THIRD DIVISION DOYLE, P. J., GOBEIL, J., and SENIOR JUDGE FULLER
NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be physically received in our clerk’s office within ten days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed. https://www.gaappeals.us/rules
March 4, 2024
In the Court of Appeals of Georgia A23A1619. COVERSTONE v. THE STATE.
DOYLE, Presiding Judge.
Nickolas Coverstone appeals the denial of his motion to suppress the evidence
discovered during the warrantless search of his vehicle during a traffic stop, arguing
that the officer did not have probable cause to conduct the search.1 Coverstone argues
that the officer failed to take into account the totality of circumstances, namely that
Coverstone’s possession of a legal cannibidiol “CBD” cigarette should have been
considered by the officer when determining whether probable cause existed for a
search of his vehicle based on the odor of suspected marijuana. For the reasons that
follow, we affirm the denial of the motion to suppress.
1 After the trial court granted Coverstone a certificate of immediate review, this Court granted Coverstone’s application for interlocutory appeal. [W]hen a motion to suppress is heard by the trial judge, that judge sits as the trier of facts. The trial judge hears the evidence, and his findings based upon conflicting evidence are analogous to the verdict of a jury and should not be disturbed by a reviewing court if there is any evidence to support [them]. . . . [T]he trial court’s decision with regard to questions of fact and credibility must be accepted unless clearly erroneous. [Finally,] the reviewing court must construe the evidence most favorably to the upholding of the trial court’s findings and judgment.2
Viewed in this light, the record shows that one evening in December 2019, a
patrol officer observed a vehicle that “was stopped at a red light with all — I guess,
the whole front portion of his car was in the intersection with only his two rear tires
were stopped on the balkline.”3 The officer also noticed that the out-of-state tag had
expired approximately two months earlier.
2 (Punctuation omitted.) Miller v. State, 288 Ga. 286 (1) (702 SE2d 888) (2010), quoting Tate v. State, 264 Ga. 53, 54 (1) (440 SE2d 646) (1994). 3 From the dashcam video of the incident, it is difficult to see exactly where the front of Coverstone’s vehicle is located. We agree with Coverstone that it does not appear that he breached the pedestrian crosswalk. We note, however, that Coverstone changed lanes after the light turned green, and at that time, his passenger-side tires touched or went over the solid white right-hand lane line. 2 Based on those observations, the officer effectuated a traffic stop and
approached the driver, Coverstone. The officer described Coverstone as having red,
bloodshot eyes, his speech as being slow (slow, low, and deliberate), and having slow
reactions, evidenced by his failure to stop at the balkline. The officer, who had been
working in law enforcement for about four years, also noticed the odor of marijuana
when she approached Coverstone’s vehicle. The officer discussed his expired tag with
him, and then she asked where he had been immediately prior to the stop because she
was worried about his ability to drive; Coverstone initially responded that he was
leaving work and then stated he was leaving a local bookstore. Upon further inquiry
from the officer, Coverstone admitted that he had been at a bar but denied drinking
anything. The officer commented on Coverstone’s eyes, asked if they were naturally
bloodshot, and asked if he had been smoking marijuana, which he also denied,
explaining instead that he had been crying.
The officer asked Coverstone to step out of the vehicle and performed a
horizontal gaze nystagmus (“HGN”) field test on him, determining that Coverstone
was not impaired by alcohol at that time. The officer noted that “[w]hen [Coverstone]
stepped out of the car he didn’t stand up he, he leaned immediately back on the car.
3 He continued to lean back on the car to the point that I asked him to please stand up
and step off the car so I could do my evaluations,” although she later conceded that
he stood without a problem after being asked to do so. Despite the negative HGN field
test for alcohol impairment, the officer believed that Coverstone was impaired by
smoking marijuana because of “the totality of the stop” — “the smell of marijuana
coming from the car, his mannerisms, his bloodshot eyes, [and] his [dilated] pupils[.]”
The officer admitted that Coverstone claimed to have been crying, but she did not
believe his crying resulted in the “mannerisms” that made her believe he was
impaired from marijuana. A second officer called to the scene confirmed that he
smelled a faint odor of marijuana when he approached Coverstone in the vehicle.
After making inquiries of dispatch, the first officer approached Coverstone, who
had since re-entered his vehicle, and she asked him to step out again. She explained
that she did not believe that he was impaired by alcohol, but she believed that she
smelled marijuana, as confirmed by the second officer, and she believed he was
impaired by the drug. The officer again asked Coverstone if he had been smoking
marijuana, and he admitted that he had smoked some four hours earlier; Coverstone
also stated that he regularly smoked CBD, he had a CBD cigarette at the bar, and there
4 was a CBD cigarette in his vehicle. The officer explained that she was going to search
Coverstone’s vehicle because she had probable cause to believe there was contraband
based on her observations of his driving and behavior during the stop. The search
revealed several marijuana smoking devices, two packages of raw marijuana, a CBD
cigarette, a knife, and psilocyn mushrooms. Based on the results of the search, the
officer placed Coverstone under arrest, and he was ultimately charged with possession
of psilocyn.
