MEMORANDUM DECISION Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D), this Memorandum Decision shall not be FILED regarded as precedent or cited before any Jul 30 2018, 9:56 am court except for the purpose of establishing CLERK the defense of res judicata, collateral Indiana Supreme Court Court of Appeals estoppel, or the law of the case. and Tax Court
APPELLANT PRO SE ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE Nico Ross Curtis T. Hill, Jr. Hammond, Indiana Attorney General of Indiana James B. Martin Deputy Attorney General Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
Nico Ross, July 30, 2018 Appellant-Defendant, Court of Appeals Case No. 04A03-1707-IF-1724 v. Appeal from the Benton Circuit Court State of Indiana, The Honorable Rex W. Kepner, Appellee-Plaintiff. Judge Trial Court Cause No. 04C01-1701-IF-2
Mathias, Judge.
[1] Nico Ross (“Ross”) appeals the Benton Circuit Court’s imposition of a Class C
infraction for speeding. We affirm.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 04A03-1707-IF-1724 | July 30, 2018 Page 1 of 7 Facts and Procedural History [2] On December 30, 2016, Benton County Sheriff Department Deputy Micah
Wallace (“Deputy Wallace”) activated his radar and clocked Ross driving at 88
m.p.h. in a 60-m.p.h. speed zone, pulled him over, and issued a speeding ticket.
Deputy Wallace asked Ross to sign the ticket, but Ross refused.1
[3] Ross contested the ticket, and a bench trial was held on June 20, 2017. Ross
argued that he was not speeding, and that he was driving “approximately
between 45 and 50” m.p.h. Tr. p. 25. He stated that he would not have been
speeding because he “had actually busted some of [his radial tires] . . . so [his]
car would shake . . . so [he] was taking precaution.” Id. However, Deputy
Wallace testified that his speed radar detector clocked the vehicle traveling at 88
m.p.h. Id. at 12. Deputy Wallace also testified that the stop occurred at US 41
and Division Road, but other evidence indicates that the stop was at US 41 and
300 North.
[4] During trial, Ross’s counsel moved to dismiss the case on the grounds that the
signature on the ticket appeared to read “V-A-L-L-E” and not “W-A-L-L-A-C-
E.” Id. at 15. Counsel attempted to argue that “[e]verything that [the State]
presented in the discovery was related to an officer Wallace, but they didn’t
present anything saying that this ticket was written by a V-A-L-L-E[,] and
1 A copy of the actual ticket was not included in the appendix and therefore was unavailable for our review.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 04A03-1707-IF-1724 | July 30, 2018 Page 2 of 7 therefore they haven’t proven the charge.” Id. at 16. The court denied the initial
motion and denied counsel’s motion to reconsider.
[5] After the presentation of the evidence, the court concluded that “the State
proved by a preponderance of the evidence that Nico Ross was traveling 88
mph in a 60 mph zone.” Appellant’s App. Vol II, p. 19–20. The court ordered
Ross to pay a $149.50 fine on or before July 20, 2017. Ross now appeals.
Discussion and Decision [6] Traffic infractions are civil, rather than criminal, in nature, and the State must
prove the commission of the infractions by only a preponderance of the
evidence. Rosenbaum v. State, 930 N.E.2d 72, 74 (Ind. Ct. App. 2010) (citing
Slate v. State, 798 N.E.2d 510, 520 (Ind. Ct. App. 2003), superseded by statute on
other grounds), trans. denied.
[7] It is also well-settled that even though Ross is proceeding pro se in this appeal,
he “will be held to the same established rules of procedure that trained legal
counsel are bound to follow. Also, the fact that he is proceeding pro se does not
excuse him from complying with appellate rules.” Foster v. Adoption of Federspiel,
560 N.E.2d 691, 692 (Ind. Ct. App. 1990) (citation omitted).
[8] Initially, we observe that the claims Ross attempts to raise in this appeal center
around his belief that Deputy Wallace committed perjury during trial.
Specifically, Ross alleges that, in his incident report, Deputy Wallace cited the
location of the stop at US 41 and 300 North, but during trial he testified it
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 04A03-1707-IF-1724 | July 30, 2018 Page 3 of 7 occurred at US 41 and Division Road. Ross did not challenge this inconsistency
during trial.
