, and weigh all evidence that supports or contradicts the factfinder’s determination. Id.
“It is the [factfinder’s] role to resolve conflicts in the evidence, and we may not substitute
our judgment for that of the [factfinder].” Id. at *5; McKeehan v. Wilmington Sav. Fund Soc’y,
FSB, 554 S.W.3d 692, 698 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2018, no pet.). After considering and
weighing all the evidence, we will set aside the order only if the evidence is so weak, or the finding
is so against the great weight and preponderance of the evidence, that it is “clearly wrong and
unjust.” Boyd v. Palmore, 425 S.W.3d 425, 429 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2011, no pet.).
Under the Family Code, a trial court may issue a protective order if it “finds that family
violence has occurred.” TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 81.001. For purposes of protective orders, “family
violence” includes:
an act by a member of a family or household against another member of the family or household that is intended to result in physical harm, bodily injury, assault, or sexual assault or that is a threat that reasonably places the member in fear of imminent physical harm, bodily injury, assault, or sexual assault, but does not include defense measures to protect oneself[.]
Id. § 71.004(1). “Family” “includes individuals related by consanguinity or affinity[.]” Id. §
71.003; see also TEX. GOV’T CODE ANN. § 573.022(a)(2) (providing that two individuals are
related to each other by consanguinity if they share a common ancestor), § 573.024(a)(2)
(providing that two individuals are related to each other by affinity if the spouse of one of the
individuals is related by consanguinity to the other individual). “Household” means “a unit
composed of persons living together in the same dwelling, without regard to whether they are
related to each other.” TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 71.005. A “member of a household” “includes a
person who previously lived in a household.” Id. § 71.006.
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“At the close of a hearing on an application for a protective order, the [trial] court shall
find whether family violence has occurred.” Id. § 85.001(a). If the trial court makes such a finding,
the trial court shall render a protective order against the person found to have committed family
violence. See id. § 85.001(b)(1). Only protective orders exceeding a two-year duration require a
finding justifying the longer period. See id. § 85.001(d).
B. Applicable Facts
Fluegge testified he requested the protective order after Zbikowski “laid hands” on Stasia,
he intervened, and Zbikowski assaulted him. Fluegge added that Zbikowski continued to harass
Fluegge and Stasia after the altercation, and Fluegge believed Zbikowski would cause future
problems.
Specifically, with respect to the 2019 altercation, Fluegge explained that Zbikowski and
Stasia began arguing about how their mother was handling their recently deceased father’s estate
and then the argument shifted to a fight about a video game console and video game. When the
argument escalated and Zbikowski “put his hand around [Stasia’s] throat,” Fluegge intervened by
stepping in between them and using his body weight to get Zbikowski away from Stasia.
Zbikowski fell and landed face down. Fluegge then attempted to restrain Zbikowski face down on
the floor until he calmed down. According to Fluegge, he told Zbikowski to calm down several
times, and when Zbikowski somewhat stopped resisting, Fluegge let him go.
Zbikowski immediately charged at Fluegge causing him to fall to the floor on his back with
Zbikowski’s forearm across Fluegge’s throat, impeding his breathing. Fluegge reported the
pressure Zbikowski applied with his forearm to Fluegge’s throat hurt, scared him, and caused his
throat to be sore. Although Fluegge tried to calm Zbikowski and convince him to release him,
Zbikowski continued the chokehold until Stasia retrieved her mother, Gale, who persuaded
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Zbikowski to finally release Fluegge. As soon as Fluegge was free, he went outside and called the
police. After the police interviewed everyone, the police arrested Zbikowski.
After Zbikowski’s release from jail, he came back to live at Gale’s house with everyone.
Despite the attempts to peacefully coexist with Zbikowski, he made it increasingly more difficult.
As the problems between Zbikowski and Fluegge and Stasia progressively worsened, Gale asked
Zbikowski to leave, but he stayed. Fluegge explained Zbikowski’s actions caused Fluegge and
Stasia to become concerned for their safety.
When asked why he did not immediately seek a protective order following the 2019
altercation, Fluegge explained that Gale had requested Fluegge not seek a protective order against
her son. Fluegge added that Zbikowski was also arrested in 2022 for reasons unrelated to Fluegge
or Stasia but remained in jail until approximately July 2024 when Zbikowski was tried and
acquitted for the 2019 altercation with Fluegge. Fluegge thus explained that in June 2024, as the
July 2024 trial approached along with the uncertainty of Zbikowski’s potential release, he sought
the protective order because he felt unsafe, uncomfortable, harassed, and alarmed by Zbikowski’s
prior actions.