Coverstone moved to suppress evidence from the search on the basis that the
officer lacked probable cause to conduct the search. After reviewing the videos of the
stop and hearing the testimony during the motion to suppress hearing, the trial court
denied Coverstone’s amended motion. The court also issued a certificate of
immediate review, and this Court granted Coverstone’s application for interlocutory
appeal.
Coverstone now argues that the trial court erred by denying his motion to
suppress the evidence of the search because the officer lacked probable cause to
conduct a warrantless search of his vehicle because she failed to consider the totality
of the circumstances given the legal CBD cigarette he possessed.
5 Under the automobile exception to the warrant requirement imposed by the Fourth Amendment, a police officer may search a car without warrant if [s]he has probable cause to believe the car contains contraband, even if there is no exigency preventing the officer from getting a search warrant. Applying this exception, our Supreme Court and this Court have held that where a trained police officer detects the odor [of raw]4 or burnt marijuana coming from a vehicle, the officer has probable cause to conduct a warrantless search of the vehicle, provided that the officer’s ability to identify the odor is placed into evidence. Such a search can encompass every part of the vehicle which might have concealed the drug contraband, including the trunk and closed containers.5
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THIRD DIVISION DOYLE, P. J., GOBEIL, J., and SENIOR JUDGE FULLER
NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be physically received in our clerk’s office within ten days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed. https://www.gaappeals.us/rules
March 4, 2024
In the Court of Appeals of Georgia A23A1619. COVERSTONE v. THE STATE.
DOYLE, Presiding Judge.
Nickolas Coverstone appeals the denial of his motion to suppress the evidence
discovered during the warrantless search of his vehicle during a traffic stop, arguing
that the officer did not have probable cause to conduct the search.1 Coverstone argues
that the officer failed to take into account the totality of circumstances, namely that
Coverstone’s possession of a legal cannibidiol “CBD” cigarette should have been
considered by the officer when determining whether probable cause existed for a
search of his vehicle based on the odor of suspected marijuana. For the reasons that
follow, we affirm the denial of the motion to suppress.
1 After the trial court granted Coverstone a certificate of immediate review, this Court granted Coverstone’s application for interlocutory appeal. [W]hen a motion to suppress is heard by the trial judge, that judge sits as the trier of facts. The trial judge hears the evidence, and his findings based upon conflicting evidence are analogous to the verdict of a jury and should not be disturbed by a reviewing court if there is any evidence to support [them]. . . . [T]he trial court’s decision with regard to questions of fact and credibility must be accepted unless clearly erroneous. [Finally,] the reviewing court must construe the evidence most favorably to the upholding of the trial court’s findings and judgment.2
Viewed in this light, the record shows that one evening in December 2019, a
patrol officer observed a vehicle that “was stopped at a red light with all — I guess,
the whole front portion of his car was in the intersection with only his two rear tires
were stopped on the balkline.”3 The officer also noticed that the out-of-state tag had
expired approximately two months earlier.
2 (Punctuation omitted.) Miller v. State, 288 Ga. 286 (1) (702 SE2d 888) (2010), quoting Tate v. State, 264 Ga. 53, 54 (1) (440 SE2d 646) (1994). 3 From the dashcam video of the incident, it is difficult to see exactly where the front of Coverstone’s vehicle is located. We agree with Coverstone that it does not appear that he breached the pedestrian crosswalk. We note, however, that Coverstone changed lanes after the light turned green, and at that time, his passenger-side tires touched or went over the solid white right-hand lane line. 2 Based on those observations, the officer effectuated a traffic stop and
approached the driver, Coverstone. The officer described Coverstone as having red,
bloodshot eyes, his speech as being slow (slow, low, and deliberate), and having slow
reactions, evidenced by his failure to stop at the balkline. The officer, who had been
working in law enforcement for about four years, also noticed the odor of marijuana
when she approached Coverstone’s vehicle. The officer discussed his expired tag with
him, and then she asked where he had been immediately prior to the stop because she
was worried about his ability to drive; Coverstone initially responded that he was
leaving work and then stated he was leaving a local bookstore. Upon further inquiry
from the officer, Coverstone admitted that he had been at a bar but denied drinking
anything. The officer commented on Coverstone’s eyes, asked if they were naturally
bloodshot, and asked if he had been smoking marijuana, which he also denied,
explaining instead that he had been crying.
