Nigerians in Diaspora Organization Americas v. Key

Opinion

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

NIGERIANS IN DIASPORA ORGANIZATION AMERICAS,

Plaintiff, Civil Action No. 19-3015 (RDM) v.

PATIENCE NDIDI KEY et al.,

Defendants.

MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER This matter is before the Court on Defendant Patience Ndidi Key’s motion to dismiss

Plaintiff’s amended complaint. Dkt. 84. Plaintiff Nigerians in Diaspora Organization Americas

(“NIDOA”) is a nonprofit organization that advocates for the interests of Nigerians in the

Western Hemisphere. On October 9, 2019, Plaintiff brought this action against Key, the former

chair of the Board of Directors for NIDOA’s U.S.-based affiliate, Nigerians in Diaspora

Organization Americas, USA (“NIDOA-USA”). See Dkt. 1 (Compl.); Dkt. 72 at 6. The

complaint alleged that Key had failed to cede control of the Board to newly elected officers when

her term expired, that she “registered a competing and infringing NIDO organization in the

District of Columbia,” Dkt. 1 at 3 (Compl. ¶ 8), and that she was engaging in trademark

infringement and false advertising by continuing to act on behalf of NIDOA-USA without

authorization, Dkt. 1 at 7 (Compl. ¶¶ 25–43).

Ten months after filing the complaint, Plaintiff moved for a preliminary injunction. Dkt.

39. Two days prior, an attorney named Hope Umana, who represents Key in this action, filed a

motion to intervene on behalf of an entity purporting to be NIDOA-USA. Dkt. 36. Plaintiff

opposed that motion, Dkt. 38 at 1, but the entity purporting to be NIDOA-USA withdrew its

1 motion to intervene before the Court ruled on the motion, Dkt. 70. While both the motion for

preliminary injunction and the motion to intervene were pending, Key stepped down from her

role as chair of the separate NIDOA-USA’s Board of Directors and ceased acting on the

organization’s behalf. See Dkt. 72 at 16, 18–19. The Court, accordingly, denied Plaintiff’s

motion for preliminary injunction as moot, holding that Key was “no longer in a position in

which there [was] a discernible prospect that she [would] infringe on Plaintiff’s trademarks” and

rejecting Plaintiff’s contention that the Court could enjoin the activities of other purported

NIDOA-USA Board members when they were not named parties to the suit. Id. at 21–23. On

May 12, 2021, Plaintiff filed an amended complaint in which it now asserts claims against the

“competing and infringing NIDO organization in the District of Columbia,” which it refers to as

“NIDOA USA, Inc.” Dkt. 81 at 2–4 (Am. Compl. ¶¶ 3–13). Thus, having opposed NIDOA-

USA’s motion to intervene, Plaintiff subsequently amended its complaint to add that entity as a

party.

Because Plaintiff added NIDOA USA, Inc. as a party on May 12, 2021, it was required to

serve a summons and a copy of the amended complaint on that organization by August 10, 2021,

or to show good cause for its failure to do so. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 4(m). On June 18, 2021, the

Court entered a minute order explaining that Plaintiff had not yet filed proof of service and

directing Plaintiff to file a status report “updating the Court on its effort to effect service on

[NIDOA USA, Inc.].” Min. Order (June 18, 2021). On July 7, 2021, Plaintiff’s counsel filed a

“Certificate of Service” stating that he had “caused one copy each of the Amended Plaintiff’s

Complaint for Trademark Infringement, False Advertisement, Declaratory Judgment and

Injunctive Relief, to be served by first class return receipt mail on Hope Umana, Esquire, counsel

for the Defendant NIDOA USA, Inc[.]” at Mr. Umana’s work address in Silver Spring,

2 Maryland. Dkt. 82 at 1–2. The certificate included as an attachment a printout of a U.S. Postal

Service tracking page stating that an “item” was “delivered to an individual” at an address in

Silver Spring, on June 26, 2021, Dkt. 82-1 at 1, and photocopies of a U.S. Postal Service

Certified Mail Receipt that lists Mr. Umana’s name and office address, id. at 2.

Adding to the confusion, Mr. Umana has now filed a motion to dismiss on behalf of Key,

but not NIDOA USA, Inc. Dkt. 84. Although the motion is not a model of clarity, it appears to

argue that the claims against Key should be dismissed because Plaintiff failed to effect service on

NIDOA USA, Inc. Dkt. 84 at 2. Acknowledging that Plaintiff “mailed documents to defendant

Key’s counsel,” Key argues that the mailing did not constitute effective service on NIDOA USA,

Inc. Id. With no further explanation, Key then requests that the Court “dismiss the plaintiff’s

amended complaint.” Id. at 3.

Even if Plaintiff failed properly to serve NIDOA USA, Inc., the Court fails to see why

that misstep warrants dismissal of Plaintiff’s claims against Key, who was properly served two

years ago. See Dkt. 5 at 1. To be sure, the Court previously held that one of Plaintiff’s requests

for relief against Key—its request for preliminary injunctive relief—was moot because Key

stepped down from the separate NIDOA-USA organization’s Board of Directors in December

2020. Dkt. 72 at 23. But, in so holding, the Court explicitly “reserv[ed] judgment” as to

Plaintiff’s other requests for relief against Key. Id. Plaintiff’s amended complaint restates those

requests for relief against Key, Dkt. 80 at 11-12 (Am. Compl.), and she offers no basis for

dismissing the remaining claims against her in her motion to dismiss. The Court will,

accordingly, DENY that motion.