When Stasia testified, she explained that a combination of events led to the incident
between her, Zbikowski, and Fluegge, including her belief that Zbikowski disrespects their mother,
Gale. However, when she and Zbikowski began to argue over the video game console, their
argument escalated quickly, and Zbikowski “went for [her] throat and neck” causing Fluegge to
immediately respond. Stasia stated that after Fluegge forced Zbikowski away from her and to the
floor, Fluegge told her to call the police, but Stasia went upstairs to retrieve Gale. Stasia
corroborated Fluegge’s account of Zbikowski’s chokehold on him, stating Fluegge’s eyes looked
frightened, and that Zbikowski did not let go of Fluegge until after multiple requests to do so by
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Gale. Stasia testified Fluegge went outside and called the police and Zbikowski remained inside,
pacing and cursing until finally going upstairs to his room before the police arrived. Although
Stasia expressed empathy for Gale regarding Zbikowski, Stasia stated she could not be around her
brother any longer because he made her feel uncomfortable.
Gale also testified and corroborated Fluegge’s and Stasia’s testimony regarding the 2019
altercation and Zbikowski’s constant recording of family members. While Gale agreed to have the
protective order apply to her residence and wanted Zbikowski to move out due to his behavior,
Gale did not want to be listed on the protective order so she could continue to have contact with
her son.
Zbikowski acknowledged that during his physical altercation with Fluegge and after
Fluegge released him, Zbikowski managed to place Fluegge in a chokehold. Nonetheless,
Zbikowski claimed his actions were merely defensive and that his subsequent acquittal regarding
the altercation should prevent the issuance of the protective order.
C. Analysis
Zbikowski and Fluegge are family members as well as members of the same household.
See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. §§ 71.003, 71.005, 71.006. And an adult member of the family or
household may apply for a protective order for themselves or another member of the applicant’s
family or household. See id. § 82.002(a). A prosecuting attorney may file an application for
protective order on behalf of any person alleged to be a victim of family violence, and the person
alleging to be a victim of family violence in this circumstance is considered the applicant. See id.
§ 82.002(d)(1), (e). Here, a prosecutor with the Bexar County Criminal District Attorney’s Office
filed the application for a protective order on behalf of Fluegge, the applicant. See id.
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With respect to Zbikowski’s complaint that Fluegge did not timely seek the protective
order, suggesting that Fluegge was required to seek protection within thirty-days of the alleged
family violence, Zbikowski confuses the requirements necessary to seek a temporary protective
order that excludes a person from a residence with the requirements of a final protective order. See
id. § 83.006(a), (b) (requiring commission of family violence against member of household within
preceding thirty days by person to be excluded from his residence before trial court may render
temporary ex parte order). An application for and the issuance of a final protective order do not
contain the same requirement. See id. §§ 82.002, 82.004, 85.001.
Additionally, Zbikowski argues that he did not commit family violence against Fluegge
because he was defending himself as evidenced by being acquitted in his trial for assaulting
Fluegge. To the contrary, Fluegge and Stasia testified Fluegge first came to Stasia’s defense when
Zbikowski grabbed Stasia by the throat. After Fluegge released Zbikowski attempting to deescalate
the situation, Zbikowski charged at Fluegge causing them to fall to the floor. Fluegge testified he
was scared when Zbikowski had him in a chokehold, and the longer Zbikowski held him, the more
difficult it became to breathe. Stasia explained Fluegge looked frightened during the altercation,
and she too was scared, fearing Zbikowski was going to “snap” Fluegge’s neck. Also, Gale
acknowledged the gravity of the situation requiring her to persuade Zbikowski to release Fluegge.
Furthermore, Fluegge and Stasia testified that during the time frame between Zbikowski’s release
from jail after his initial arrest for the 2019 altercation and before his subsequent 2022 unrelated
arrest, Zbikowski continued exhibiting hostile behavior towards them, causing Fluegge to be
concerned for his and his wife’s safety. Gale witnessed some of this behavior as well, even
requesting Zbikowski move out of her house.
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Here, we are not bound by the legal sufficiency standards of review applicable to criminal
convictions. Rather, we determine whether, after indulging every reasonable inference in favor of
the finding, more than a scintilla of evidence supports the trial court’s finding that “family violence
has occurred.” Hollimon, 2023 WL 4710895, at **4–5; Yang, 629 S.W.3d at 670; see also TEX.