The officer asked Coverstone to step out of the vehicle and performed a
horizontal gaze nystagmus (“HGN”) field test on him, determining that Coverstone
was not impaired by alcohol at that time. The officer noted that “[w]hen [Coverstone]
stepped out of the car he didn’t stand up he, he leaned immediately back on the car.
3 He continued to lean back on the car to the point that I asked him to please stand up
and step off the car so I could do my evaluations,” although she later conceded that
he stood without a problem after being asked to do so. Despite the negative HGN field
test for alcohol impairment, the officer believed that Coverstone was impaired by
smoking marijuana because of “the totality of the stop” — “the smell of marijuana
coming from the car, his mannerisms, his bloodshot eyes, [and] his [dilated] pupils[.]”
The officer admitted that Coverstone claimed to have been crying, but she did not
believe his crying resulted in the “mannerisms” that made her believe he was
impaired from marijuana. A second officer called to the scene confirmed that he
smelled a faint odor of marijuana when he approached Coverstone in the vehicle.
After making inquiries of dispatch, the first officer approached Coverstone, who
had since re-entered his vehicle, and she asked him to step out again. She explained
that she did not believe that he was impaired by alcohol, but she believed that she
smelled marijuana, as confirmed by the second officer, and she believed he was
impaired by the drug. The officer again asked Coverstone if he had been smoking
marijuana, and he admitted that he had smoked some four hours earlier; Coverstone
also stated that he regularly smoked CBD, he had a CBD cigarette at the bar, and there
4 was a CBD cigarette in his vehicle. The officer explained that she was going to search
Coverstone’s vehicle because she had probable cause to believe there was contraband
based on her observations of his driving and behavior during the stop. The search
revealed several marijuana smoking devices, two packages of raw marijuana, a CBD
cigarette, a knife, and psilocyn mushrooms. Based on the results of the search, the
officer placed Coverstone under arrest, and he was ultimately charged with possession
of psilocyn.
Coverstone moved to suppress evidence from the search on the basis that the
officer lacked probable cause to conduct the search. After reviewing the videos of the
stop and hearing the testimony during the motion to suppress hearing, the trial court
denied Coverstone’s amended motion. The court also issued a certificate of
immediate review, and this Court granted Coverstone’s application for interlocutory
appeal.
Coverstone now argues that the trial court erred by denying his motion to
suppress the evidence of the search because the officer lacked probable cause to
conduct a warrantless search of his vehicle because she failed to consider the totality
of the circumstances given the legal CBD cigarette he possessed.
5 Under the automobile exception to the warrant requirement imposed by the Fourth Amendment, a police officer may search a car without warrant if [s]he has probable cause to believe the car contains contraband, even if there is no exigency preventing the officer from getting a search warrant. Applying this exception, our Supreme Court and this Court have held that where a trained police officer detects the odor [of raw]4 or burnt marijuana coming from a vehicle, the officer has probable cause to conduct a warrantless search of the vehicle, provided that the officer’s ability to identify the odor is placed into evidence. Such a search can encompass every part of the vehicle which might have concealed the drug contraband, including the trunk and closed containers.5
Pursuant to “the Georgia Hemp Farming Act, OCGA § 2-23-1 et seq.
(“GHFA” or “the Act”), which went into effect on May 10, 2019[,] the licensed
cultivation of hemp with a specifically defined level of THC, the manufacture of
products from that hemp, and the possession of those products [was legalized].”6
4 See, e.g., Jones v. State, 319 Ga. App. 678, 678-679 (1) (738 SE2d 130) (2013). 5 (Citations and punctuation omitted.) Hill v. State, 351 Ga. App. 58, 61 (1) (830 SE2d 478) (2019), quoting State v. Alford, 347 Ga. App. 208, 214 (3) (818 SE2d 668) (2018). 6 (Citation and punctuation omitted.) Gowen v. State, 360 Ga. App. 234, 236 (860 SE2d 828) (2021). See also OCGA § 16-13-21 (16) (providing that it is legal to possess hemp and hemp products as defined in OCGA § 2-23-3) and OCGA § 2-23-3 6 Coverstone argues that this change in law requires this Court to revisit whether the
odor of marijuana can support a probable cause finding. In addition to this change of
law, Coverstone relies on Gowen v. State,7 in which case the defendant argued that an
officer lacked probable cause to search his vehicle based on the odor of burnt or raw
marijuana because his legal hemp (here, Coverstone’s CBD cigarette) smelled
indistinguishable from illegal marijuana, and the GHFA requires a holding that a
marijuana odor cannot give rise to probable cause as it once did under our state
jurisprudence.8 This Court determined in Gowen, however, that the defendant in
Gowen had produced no evidence showing that the processed hemp he possessed was
designed to be burned or smoked.9 Under those circumstances, this Court determined
that the smell of burnt marijuana gave rise to probable cause to search Gowen’s
vehicle.10
(3) & (6) (defining “hemp products” as products available for commercial sale that are made from hemp and contain no more than 0.3% THC). 7 360 Ga. App. at 236. 8 See id. at 237 (1). 9 See id. at 237-238 (1). 10 See id. at 238 (1). 7 Here, the officer did not testify whether she smelled raw or burnt marijuana,
and unlike Gowen, Coverstone has presented evidence that the CBD cigarette he
possessed was designed to be burned or smoked. Nevertheless, the officer’s probable
cause determination was based on a totality of several observations and not solely
based on the officer’s perception of an odor of marijuana without accounting for the
smell of the CBD cigarette. Therefore, this case does not require us to to revisit our
prior legal precedent as urged by Coverstone.
