FIELD, Circuit Justice.
This is an action to recover damages for an alleged infringement by the defendants of a patent granted by the United States to Samuel Nicholson for an improvement in wooden pavements. A patent was originally issued to Nicholson in August, ,$354. This being surrendered, a new patent to him was issued in December, 1863. The right to use the invention in the city and county of San Francisco has passed from Nicholson by various intermediate transfers to the plaintiff, a corporation created under the laws of this state.
The nature of the improvement, which the patentee claims as his invention, can only be understood from a description of the pavement and its mode of construction. The specifications accompanying the patent give such description with much fullness and de-. tail. A brief description, however, will be sufficient for our purpose, and will exhibit the matter in dispute between the parties. The improved pavement is constructed in this wise: The earth of the roadway or street upon which the pavement is to be made is first graded. The grade is generally made in a slightly arched shape, so that the elevation at the centre of the road is a trifle higher than at the sides. The earth thus prepared is then covered with tarred paper, or lime mortar, or hydraulic cement about two inches in thickness, or with a thin flooring, upon which tar is poured.
Upon the foundation thus made, two sets of wooden blocks are placed. These blocks are cut with parallel sides from timber, about four inches square, in cross sections; those of one set are about eight inches in length, and those of the other set are about half that length. These blocks are placed end upward, and are arranged both transversely and longitudinally, so that the long and short blocks stand alternately in each direction. By this arrangement there is formed above each short block a cell or cavity, bounded by four of the large blocks. Into each of these cells a small quantity of coarse salt is poured. The cells are then filled with broken stone, or coarse, clean gravel, the whole being firmly rammed until the upper surface becomes firm and level. Mineral or vegetable tar or pitch is then poured over the whole surface of the pavement, and into the cells containing the broken stone or gravel, so as to penetrate between the pieces and cement them together. The tar permeating into the cells makes the entire mass of stone or gravel adhere firmly to the surrounding blocks, and also allows an expansion of the mass from the pressure of carriages, such expansion serving to fill up any spaces which may be formed from shrinkage of the wooden [213]*213blocks. To prevent the blocks from being forced below one another they are sometimes connected together by wooden pins, and instead of the broken stone and tar in the cells any other suitable cementing material maybe used.
Instead of the two sets of blocks described, the improved pavement is sometimes constructed entirely with long blocks and a strip of board between them. In such case, the blocks are placed side by side in rows transversely of the roadway, with a space an inch in width between them, in which the strip of board is introduced edgewise or vertically. The width of the board is about one-half the length of the blocks. These boards resting on the foundation, there is formed above them, between the blocks, long cells or grooves extending across the roadway. These cells are filled with broken stone, or gravel, and tar, as already described. It is generally, if not always, in this form that the pavement has been constructed in San Francisco.
It is in this way, as we have briefly described it, the improved pavement, which is generally called the Nicholson pavement, is made. It is a pavement of great neatness, is easily kept clean, is from its nature free from mud, offers a sure footing for horses; and by its use the noise of carriages and carts, so annoying in the busy streets of a large city, is to a great extent avoided. It is also represented by the patentee to be a durable structure, its durability being secured, in his view, by the elastic extremities of the fibres of the blocks, and by the exclusion of moisture and consequent rot from the blocks by the material employed for the foundation and the tarry covering poured over the surface.
This pavement is not the entire invention of Nicholson, nor is it so claimed by him. Wooden pavements were invented and in use in different parts of the world many years before his attention was directed to the subject. He makes no claim to the exclusive use of the blocks, or of the gravel and tar between them or over them, nor of any of the separate parts which go to make up the structure. What he claims as his invention is the combining of the foundation of the pavement with the blocks, or the long blocks and strips of board, these being arranged so as to form cells or channels with wooden bottoms for the reception of broken stone or gravel and tar, as already described, “whereby,” to quote his own language, “the particles of pounded stone or gravel are prevented from working under the lower ends of the longer blocks, and whereby water is prevented from passing from the surface of the pavement downward through the joints of said wooden blocks, and also moisture is prevented from being absorbed upward from the ground by said wooden blocks.”
The claim here stated is not for the invention of any of the several parts which go to make the structure, but for their combination; and the particular improvement for which the patent was solicited was the arrangement of the foundation with the blocks so as to exclude moisture from the bottom, and prevent the broken stone or gravel from working under them. The patent is not infringed unless these two parts of the structure, the foundation and blocks, are used by the defendants in a similar combination. The use of one of them without the other, though all the other necessary elements in the formation of the pavement are employed, violates no right of the patentee. A patent for a combination of two things is not, of course, a patent for a combination of the two with a third and different thing. The authorities on this subject are all one way.
