Sargent, J.
The judicial department of every government is the rightful expositor of its laws, and, emphatically so, of its supreme law or constitution.
On all questions, therefore, which involve the construction of the Con[237]*237stitution of the United States, the Supreme Court of the United States is the only rightful ultimate tribunal; and its decisions on those questions cannot be withstood or disregarded by State courts, without a dereliction of duty and a violation of the cardinal principles of the federal government. And when a construction is given by the highest national judicial tribunal to any particular part or paragraph of our national constitution, as applied to a particular subject matter, such decision is of paramount authority, and is binding upon tins court, when a case arises in which the same provision of the constitution of the United States is to be applied to the same or a similar subject matter. Bank v. Dudley’s lessee, 2 Peters 492, 524; Braynard v. Marshall, 8 Pick. 194; Brigham v. Henderson, 1 Cush. 430; Dart. College v. Woodward, 1 N. H. 111.
"We are unanimous in the opinion, that we arc bound to conform our decisions to those of the Supreme Court of the United States, on all questions involving the construction of the constitution of the United States,” Metcalf, J., in Scribner v. Fisher, 2 Gray, 43, 48.
In this last case, the Supreme Court of Massachusetts, by a majority of its members, decided that a certificate of discharge under the insolvent laws of that State was a bar to an action on a contract made by a citizen of that State with a citizen of another State, who does not prove his claim under those laws, if the contract by its express terms was to be performed in that State. This decision is based upon the ground that the decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States had not decided that identical question, Metcalf, J. dissenting. This case has been followed in that State in Burrall v. Rice, 5 Gray, 539, though the facts in this case were not the same as in the former. Other cases may have followed the same rule in that State.
In this State, the same question was discussed in Whitney v. Whiting, 35 N. H. 457, though no such question was raised in the case. But in Brown v. Collins, 41 N. H. 405, the question directly arose, which arises in this case, and it was settled upon the authority of Whitney v. Whiting, as it would seem, without further examination or discussion,in accordance with the doctrine of Scribner v. Fisher, 2 Gray, supra.
But, since these decisions in Massachusetts and this State, the same question has been carried to the.Supreme Court of the United States and there decided in Baldwin v. Hall, Dec. Term 1863.
This case arose in Massachusetts, and their court holding that the discharge was a good bar in such a case, a writ of error was brought to the Circuit Court of the United States for the district of Massachusetts, where judgment was rendered for the plaintiff, — reversing the holding in the State courts, — and the cause was carried to the Supreme Court of the United States, where the holding of the Circuit Court was confirmed. See opinion of Mr. Justice Clifford, Law Register, June 1864.
In this opinion, he reviews the decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States upon that subject, and concludes that the question has been already settled by the decisions of the United States courts, that such discharge is of no effect whatever against a creditor resident in another [238]*238State, who does not prove his claim, or become a party in any way to the proceedings in insolvency. He agrees substantially with Story, J., in Springer v. Foster, 2 Story’s C. C. 387, and in his Commentaries on the Constitution,sec. 1390, and in his Conflict of Laws sec. 241; and with Chancellor Kent, 2 Kent’s Com. (9th Ed.) 503, where he says that the discharge under a State law is not effectual as against a citizen of another State, who did not make himself a party to the proceedings under the law.
Judge Clifford then proceeds : "All of the State courts, or nearly all, except the Supreme Court of Massachusetts, have adopted the same .view of the subject; and that court has recently held that a certificate of discharge in insolvency is no bar to an action by a foreign corporation against'the payee of a note who endorsed it to the corporation, in blank, before its maturity, although the note itself was executed and made payable in that State by a citizen óf the State. Repeated decisions have been made in that court which seem to support the same doctrine. Savoye v. Marsh, 10 Met. 594; Braynard v. Marshall, 8 Pick. 196. But a majority of that court held, in Scribner v. Fisher, 2 Gray, 43, that, if the contract was to be performed in the State where the discharge was obtained, it was a good defence to an action on the contract, although the plaintiff was a citizen of another State and had not in any manner become a party to the proceedings.”
" Irrespective of authority, it would be difficult, if not impossible, to sanction that doctrine. Insolvent systems of every kind partake of the character of a judicial investigation. Parties, whose rights are to be affected, are entitled to be heard, and, in order that they may enjoy that right, they must first be notified. Common justice requires that no man shall be condemned in his person or property, .without notice, and an opportunity to make his defence. Nations v. Johnson, 24 Howard, 203; Boswell's lessee v. Otis, 9 Howard, 350; Oakley v. Aspinwall, 4 Comst. 514. Regarded merely in the light of principle, therefore, the rule is one which could hardly be defended, as it is quite evident that the courts of one State would have no power to require the citizens of other States to become parties to any such proceedings. Suydam v. Broadnax, 14 Peters, 75. But it is unnecessary to pursue the inquiry further, as the decisions of this court are directly the other way, and so are the decisions of the State courts. Donnelly v. Corbett, 3 Seld. 503; Poe v. Duck, 1 Md. 1; Anderson v. Wheeler, 25 Conn. 607; Fisher v. Bugbee, 28 Me. 9; Demerit v. Exchange Bank, 10 Law Rep. 606; Woodhull v. Wagner, Bald. C. C. 300.”
