THURMAN, J.
[590]*590Habeas corpus. Tbe petition shows that plaintiff is held as a prisoner by the defendant as sheriff of Salt Lake county. It is alleged that the imprisonment is illegal, and plaintiff prays that he be discharged therefrom.
The facts alleged are admitted by demurrer. It appears that in November, 1921, plaintiff was formally charged with the crime of murder in the first degree before a committing magistrate. He was arrested upon a warrant issued thereon, and after a preliminary examination was held to answer to the district court of Salt Lake county for the crime, of voluntary manslaughter. He was admitted to bail in the sum of $2,000 and released from custody. In December, 1921, the district attorney for said county filed an information in the district court charging plaintiff with the crime of voluntary manslaughter in pursuance of the order holding him to answer. In January, 1922, plaintiff was arraigned on the information and entered a plea of not guilty. In February, 1922, the case came on for trial, a jury was impaneled and sworn, evidence was introduced, and the case submitted. After deliberating for some time without arriving at a verdict, the jury was discharged. No application was made to increase the bail, nor has the action in said court [been dismissed.
Thereafter, in March, 1922, the same person who swore to the complaint for murder in the first degree before the committing magistrate, acting under the advice of the district attorney, swore to a new complaint before another magistrate of said county charging plaintiff with the crime of murder in the first degree upon exactly the same state of facts for which he was examined and held to answer in the former proceeding. A warrant of arrest was issued on said complaint. Plaintiff was arrested thereon, and brought before the magistrate who issued the warrant. The magistrate was informed by plaintiff's counsel, that the case against plaintiff for voluntary manslaughter, growing out of the same transaction, was still pending in the district court, and had not been dismissed, all of' which was assented to by the dis[591]*591trict attorney, wbo was-then and there present representing the state.
For the reasons above stated, plaintiff’s counsel requested the magistrate to dismiss the complaint, but the application was denied. Whereupon plaintiff entered a plea of not guilty to the complaint, and was held by the magistrate without bail pending a preliminary examination. In the meantime plaintiff was committed to the custody of defendant, as sheriff of Salt Lake county.
It is contended by plaintiff that his imprisonment is illegal, and that the magistrate proceeded without jurisdiction, for the reasons: (1) That plaintiff has been "once in jeopardy” for the crime charged in the qomplaint; (2) because the action is still pending in the district court, which court first obtained jurisdiction thereof.
While it is alleged in the petition that the jury in the district court on the trial of plaintiff for voluntary manslaughter was not discharged at plaintiff’s request, it is not contended that the discharge of the jury was improper or irregular. In fact it is conceded that the plaintiff may be tried again in the district court on the charge of voluntary manslaughter as allaged in the information. The contention of plaintiff in this contention seems to be that, while he may be tried again for voluntary manslaughter, he may not be tried for murder in the first or second degree. As to the higher degrees of the crime, he insists that he has been once in jeopardy, and is therefore immune from further prosecution.
Plaintiff calls the attention of the court to numerous cases involving the question of once in jeopardy, but none of the eases referred to tend in the slightest degree to support the contention that, where the jury is properly discharged for failure to agree upon a verdict, the plea of once in jeopardy may thereafter be interposed against a subsequent prosecution for the same offense in any degree. The authorities relied on are as follows: Const. Utah, art. 1, § 12, which among other things, provides that no person shall be twice put in jeopardy for the same offense: People v. Sam Chung, [592]*59294 Cal. 304, 29 Pac. 642, 28 Am. St. Rep. 129; People v. Hunckler, 48 Cal. 331; 16 C. J. 253; Ingram v. State, 124 Ga. 448, 52 S. E. 759; Holt v. State, 38 Ga. 187; State v. Blevins, 134 Ala. 213, 32 South. 637; 92 Am. St Rep. 22; Bell v. State, 103 Ga. 397, 30 S. E. 294, 68 Am. St. Rep. 102; People v. McDaniels, 137 Cal. 192, 69 Pac. 1006, 59 L. R. A. 578, 92 Am. St. Rep. 81; Sanford v. State, 75 Fla. 393, 78 South. 340; Cooley, Const. Lim. (7th. Ed.) 470; Bishop, New Crim. Law, 1051, subd. 6; Wharton, Crim. Law, § 393.