In Prouty v. Ruggles, 16 Pet. [41 U. S.] 341, the patent was for the combination of certain parts of a plow, they being so arranged as to produce a certain effect. The action was for an alleged infringement. The court below instructed the jury that unless the whole combination was substantially used in the plow of the defendants, there was no violation of the plaintiff’s patent, although one or more of the parts specified were used in combination by them. The jury found for the defendants, and the instruction was held correct by the supreme court: “None of the parts referred to,” said Mr. Chief Justice Taney in delivering the opinion of the court, “are new, and none are claimed as new; nor is any portion of the combination less than the whole claimed as new; or stated to produce any given result. The end in view is proposed to be accomplished by the union of all, arranged and combined together in the maimer described; and this combination composed of all the parts mentioned in the specification, and arranged with reference to each other, and to other parts of the plow in the manner therein described, is stated to be the improvement, and is the thing patented. The use of any two of these parts only, or of two combined with a third, which is substantially different in form or in the manner of its arrangement and connection with the others, is therefore not the thing patented. It is not the same combination if it substantially differs from it in any of its parts.”
In Eames v.
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FIELD, Circuit Justice.
This is an action to recover damages for an alleged infringement by the defendants of a patent granted by the United States to Samuel Nicholson for an improvement in wooden pavements. A patent was originally issued to Nicholson in August, ,$354. This being surrendered, a new patent to him was issued in December, 1863. The right to use the invention in the city and county of San Francisco has passed from Nicholson by various intermediate transfers to the plaintiff, a corporation created under the laws of this state.
The nature of the improvement, which the patentee claims as his invention, can only be understood from a description of the pavement and its mode of construction. The specifications accompanying the patent give such description with much fullness and de-. tail. A brief description, however, will be sufficient for our purpose, and will exhibit the matter in dispute between the parties. The improved pavement is constructed in this wise: The earth of the roadway or street upon which the pavement is to be made is first graded. The grade is generally made in a slightly arched shape, so that the elevation at the centre of the road is a trifle higher than at the sides. The earth thus prepared is then covered with tarred paper, or lime mortar, or hydraulic cement about two inches in thickness, or with a thin flooring, upon which tar is poured.
Upon the foundation thus made, two sets of wooden blocks are placed. These blocks are cut with parallel sides from timber, about four inches square, in cross sections; those of one set are about eight inches in length, and those of the other set are about half that length. These blocks are placed end upward, and are arranged both transversely and longitudinally, so that the long and short blocks stand alternately in each direction. By this arrangement there is formed above each short block a cell or cavity, bounded by four of the large blocks. Into each of these cells a small quantity of coarse salt is poured. The cells are then filled with broken stone, or coarse, clean gravel, the whole being firmly rammed until the upper surface becomes firm and level. Mineral or vegetable tar or pitch is then poured over the whole surface of the pavement, and into the cells containing the broken stone or gravel, so as to penetrate between the pieces and cement them together. The tar permeating into the cells makes the entire mass of stone or gravel adhere firmly to the surrounding blocks, and also allows an expansion of the mass from the pressure of carriages, such expansion serving to fill up any spaces which may be formed from shrinkage of the wooden [213]*213blocks. To prevent the blocks from being forced below one another they are sometimes connected together by wooden pins, and instead of the broken stone and tar in the cells any other suitable cementing material maybe used.
Instead of the two sets of blocks described, the improved pavement is sometimes constructed entirely with long blocks and a strip of board between them. In such case, the blocks are placed side by side in rows transversely of the roadway, with a space an inch in width between them, in which the strip of board is introduced edgewise or vertically. The width of the board is about one-half the length of the blocks. These boards resting on the foundation, there is formed above them, between the blocks, long cells or grooves extending across the roadway. These cells are filled with broken stone, or gravel, and tar, as already described. It is generally, if not always, in this form that the pavement has been constructed in San Francisco.
It is in this way, as we have briefly described it, the improved pavement, which is generally called the Nicholson pavement, is made. It is a pavement of great neatness, is easily kept clean, is from its nature free from mud, offers a sure footing for horses; and by its use the noise of carriages and carts, so annoying in the busy streets of a large city, is to a great extent avoided. It is also represented by the patentee to be a durable structure, its durability being secured, in his view, by the elastic extremities of the fibres of the blocks, and by the exclusion of moisture and consequent rot from the blocks by the material employed for the foundation and the tarry covering poured over the surface.
This pavement is not the entire invention of Nicholson, nor is it so claimed by him. Wooden pavements were invented and in use in different parts of the world many years before his attention was directed to the subject. He makes no claim to the exclusive use of the blocks, or of the gravel and tar between them or over them, nor of any of the separate parts which go to make up the structure. What he claims as his invention is the combining of the foundation of the pavement with the blocks, or the long blocks and strips of board, these being arranged so as to form cells or channels with wooden bottoms for the reception of broken stone or gravel and tar, as already described, “whereby,” to quote his own language, “the particles of pounded stone or gravel are prevented from working under the lower ends of the longer blocks, and whereby water is prevented from passing from the surface of the pavement downward through the joints of said wooden blocks, and also moisture is prevented from being absorbed upward from the ground by said wooden blocks.”