That said, Key is correct that Plaintiff has failed properly to serve NIDOA USA, Inc.

Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 4 requires that a plaintiff serve each defendant with a summons

3 and a copy of the complaint. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 4(c). To date, Plaintiff has not requested the

issuance of a summons as to NIDOA USA, Inc. Nor does the docket indicate that any such

summons has issued. Rule 4 allows for waiving service of process, see Fed. R. Civ. P. 4(d), but

nothing in the existing record indicates that Plaintiff sought or obtained such a waiver here.

Similarly, a party may waive the defense of insufficient service of process by failing to raise it in

its first responsive pleading or in a pre-pleading motion. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(h). But NIDOA

USA, Inc. has not filed a responsive pleading or pre-pleading motion. To be sure, Mr. Umana

entered an appearance on behalf of NIDOA USA, Inc. on August 24, 2020. Dkt. 40. “Federal

courts have firmly established,” however, “that a court appearance alone can never waive an

otherwise valid [insufficient service of process] defense.” Candido v. District of Columbia, 242

F.R.D. 151, 162 (D.D.C. 2007). Mr. Umana also filed a motion to intervene on behalf of NDIO

USA, Inc., but given that Plaintiff opposed the motion and that it was ultimately withdrawn—all

before Plaintiff raised any claims against NDIO USA, Inc. in its amended complaint—the Court

will not construe that motion as a “pre-pleading motion” that would waive NDIO USA, Inc.’s

insufficient service of process defense.

It is also far from clear that Mr. Umana is currently “an officer, a managing or general

agent, or any other agent authorized by appointment or by law to receive service of process,” as

is required under the federal rule for effecting service on a corporation. Fed. R. Civ. P. 4(h).

And, even though Mr. Umana entered an appearance and moved to intervene “on behalf of

[NIDOA], USA,” see Dkt. 35; Dkt. 36, those facts alone do not show that Mr. Umana was

authorized to accept service as the entity’s agent. See United States v. Ziegler Bolt & Parts Co.,

111 F.3d 878, 881 (Fed. Cir. 1997) (“Even where an attorney exercises broad powers to

represent a client in litigation, these powers of representation alone do not create a specific

4 authority to receive service.”); 4A Charles Alan Wright & Arthur R. Miller, Federal Practice

and Procedure § 1097 (4th ed.) (“[T]he defendant’s attorney probably will not be deemed an

agent appointed to receive process absent a factual basis for believing that an appointment of that

type has taken place.”). The Court therefore concludes that Plaintiff has not satisfied Rule 4’s

requirements for serving NIDOA USA, Inc. or providing proof of service (or waiver) to the

Court.

Given Plaintiff’s failure to effect service or to demonstrate that service was waived, the

Court hereby ORDERS Plaintiff to show cause, on or before November 30, 2021, why the

claims against NIDOA USA, Inc. should not be dismissed pursuant to Federal Rule 4(m). That

rule states:

If a defendant is not served within 90 days after the complaint is filed, the court— on motion or on its own after notice to the plaintiff—must dismiss the action without prejudice against that defendant or order that service be made within a specified time. But if the plaintiff shows good cause for the failure, the court must extend the time for service for an appropriate period.

Fed. R. Civ. P. 4(m). Because the Court directed Plaintiff to effect service and to file the

necessary proof in its June minute order, Plaintiff was on notice that compliance with Rule 4 was

required by August 10, 2021. Several weeks before that deadline came to pass, moreover, Key

filed her motion to dismiss in which she argued that Plaintiff had failed properly to serve NIDOA

USA, Inc. But, despite these warnings, Plaintiff took no subsequent action to remedy any

potential defects in service. Indeed, Plaintiff did not even contest Key’s argument in its response

to her motion. See Dkt. 85. The Court will not permit this case, which is more than two years

old, to drag on for additional months or years on account of a failure to comply with the Federal

Rules of Civil Procedure. Now that six months have passed since Plaintiff filed its amended

complaint, Plaintiff must show good cause for its failure to serve NIDOA USA, Inc., or else the

5 Court will dismiss the claims against that defendant without prejudice. See Morrissey v.

Mayorkas, --- F.4th ---, 2021 WL 5183277, at *5 (D.C. Cir. 2021) (holding that the district court

did not abuse its discretion by “dismissing [the plaintiff’s] complaint when the time for

effectuating service had passed”).

CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, it is hereby ORDERED that Defendant Key’s motion to

dismiss, Dkt. 84, is DENIED. It is further ORDERED that Plaintiff shall show cause on or

before November 30, 2021, as to why the Court should not dismiss the claims brought against

NIDOA USA, Inc. in the amended complaint under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 4(m).

SO ORDERED.

/s/ Randolph D. Moss RANDOLPH D. MOSS

Date: November 17, 2021