I. Waiver of Alleged Errors
[9] The arguments Ross attempts to raise in his brief are generally incoherent and
are not cogently articulated, as required by Appellate Rule 46(A)(8)(a). “While
we prefer to decide cases on their merits, we will deem alleged errors waived
where an appellant’s noncompliance with the rules of appellate procedure is so
substantial it impedes our appellate consideration of the errors.” Shepherd v.
Truex, 819 N.E.2d 457, 463 (Ind. Ct. App. 2004) (citing Thacker v. Wentzel, 797
N.E.2d 342, 345 (Ind. Ct. App. 2003)).
[10] Additionally, Ross’s brief contains lengthy citations from the U.S. Constitution,
Indiana statutes, and caselaw but fails to explain how these provisions and
cases should be applied to the issues raised. The citation to authority that Ross
includes in his brief does not directly apply to the facts and circumstances of
this case. “On review, we will not search the record to find a basis for a party’s
argument, nor will we search the authorities cited by a party in order to find
legal support for its position.” Young v. Butts, 685 N.E.2d 147, 151 (Ind. Ct.
App. 1997) (citation omitted). This court has stated:
We demand cogent argument supported with adequate citation to authority because it promotes impartiality in the appellate tribunal. A court which must search the record and make up its own arguments because a party has not adequately presented them runs the risk of becoming an advocate rather than an adjudicator. A brief should not only present the issues to be
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 04A03-1707-IF-1724 | July 30, 2018 Page 4 of 7 decided on appeal, but it should be of material assistance to the court in deciding those issues.
Id. (citation omitted).
[11] Ross has failed to comply with our Appellate Rules and present a cogent
argument, other than his alleged Brady violation. For example, under what
appears to be Ross’s fundamental error argument, he states that his counsel did
not object when Deputy Wallace gave allegedly false testimony. See Appellant’s
Br. at 28. But he does not argue a basis for making the objection. Id. Ross cites
to Arizona jurisprudence and United States Supreme Court caselaw but has not
offered any direction in application or interpretation of these standards to the
facts of his case. These types of incoherent arguments and procedural errors are
ubiquitous in Ross’s brief, and thus he has waived his right to raise these
allegations on appeal.
II. Alleged Brady Violation
[12] However, Ross has cogently argued his claim that a Brady violation occurred.
Ross argues that the State presented testimony from Deputy Wallace that was
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MEMORANDUM DECISION Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D), this Memorandum Decision shall not be FILED regarded as precedent or cited before any Jul 30 2018, 9:56 am court except for the purpose of establishing CLERK the defense of res judicata, collateral Indiana Supreme Court Court of Appeals estoppel, or the law of the case. and Tax Court
APPELLANT PRO SE ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE Nico Ross Curtis T. Hill, Jr. Hammond, Indiana Attorney General of Indiana James B. Martin Deputy Attorney General Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
Nico Ross, July 30, 2018 Appellant-Defendant, Court of Appeals Case No. 04A03-1707-IF-1724 v. Appeal from the Benton Circuit Court State of Indiana, The Honorable Rex W. Kepner, Appellee-Plaintiff. Judge Trial Court Cause No. 04C01-1701-IF-2
Mathias, Judge.
[1] Nico Ross (“Ross”) appeals the Benton Circuit Court’s imposition of a Class C
infraction for speeding. We affirm.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 04A03-1707-IF-1724 | July 30, 2018 Page 1 of 7 Facts and Procedural History [2] On December 30, 2016, Benton County Sheriff Department Deputy Micah
Wallace (“Deputy Wallace”) activated his radar and clocked Ross driving at 88
m.p.h. in a 60-m.p.h. speed zone, pulled him over, and issued a speeding ticket.