The doctrine is fundamental under constitutional provisions similar to ours that,.where an offense is divided into two or more degrees, the greater includes the less, and a conviction or acquittal on a valid complaint, information, or indictment for an offense in any degree bars a subsequent prosecution, whether it be for the same offense or for an offense of a higher or lower degree. The reason is manifest. A subsequent prosecution for the crime in any degree must of necessity subject the accused to a second trial for the same offense.
The cases cited by plaintiff amply support this proposition, but it is difficult to see wherein they support his contention. How can plaintiff consistently concede the right of the state to try him again for voluntary manslaughter, a crime for which he has already been placed on trial, and at the same time deny the right of the state to try him for murder, a crime for which he has never been tried at all? If plaintiff cannot interpose the plea of once in jeopardy against a second trial for manslaughter, how can he interpose it against a first trial for murder ? Besides these considerations the cases are exceptional in which the plea of former jeopardy raises the question of jurisdiction.
In 1 Bailey on Habeas Corpus, at page 118, the proposition is stated: “Former jeopardy ordinarily not a question ¡of jurisdiction.” On pages 120-123 exceptional cases are cited, including In re Snow, 120 U. S. 274, 7 Sup. Ct. 556, 30 L. Ed. 658, and In re Nielsen, 131 U. S. 176, 9 Sup. Ct. Ct. 672, 33 L. Ed. 118, both of which are Utah cases. In the cases referred to as exceptional the attempt was made to [593]*593punish tbe petitioner twice for tbe same offense. In such cases tbe court beld tbe writ would lie. At page 123 of' the work referred to tbe author says:
“Where, however, no penalty by imprisonment has been imposed, or, if imposed, has not been satisfied, so that there is no punishment exacted beyond the jurisdiction of the court for the offense, then habeas corpus will not lie.” (Italics ours.)
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THURMAN, J.
[590]*590Habeas corpus. Tbe petition shows that plaintiff is held as a prisoner by the defendant as sheriff of Salt Lake county. It is alleged that the imprisonment is illegal, and plaintiff prays that he be discharged therefrom.
The facts alleged are admitted by demurrer. It appears that in November, 1921, plaintiff was formally charged with the crime of murder in the first degree before a committing magistrate. He was arrested upon a warrant issued thereon, and after a preliminary examination was held to answer to the district court of Salt Lake county for the crime, of voluntary manslaughter. He was admitted to bail in the sum of $2,000 and released from custody. In December, 1921, the district attorney for said county filed an information in the district court charging plaintiff with the crime of voluntary manslaughter in pursuance of the order holding him to answer. In January, 1922, plaintiff was arraigned on the information and entered a plea of not guilty. In February, 1922, the case came on for trial, a jury was impaneled and sworn, evidence was introduced, and the case submitted. After deliberating for some time without arriving at a verdict, the jury was discharged. No application was made to increase the bail, nor has the action in said court [been dismissed.
Thereafter, in March, 1922, the same person who swore to the complaint for murder in the first degree before the committing magistrate, acting under the advice of the district attorney, swore to a new complaint before another magistrate of said county charging plaintiff with the crime of murder in the first degree upon exactly the same state of facts for which he was examined and held to answer in the former proceeding. A warrant of arrest was issued on said complaint. Plaintiff was arrested thereon, and brought before the magistrate who issued the warrant. The magistrate was informed by plaintiff's counsel, that the case against plaintiff for voluntary manslaughter, growing out of the same transaction, was still pending in the district court, and had not been dismissed, all of' which was assented to by the dis[591]*591trict attorney, wbo was-then and there present representing the state.
For the reasons above stated, plaintiff’s counsel requested the magistrate to dismiss the complaint, but the application was denied. Whereupon plaintiff entered a plea of not guilty to the complaint, and was held by the magistrate without bail pending a preliminary examination. In the meantime plaintiff was committed to the custody of defendant, as sheriff of Salt Lake county.
It is contended by plaintiff that his imprisonment is illegal, and that the magistrate proceeded without jurisdiction, for the reasons: (1) That plaintiff has been "once in jeopardy” for the crime charged in the qomplaint; (2) because the action is still pending in the district court, which court first obtained jurisdiction thereof.
While it is alleged in the petition that the jury in the district court on the trial of plaintiff for voluntary manslaughter was not discharged at plaintiff’s request, it is not contended that the discharge of the jury was improper or irregular. In fact it is conceded that the plaintiff may be tried again in the district court on the charge of voluntary manslaughter as allaged in the information. The contention of plaintiff in this contention seems to be that, while he may be tried again for voluntary manslaughter, he may not be tried for murder in the first or second degree. As to the higher degrees of the crime, he insists that he has been once in jeopardy, and is therefore immune from further prosecution.