The claim here stated is not for the invention of any of the several parts which go to make the structure, but for their combination; and the particular improvement for which the patent was solicited was the arrangement of the foundation with the blocks so as to exclude moisture from the bottom, and prevent the broken stone or gravel from working under them. The patent is not infringed unless these two parts of the structure, the foundation and blocks, are used by the defendants in a similar combination. The use of one of them without the other, though all the other necessary elements in the formation of the pavement are employed, violates no right of the patentee. A patent for a combination of two things is not, of course, a patent for a combination of the two with a third and different thing. The authorities on this subject are all one way.
In Prouty v. Ruggles, 16 Pet. [41 U. S.] 341, the patent was for the combination of certain parts of a plow, they being so arranged as to produce a certain effect. The action was for an alleged infringement. The court below instructed the jury that unless the whole combination was substantially used in the plow of the defendants, there was no violation of the plaintiff’s patent, although one or more of the parts specified were used in combination by them. The jury found for the defendants, and the instruction was held correct by the supreme court: “None of the parts referred to,” said Mr. Chief Justice Taney in delivering the opinion of the court, “are new, and none are claimed as new; nor is any portion of the combination less than the whole claimed as new; or stated to produce any given result. The end in view is proposed to be accomplished by the union of all, arranged and combined together in the maimer described; and this combination composed of all the parts mentioned in the specification, and arranged with reference to each other, and to other parts of the plow in the manner therein described, is stated to be the improvement, and is the thing patented. The use of any two of these parts only, or of two combined with a third, which is substantially different in form or in the manner of its arrangement and connection with the others, is therefore not the thing patented. It is not the same combination if it substantially differs from it in any of its parts.”
In Eames v. Gadfrey, 1 Wall. [68 U. S.] 79, this case from Peters is cited with approval, and its ruling followed. In Brooks v. Fiske, 15 How. [56 U. S.] 212, the patent was for a planing machine, and the invention claimed was a combination of three elements. The machine which was alleged as an infringement, did not use all of these three; and the court stated the rule of law in such case to be, “that if a combination has, as here, three different known parts, and the result is proposed to be accomplished by the union of all the parts arranged with reference to each other, the use of two of these parts only combined with a third, which is substantially different in the manner of its arrangement [214]*214ana connection with the others, is not the same combination, and . no infringement.” Page 219.
[NOTE. For other cases involving this patent, see American Nicholson Pavement Co. v. City of Elizabeth, Case No. 311; City of Elizabeth v. American Nicholson Pavement Co., 97 U. S. 120: American Nicholson Pavement Co. v. City of Elizabeth, Cases Nos. 309 and 312; Same v. Jenkins, 14 Wall. (81 U. S.) 452; Jenkins v. Nicolson Pavement Co., Case No. 7,273; Bigelow v. City of Louisville, Id. 1,400.]
If we now apply these principles to the case presented for determination, the result which must follow is obvious. The pavement constructed by the defendants is termed by them the Stow pavement. In this pavement no foundation, beyond the grading of the earth, is prepared for the support of the blocks as in the Nicholson pavement. No tarred paper, nor lime mortar, nor hydraulic cement, nor flooring with or without tar, is employed. The blocks are placed in parallel rows directly upon the graded earth, which is forced into a solid and compact form by a wedge driven between the blocks. This wedge is made of .a board two or three feet in length, and nearly of the width of the blocks, and is driven some inches below them. The Stow pavement presents an external appearance similar to that of the Nicholson pavement; it exhibits the same neatness; is with equal ease kept clean; furnishes the same sure footing for horses; and by its use the noise of carriages and carts is equally avoided. But in the foundation used, the resemblance ceases; in that particular there is nothing in common between them, and the special benefits ascribed by the parties to the foundation of their respective pavements are different. The exclusion of moisture from the blocks is one of the principal benefits ascribed by Nicholson to the foundation of his pavement. The defendants, on the other hand, insist that more or less moisture penetrates the blocks from above and below, and that the absence of any wooden or tarred foundation to the pavement allows it to readily escape, and thus the blocks are preserved from decay. They also assert that their pavement has many advantages over that of the Nicholson, particularly in the facility with which the pavement can be taken up and replaced when this becomes necessary, as it often does in the streets of a city, to lay down water or gas pipes, or to repair them. But all this, whether true or otherwise, is a matter which can have no bearing upon the decision of the case.. On the merits of the two systems we are not called upon to pass. It is sufficient to determine the issue presented that the combination for which Nicholson obtained his patent has not been used in all its parts by the defendants. Hence, they are not guilty of infringing upon any rights held under his patent.
The decision of the circuit court of the United States for the district of Illinois, to which we have been referred, does not affect this case. That decision only determined the validity of the patent to Nicholson, and the infringement of his rights by the city of Chicago. We do not deny the validity of his patent, or the legality of the transiere to the plaintiff. We only adjudge that the patent has not been infringed by the defendants in the construction of what is termed by them the Stow pavement.
Judgment ordered for defendants.