Deputy Wallace asked Ross to sign the ticket, but Ross refused.1
[3] Ross contested the ticket, and a bench trial was held on June 20, 2017. Ross
argued that he was not speeding, and that he was driving “approximately
between 45 and 50” m.p.h. Tr. p. 25. He stated that he would not have been
speeding because he “had actually busted some of [his radial tires] . . . so [his]
car would shake . . . so [he] was taking precaution.” Id. However, Deputy
Wallace testified that his speed radar detector clocked the vehicle traveling at 88
m.p.h. Id. at 12. Deputy Wallace also testified that the stop occurred at US 41
and Division Road, but other evidence indicates that the stop was at US 41 and
300 North.
[4] During trial, Ross’s counsel moved to dismiss the case on the grounds that the
signature on the ticket appeared to read “V-A-L-L-E” and not “W-A-L-L-A-C-
E.” Id. at 15. Counsel attempted to argue that “[e]verything that [the State]
presented in the discovery was related to an officer Wallace, but they didn’t
present anything saying that this ticket was written by a V-A-L-L-E[,] and
1 A copy of the actual ticket was not included in the appendix and therefore was unavailable for our review.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 04A03-1707-IF-1724 | July 30, 2018 Page 2 of 7 therefore they haven’t proven the charge.” Id. at 16. The court denied the initial
motion and denied counsel’s motion to reconsider.
[5] After the presentation of the evidence, the court concluded that “the State
proved by a preponderance of the evidence that Nico Ross was traveling 88
mph in a 60 mph zone.” Appellant’s App. Vol II, p. 19–20. The court ordered
Ross to pay a $149.50 fine on or before July 20, 2017. Ross now appeals.
Discussion and Decision [6] Traffic infractions are civil, rather than criminal, in nature, and the State must
prove the commission of the infractions by only a preponderance of the
evidence. Rosenbaum v. State, 930 N.E.2d 72, 74 (Ind. Ct. App. 2010) (citing
Slate v. State, 798 N.E.2d 510, 520 (Ind. Ct. App. 2003), superseded by statute on
other grounds), trans. denied.
[7] It is also well-settled that even though Ross is proceeding pro se in this appeal,
he “will be held to the same established rules of procedure that trained legal
counsel are bound to follow. Also, the fact that he is proceeding pro se does not
excuse him from complying with appellate rules.” Foster v. Adoption of Federspiel,
560 N.E.2d 691, 692 (Ind. Ct. App. 1990) (citation omitted).
[8] Initially, we observe that the claims Ross attempts to raise in this appeal center
around his belief that Deputy Wallace committed perjury during trial.
Specifically, Ross alleges that, in his incident report, Deputy Wallace cited the
location of the stop at US 41 and 300 North, but during trial he testified it
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 04A03-1707-IF-1724 | July 30, 2018 Page 3 of 7 occurred at US 41 and Division Road. Ross did not challenge this inconsistency
during trial.
I. Waiver of Alleged Errors
[9] The arguments Ross attempts to raise in his brief are generally incoherent and
are not cogently articulated, as required by Appellate Rule 46(A)(8)(a). “While
we prefer to decide cases on their merits, we will deem alleged errors waived
where an appellant’s noncompliance with the rules of appellate procedure is so
substantial it impedes our appellate consideration of the errors.” Shepherd v.
Truex, 819 N.E.2d 457, 463 (Ind. Ct. App. 2004) (citing Thacker v. Wentzel, 797
N.E.2d 342, 345 (Ind. Ct. App. 2003)).
[10] Additionally, Ross’s brief contains lengthy citations from the U.S. Constitution,
Indiana statutes, and caselaw but fails to explain how these provisions and
cases should be applied to the issues raised. The citation to authority that Ross
includes in his brief does not directly apply to the facts and circumstances of
this case. “On review, we will not search the record to find a basis for a party’s
argument, nor will we search the authorities cited by a party in order to find
legal support for its position.” Young v. Butts, 685 N.E.2d 147, 151 (Ind. Ct.
App. 1997) (citation omitted). This court has stated:
We demand cogent argument supported with adequate citation to authority because it promotes impartiality in the appellate tribunal. A court which must search the record and make up its own arguments because a party has not adequately presented them runs the risk of becoming an advocate rather than an adjudicator. A brief should not only present the issues to be
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 04A03-1707-IF-1724 | July 30, 2018 Page 4 of 7 decided on appeal, but it should be of material assistance to the court in deciding those issues.
Id. (citation omitted).