Plaintiff calls the attention of the court to numerous cases involving the question of once in jeopardy, but none of the eases referred to tend in the slightest degree to support the contention that, where the jury is properly discharged for failure to agree upon a verdict, the plea of once in jeopardy may thereafter be interposed against a subsequent prosecution for the same offense in any degree. The authorities relied on are as follows: Const. Utah, art. 1, § 12, which among other things, provides that no person shall be twice put in jeopardy for the same offense: People v. Sam Chung, [592]*59294 Cal. 304, 29 Pac. 642, 28 Am. St. Rep. 129; People v. Hunckler, 48 Cal. 331; 16 C. J. 253; Ingram v. State, 124 Ga. 448, 52 S. E. 759; Holt v. State, 38 Ga. 187; State v. Blevins, 134 Ala. 213, 32 South. 637; 92 Am. St Rep. 22; Bell v. State, 103 Ga. 397, 30 S. E. 294, 68 Am. St. Rep. 102; People v. McDaniels, 137 Cal. 192, 69 Pac. 1006, 59 L. R. A. 578, 92 Am. St. Rep. 81; Sanford v. State, 75 Fla. 393, 78 South. 340; Cooley, Const. Lim. (7th. Ed.) 470; Bishop, New Crim. Law, 1051, subd. 6; Wharton, Crim. Law, § 393.
The doctrine is fundamental under constitutional provisions similar to ours that,.where an offense is divided into two or more degrees, the greater includes the less, and a conviction or acquittal on a valid complaint, information, or indictment for an offense in any degree bars a subsequent prosecution, whether it be for the same offense or for an offense of a higher or lower degree. The reason is manifest. A subsequent prosecution for the crime in any degree must of necessity subject the accused to a second trial for the same offense.
The cases cited by plaintiff amply support this proposition, but it is difficult to see wherein they support his contention. How can plaintiff consistently concede the right of the state to try him again for voluntary manslaughter, a crime for which he has already been placed on trial, and at the same time deny the right of the state to try him for murder, a crime for which he has never been tried at all? If plaintiff cannot interpose the plea of once in jeopardy against a second trial for manslaughter, how can he interpose it against a first trial for murder ? Besides these considerations the cases are exceptional in which the plea of former jeopardy raises the question of jurisdiction.
In 1 Bailey on Habeas Corpus, at page 118, the proposition is stated: “Former jeopardy ordinarily not a question ¡of jurisdiction.” On pages 120-123 exceptional cases are cited, including In re Snow, 120 U. S. 274, 7 Sup. Ct. 556, 30 L. Ed. 658, and In re Nielsen, 131 U. S. 176, 9 Sup. Ct. Ct. 672, 33 L. Ed. 118, both of which are Utah cases. In the cases referred to as exceptional the attempt was made to [593]*593punish tbe petitioner twice for tbe same offense. In such cases tbe court beld tbe writ would lie. At page 123 of' the work referred to tbe author says:
“Where, however, no penalty by imprisonment has been imposed, or, if imposed, has not been satisfied, so that there is no punishment exacted beyond the jurisdiction of the court for the offense, then habeas corpus will not lie.” (Italics ours.)
The court is of tbe opinion that the jurisdiction of the magistrate to entertain tbe complaint and issue bis warrant thereon for tbe apprehension of plaintiff, as set forth in tbe petition, was not in any manner affected by tbe question of once in jeopardy, and that such plea’ is not involved in this proceeding, especially in view of tbe fact that tbe magistrate has no jurisdiction of the offense except for tbe purpose of determining whether or not tbe plaintiff should be beld to answer to the district cdurt.
But plaintiff also challenges tbe jurisdiction of tbe committing magistrate on the ground that tbe charge of manslaughter against him is still pending in tbe district court.
Tbe cases referred to by plaintiff in support of this contention are generally to tbe effect that, where several courts have concurrent jurisdiction of an offense, tbe court first obtaining jurisdiction retains it to tbe exclusion of tbe others. Tbe following authorities are relied on: City of Pilot Grove v. McCormick, 56 Mo. App. 530; State v. Yarbrough, 8 N. C. 78; State v. Biesemeyer, 136 Mo. App. 668, 118 S. W. 1197; 16 C. J. 148; Rodgers v. State, 101 Miss. 847, 58 South. 536. Coleman v. State, 83 Miss. 290, 35 South. 937, 64 L. R. A. 807, 1 Ann. Cas. 406.