FAM. CODE ANN. § 85.001(a). Moreover, it is not necessary that the evidence reveal multiple
instances of family violence, one act is sufficient. See Maples v. Maples, 601 S.W.3d 23, 28 (Tex.
App.—Tyler 2020, no pet.) (“[T]he statutory language does not require that a likelihood finding
be based on more than one act of family violence.”); see also TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. §§ 71.004(1),
81.001, 85.001(a); Boyd, 425 S.W.3d at 430 (recognizing statutory language does not require
family violence finding be based on more than one act of family violence as courts have determined
that “[o]ftentimes, past is prologue; therefore, past violent conduct can be competent evidence
which is legally and factually sufficient to sustain the award of a protective order”).
Thus, under these circumstances, it was reasonable for the trial court to determine
Zbikowski’s actions towards Fluegge were intended to result in physical harm, bodily injury, or
assault, or that his actions placed Fluegge in fear of imminent physical harm, bodily injury, or
assault. See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 71.004(1). The trial court reasonably concluded that
Fluegge’s initial reaction to Zbikowski’s grabbing Fluegge’s wife by the throat was defensive,
whereas Zbikowski’s physical reaction to Fluegge was not a defensive measure taken to defend
himself. See id.
Viewing the evidence under the applicable standards of review, we conclude the trial court
had reasonable grounds to believe that Zbikowski committed family violence. See TEX. FAM. CODE
ANN. §§ 71.004(1), 81.001, 85.001(a). Accordingly, the evidence was legally and factually
sufficient to support the trial court’s finding that Zbikowski committed family violence to
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authorize the granting of a protective order against him under the Texas Family Code. See id. §
85.001(a), (b)(1). And because the duration of the trial court’s protective order did not exceed two
years, no additional finding was necessary. See id. § 85.001(d).
Zbikowski also challenges the protective order itself, specifically pointing out that on page
one Stasia is listed as a protected person under the heading for minor protected persons. We note
the evidence supports that Stasia, Fluegge’s spouse and Zbikowski’s sister, is an adult and not a
minor. However, the protective order provides for the protection of other persons as well. We note
this does not constitute a substantive error involving the trial court’s discernment. We modify the
protective order to name Stasia under the appropriate heading as set forth in the conclusion below.
See Barecky v. State, 639 S.W.2d 943, 945 (Tex. Crim. App. 1982) (explaining that if the reviewing
court has the same information for reforming or correcting a judgment as the trial court would
have were the judgment reversed, an appellate court has the power to reform and correct the
judgment as the law and the nature of the case may require).
Furthermore, Zbikowski argues the additional finding on page five of the protective order
that finds he “poses a credible threat to [Fluegge’s] physical safety” cannot be supported because
the finding would also indicate he and Fluegge, are “current and/or former intimate partner[s.]”
The evidence clearly indicates that Zbikowski and Fluegge are family members related to one
another because Fluegge is married to Zbikowski’s sister, Stasia. Absolutely no evidence indicates
Zbikowski and Fluegge have ever had any romantic involvement with one another. We modify the
protective order as set forth in the conclusion below resulting in the deletion of this additional
finding. See Yang, 629 S.W.3d at 672 (providing when “an affirmative finding has been improperly
entered in the judgment, appellate courts may reform the judgment by deleting the finding) (citing
Easterling v. State, 710 S.W.2d 569, 582 (Tex. Crim. App. 1986)); see also Dessens v. Argeroplos,
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658 S.W.3d 438, 448–49, 450–52 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2022, no pet.) (reviewing
conditions contained in a protective order for an abuse of discretion and modifying unsupported
conditions).
With the exceptions to the modifications to the protective order indicated above, we
overrule Zbikowski’s appellate issues challenging the sufficiency of the evidence supporting the
trial court’s granting of the protective order and his complaints regarding the form, scope, and
duration of the protective order. We affirm the final protective order as modified.
CONCLUSION
On page one, the protective order shall be modified by moving “a. Stasia Zbikowski” from
under the heading labeled: “3. And/or on Behalf of Minor Family Members/Protected Person(s)
(Provide the name for each minor added)” and placing it under the heading labeled: “4. And/or on
Behalf of Other (Protected Person(s) (Provide the name for each person added)[.]”
Furthermore, on page five, the protective order shall be modified to delete the “X” in the
box and leave the box blank in the heading labeled: “1) Additional Finding – Credible Threat[.]”
Zbikowski’s complaints pertaining to a temporary protective order, if any, are moot. We
affirm the trial court’s final protective order as modified. See TEX. R. APP. P. 43.2(b).
Irene Rios, Justice
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