[11] Ross has failed to comply with our Appellate Rules and present a cogent
argument, other than his alleged Brady violation. For example, under what
appears to be Ross’s fundamental error argument, he states that his counsel did
not object when Deputy Wallace gave allegedly false testimony. See Appellant’s
Br. at 28. But he does not argue a basis for making the objection. Id. Ross cites
to Arizona jurisprudence and United States Supreme Court caselaw but has not
offered any direction in application or interpretation of these standards to the
facts of his case. These types of incoherent arguments and procedural errors are
ubiquitous in Ross’s brief, and thus he has waived his right to raise these
allegations on appeal.
II. Alleged Brady Violation
[12] However, Ross has cogently argued his claim that a Brady violation occurred.
Ross argues that the State presented testimony from Deputy Wallace that was
“not inclusive in the discovery and was omitted[,]” Appellant’s Br. at 15, which
he contends constitutes a violation of Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83 (1963). To
prevail on a Brady claim2, a defendant must establish: (1) that the prosecution
2 Certain federal courts have concluded that Brady does not apply to certain civil cases that involve only money or damage to reputation. See United States v. Edwards, 777 F.Supp.2d 985, 997–98 (E.D.N.C. 2011) (stating that “established precedent supports application of Brady’s mandate in civil proceedings under extreme circumstances threatening fundamental liberty interests”). Here, Ross states that the interest at stake
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 04A03-1707-IF-1724 | July 30, 2018 Page 5 of 7 suppressed evidence; (2) that the suppressed evidence was favorable to the
defense; and (3) that the evidence was material to an issue at trial. Shelby v.
State, 986 N.E.2d 345, 358 (Ind. Ct. App. 2013) (citing Bunch v. State, 964
N.E.2d 274, 297 (Ind. Ct. App. 2012), trans. denied), trans. denied. Evidence is
“material” under Brady only if there is a reasonable probability that, had the
evidence been disclosed to the defense, the result of the proceeding would have
been different. Id. And a “reasonable probability” is a probability sufficient to
undermine confidence in the outcome. Id. However, the State will not be found
to have suppressed material evidence if it was available to a defendant through
the exercise of reasonable diligence. Id.
[13] Here, Ross claims that the “statements made by [Deputy] Wallace and known
by Assistant Deputy Prosecuting Attorney Ms. Pitstick are inconsistent and
ambiguous as to where the alleged violation actually occurred.” Appellant’s Br.
at 15–16. Specifically, Ross argues that the original ticket indicated that the
location of the stop was made at US 41 and 300 North, but during trial, Deputy
Wallace testified that the stop occurred at US 41 and Division Road, and this
inconsistency should have been disclosed during discovery. See id.
[14] However, these facts and circumstances do not establish a Brady violation. First,
Brady requires that information be suppressed. By definition, suppression of
is not only money. Rather it is his interest in maintaining a clean driving record, as he drives for a transportation company. Therefore, we will address his argument on its merits.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 04A03-1707-IF-1724 | July 30, 2018 Page 6 of 7 evidence means “[t]he prosecution’s withholding from the defense of evidence
that is favorable to the defendant.” Black’s Law Dictionary (10th ed. 2014).
[15] Here, Deputy Wallace testified concerning his recollection of the location of the
traffic stop during trial. Moreover, whether Ross was pulled over at US 41 and
Division Road or US 41 and 300 North is not outcome determinative. Based on
the Incident Report that was submitted, Deputy Wallace entered the location as
US 41 and 300 N. Appellant’s App. Vol. II, p. 10. Even if the location was
different than what was originally cited, the evidence is still sufficient to
conclude that Deputy Wallace clocked Ross driving above the speed limit. Ross
has not established that there is a reasonable probability that the outcome of the
proceeding would have been different had he known prior to trial that Deputy
Wallace was going to testify that the stop occurred at US 41 and Division Road.
Therefore, Ross has failed to establish that a Brady violation occurred. See
Shelby, 986 N.E.2d at 358 (Ind. Ct. App. 2013).
Conclusion [16] For all of these reasons, we conclude that the trial court did not err in imposing
a Class C infraction for speeding.
[17] Affirmed.
Riley, J., and May, J., concur.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 04A03-1707-IF-1724 | July 30, 2018 Page 7 of 7