The rule, as statéd, is to prevent confusion and conflict of jurisdiction, and to prevent a person from being twice tried for tbe same offense. It appears from tbe authorities cited that tbe rule is limited to cases arising in courts of concurrent jurisdiction. In tbe case at bar tbe district court .has power to try tbe case and render judgment, while tbe jurisdiction of tbe magistrate is limited to ascertaining whether an offense has been committed and whether or not there is probable cause to believe tbe plaintiff guilty thereof. If he should find there is probable cause his duty would be to [594]*594bold the plaintiff to answer to the district court — the same court in which the information for manslaughter is. pending. Manifestly there is little or no opportunity for conflict or confusion, and none whatever for subjecting plaintiff to a second trial for the same offense. It is inconceivable that the district court would permit such a palpable infringement of the plaintiff's constitutional rights. However, it is sufficient to say the rule or doctrine relied on by plaintiff is by no means universally accepted. The district attorney has furnished the court with a list of cases from other jurisdictions of the country which hold in effect, that proceedings analogous to those complained of in the instant case are not even erroneous, much less grounds for assailing the jurisdiction of the court.
In Harris v. State, 11 Ga. App. 137, 74 S. E. 895, it was held that a plea of former action pending is not applicable in a prosecution for crime.
In Commonwealth v. March, 248 Pa. 434, 94 Atl. 142, the defendant was tried on one indictment when another indictment had previously been presented. Held not error.
In Reed v. Territory, 1 Okl. Cr. 481, 98 Pac. 583, 129 Am. St. Rep. 861, the court said:
“It is almost universally recognized that a grand jury can find a valid indictment against a defendant, notwithstanding the fact that another indictment or information is pending against the accused for the same offense, and the pendency of the other indictment or information, when there has been no jeopardy on it, cannot be pleaded either in abatement or in bar of the second indictment.”
In Nash v. State, 73 Ark. 399, 84 S. W. 497, it was said by the court:
“The court committed no error in referring the charge against the defendant to a grand jury for investigation and action, after he had been indicted for manslaughter.”
The object in referring the case was to have the grand jury consider whether or not the defendant should not be held for murder.
In Bartley v. State, 53 Neb. 310, 73 N. W. 744, the second headnote reads:
“In a prosecution for the crime of embezzlement, the pendency against the accused of a former information in the district court of [595]*595another county, charging him with embezzlement of the same property within that county, is no ground for abatement.”
In Irwin v. State, 117 Ga. 706, 45 S. E. 48, it was held that the pendency of a former indictment was not grounds for either a plea in abatement or a plea in bar. To the same effect see Carter v. State, 44 Tex. Cr. R. 312, 70 S. W. 971; State v. Goddard, 162 Mo. 198, 62 S. W. 697. See, also, Haase v. State, 8 Ind. App. 488, 36 N. E. 54.
We- are driven to the conclusion that both reason and authority are against the proposition that another action pending for the same offence may be set up by the accused in a case of this kind either as a plea in abatement or as a plea in bar. Nevertheless, it goes without saying that a person accused of crime should not be oppressed or subjected to needless hardship or inconvenience. It may sometimes involve considerable sacrifice on the part of an accused to furnish bail for his appearance in answer to a criminal charge. If he does so furnish it to the acceptance of the state the state in justice ought not to insist on holding him under bail in one of its courts and at the- same time deprive him of his liberty in another, unless there is substantial reason therefor. This, however, does not affect the question of jurisdiction.
At the close of the oral argument, counsel for plaintiff suggested that, in any event, this court should admit the plaintiff to bail. Just how the court could comply with the suggestion without a usurpation of power was not made to appear. Comp. Laws Utah 1917, § 9245, in cases of this kind, expressly limits the power to “a judge of the Supreme or district court.” (Italics supplied.) Even if a proper application were made to one of the judges mentioned, the right to bail could not be determined without a careful consideration of the evidence.
Plaintiff’s application for the writ is denied.
CORFMAN, C. J., and WEBER, GIDEON, and FRICK, JJ., concur.