" Insolvent laws of one State cannot discharge the contracts of the citizens of other States, because they have no extra-territorial operation, and, consequently, the tribunal sitting under them, unless in cases where, a citizen of such other State voluntarily becomes a party to the proceeding, has no jurisdiction in the case. Legal notice cannot be given and consequently there can be no obligation to appear’, and, of course, there can be no legal default. The judgment of the Circuit Court is therefore affirmed with costs.”
The same doctrine was held in Baldwin v. The Bank of Newbury, [239]*239in the Supreme Court of the United States, at the same term, where the same question arose, and where it was held that the certificate of discharge in that case was no bar to the action, because the debt was due to a citizen of another State.
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Sargent, J.
The judicial department of every government is the rightful expositor of its laws, and, emphatically so, of its supreme law or constitution.
On all questions, therefore, which involve the construction of the Con[237]*237stitution of the United States, the Supreme Court of the United States is the only rightful ultimate tribunal; and its decisions on those questions cannot be withstood or disregarded by State courts, without a dereliction of duty and a violation of the cardinal principles of the federal government. And when a construction is given by the highest national judicial tribunal to any particular part or paragraph of our national constitution, as applied to a particular subject matter, such decision is of paramount authority, and is binding upon tins court, when a case arises in which the same provision of the constitution of the United States is to be applied to the same or a similar subject matter. Bank v. Dudley’s lessee, 2 Peters 492, 524; Braynard v. Marshall, 8 Pick. 194; Brigham v. Henderson, 1 Cush. 430; Dart. College v. Woodward, 1 N. H. 111.
"We are unanimous in the opinion, that we arc bound to conform our decisions to those of the Supreme Court of the United States, on all questions involving the construction of the constitution of the United States,” Metcalf, J., in Scribner v. Fisher, 2 Gray, 43, 48.
In this last case, the Supreme Court of Massachusetts, by a majority of its members, decided that a certificate of discharge under the insolvent laws of that State was a bar to an action on a contract made by a citizen of that State with a citizen of another State, who does not prove his claim under those laws, if the contract by its express terms was to be performed in that State. This decision is based upon the ground that the decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States had not decided that identical question, Metcalf, J. dissenting. This case has been followed in that State in Burrall v. Rice, 5 Gray, 539, though the facts in this case were not the same as in the former. Other cases may have followed the same rule in that State.
In this State, the same question was discussed in Whitney v. Whiting, 35 N. H. 457, though no such question was raised in the case. But in Brown v. Collins, 41 N. H. 405, the question directly arose, which arises in this case, and it was settled upon the authority of Whitney v. Whiting, as it would seem, without further examination or discussion,in accordance with the doctrine of Scribner v. Fisher, 2 Gray, supra.
But, since these decisions in Massachusetts and this State, the same question has been carried to the.Supreme Court of the United States and there decided in Baldwin v. Hall, Dec. Term 1863.
This case arose in Massachusetts, and their court holding that the discharge was a good bar in such a case, a writ of error was brought to the Circuit Court of the United States for the district of Massachusetts, where judgment was rendered for the plaintiff, — reversing the holding in the State courts, — and the cause was carried to the Supreme Court of the United States, where the holding of the Circuit Court was confirmed. See opinion of Mr. Justice Clifford, Law Register, June 1864.
In this opinion, he reviews the decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States upon that subject, and concludes that the question has been already settled by the decisions of the United States courts, that such discharge is of no effect whatever against a creditor resident in another [238]*238State, who does not prove his claim, or become a party in any way to the proceedings in insolvency. He agrees substantially with Story, J., in Springer v. Foster, 2 Story’s C. C. 387, and in his Commentaries on the Constitution,sec. 1390, and in his Conflict of Laws sec. 241; and with Chancellor Kent, 2 Kent’s Com. (9th Ed.) 503, where he says that the discharge under a State law is not effectual as against a citizen of another State, who did not make himself a party to the proceedings under the law.
Judge Clifford then proceeds : "All of the State courts, or nearly all, except the Supreme Court of Massachusetts, have adopted the same .view of the subject; and that court has recently held that a certificate of discharge in insolvency is no bar to an action by a foreign corporation against'the payee of a note who endorsed it to the corporation, in blank, before its maturity, although the note itself was executed and made payable in that State by a citizen óf the State. Repeated decisions have been made in that court which seem to support the same doctrine. Savoye v. Marsh, 10 Met. 594; Braynard v. Marshall, 8 Pick. 196. But a majority of that court held, in Scribner v. Fisher, 2 Gray, 43, that, if the contract was to be performed in the State where the discharge was obtained, it was a good defence to an action on the contract, although the plaintiff was a citizen of another State and had not in any manner become a party to the proceedings.”