First, the dashcam video evidenced that Coverstone failed to completely stop
before the stop line at the red light, and he overcorrected to the right hand side of the
lane when switching from the left to the right lane.11 Even if those observations did not
amount to egregious or chargeable traffic violations, they served as a basis to support
the officer’s reasonable articulable suspicion (in addition to the expired out-of-state
11 See OCGA §§ 40-6-21 (a) (3) (A); 40-6-48. “[W]e may consider facts that definitively can be ascertained exclusively by reference to evidence that is uncontradicted and presents no questions of credibility such as facts indisputably discernible from a videotape.” State v. Burton, 314 Ga. 637, 642 (2) (878 SE2d 515) (2022) (citation and punctuation omitted) (explaining standard of review in context of motion to suppress), disapproved on other grounds by Clark v. State, 315 Ga. 423, 434-435 (3) (b) & n.16 (883 SE2d 317) (2023). 8 tag) to stop Coverstone and investigate him for impaired driving.12 Moreover, after she
spoke with Coverstone about his expired tag, the officer noted that his eyes were
bloodshot and red and his mannerisms were slow. While Coverstone argues that this
was his normal state of acting and that he gave a reasonable excuse of having cried
earlier for the state of his eyes, it was not unreasonable for the officer to discredit those
explanations, and it was for the trial court to assess the credibility of the officer and
her account of her interaction with Coverstone.13 Additionally, when questioned about
where he had been and whether he had been drinking, Coverstone gave conflicting
answers, first saying one location and later admitting to being at a bar but not going in
or drinking. After ruling out possible alcohol impairment, the officer continued to
investigate Coverstone for other impairment, and he admitted to having smoked
12 See, e.g., Lute v. State, 368 Ga. App. 70, 72-73 (1) (889 SE2d 195) (2023) (collecting cases in which weaving within a lane supports investigation for driving under the influence of a substance); State v. Johnson, 364 Ga. App. 50, 51 (2) (873 SE2d 709) (2022) (“Because the officer in this case observed [the defendant] fail to stop at the marked stop lines of two red traffic lights, the officer was clearly authorized to stop the vehicle and investigate these apparent violations of the traffic laws requiring drivers to obey traffic signal instructions. “) (punctuation omitted); Rayo- Leon v. State, 281 Ga. App. 74, 75 (1) (635 SE2d 368) (2006) (vehicle drifting over traffic line can support a stop and investigation for impaired driving). 13 See, e.g., Miller, 288 Ga. at 287-288 (1). 9 marijuana four hours earlier. The officer’s observations of Coverstone’s driving and
physical appearance, his obfuscation of where he had been and whether he had
ingested any impairing substances, and the two officers’ detection, however slight, of
a smell like marijuana,14 which Coverstone had admitted to smoking, constituted
probable cause to effectuate a search of Coverstone’s vehicle for the presence of
marijuana despite his admission to possessing a CBD cigarette.15 Accordingly, the trial
court did not err by denying the motion to suppress.
Judgment affirmed. Gobeil, J., and Senior Judge C. Andrew Fuller concur.
14 To the extent that the officer failed to distinguish between whether she smelled raw or burnt marijuana, that issue was one of credibility for the trial court. See Jones, 319 Ga. App. at 679 (1) (“inconsistencies in the officer’s testimony as to whether the odor detected was of burnt or raw marijuana . . . presented a matter of the officer’s credibility”). 15 See id. See also State v. Menezes, 286 Ga. App. 280, 282-283 (2) (648 SE2d 741) (2007) (assessing the probable cause to search the vehicle based on the totality of the circumstances at the time of the stop, including the conflicting answers given by the defendant). 10