" Irrespective of authority, it would be difficult, if not impossible, to sanction that doctrine. Insolvent systems of every kind partake of the character of a judicial investigation. Parties, whose rights are to be affected, are entitled to be heard, and, in order that they may enjoy that right, they must first be notified. Common justice requires that no man shall be condemned in his person or property, .without notice, and an opportunity to make his defence. Nations v. Johnson, 24 Howard, 203; Boswell's lessee v. Otis, 9 Howard, 350; Oakley v. Aspinwall, 4 Comst. 514. Regarded merely in the light of principle, therefore, the rule is one which could hardly be defended, as it is quite evident that the courts of one State would have no power to require the citizens of other States to become parties to any such proceedings. Suydam v. Broadnax, 14 Peters, 75. But it is unnecessary to pursue the inquiry further, as the decisions of this court are directly the other way, and so are the decisions of the State courts. Donnelly v. Corbett, 3 Seld. 503; Poe v. Duck, 1 Md. 1; Anderson v. Wheeler, 25 Conn. 607; Fisher v. Bugbee, 28 Me. 9; Demerit v. Exchange Bank, 10 Law Rep. 606; Woodhull v. Wagner, Bald. C. C. 300.”
" Insolvent laws of one State cannot discharge the contracts of the citizens of other States, because they have no extra-territorial operation, and, consequently, the tribunal sitting under them, unless in cases where, a citizen of such other State voluntarily becomes a party to the proceeding, has no jurisdiction in the case. Legal notice cannot be given and consequently there can be no obligation to appear’, and, of course, there can be no legal default. The judgment of the Circuit Court is therefore affirmed with costs.”
The same doctrine was held in Baldwin v. The Bank of Newbury, [239]*239in the Supreme Court of the United States, at the same term, where the same question arose, and where it was held that the certificate of discharge in that case was no bar to the action, because the debt was due to a citizen of another State. And it was also heldthat the circumstance, that the contract was to be performed in the State where the discharge was obtained, did not take the case out of the operation of the rule.
It would seem to be plain, that what is true of all other laws must be so of insolvent laws, viz : that their effect is limited to the State of their creation. The difference between a State insolvent law and a' general bankrupt law of the United States, consists chiefly in this, that one is confined to the particular State, and the other operates throughout the nation. And one residing without the State having a claim against the debtor, who has obtained his discharge under the insolvent laws of the State, stands in the same relation to the discharge that a foreign resident does to a discharge obtained under a general bankrupt law.
The discharge of the debtor under insolvent or bankrupt laws, is not of the character of payment or performance, which latter are to be gov•erned by the law of the place where the contract is to be performed. The validity of the discharge depends simply upon the debtor’s having complied with certain requirements of a State law; and the discharge is in the nature of a judgment of a State court, and, in order to be of any force, it must appear that it was a judgment obtained upon legal notice to those to be affected by it. Its force and validity must, of necessity, depend upon the court having jurisdiction of the subject matter and of the parties, neither of which, in a case like this, it could have. It obtained no jurisdiction of the party, because it could not make any legal service on him without the- State, that should compel him to attend, and none of the subject matter of the contract, unless the creditor submits it to the -court and claims a dividend, because such a contract attends the person of the creditor wherever he may happen to reside. So the case would •stand like a personal action, where the debtor is not within the jurisdiction, and does not appear in the suit. Such judgments are mere nullities, and so are such discharges in insolvency, as to those not legally made parties to the.m.
The principle involved in the case of Baldwin v. Hall, is precisely the same as that involved in the present case. That action was upon the following promissory note: — "Boston, Feb. 21, 1854. Six months after date I promise to pay to the order of myself, two thousand dollars, payable at Boston, value received.” And the same was duly indorsed by the defendant to the order of plaintiff. Plaintiff was, and ever since had been, a citizen of Vermont, and the defendant was and ever since had been a citizen of Massachusetts, when the suit was brought. After the date of the note, and before the commencement of the suit, the defendant, upon due proceedings in the insolvent court of Massachusetts, obtained a certificate of discharge from his debts. And the only question was whether such certificate of discharge was a bar to the suit. And the Supreme Court of the United States having decided, that, under that provision of the Constitution of the United States, prohibiting the several States from passing any laws that should impair the obligation of con[240]*240tracts, (U. S. Const. sec. 10, art. 1,) such discharge was nobarto the suit in that case, we feel bound' to decide here, overruling the decision in Brown v. Collins, 41 N. H. supra, that the discharge in this case, if properly pleaded, can be no bar to the maintenance of the plaintiffs suit.
The form of the plea, therefore, is immaterial.
Demurrer sustained.