Newhouse v. Aurora Bank FSB

915 F. Supp. 2d 1159, 2013 WL 85414, 2013 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 3075

• Court: District Court, E.D. California
• Decided: January 8, 2013
• Docket: No. CIV S-12-00223 KJM-KJN
• Status: Published

Opinion

ORDER

K.J. MUELLER, District Judge.

This matter is before the court on the motion of defendants Aurora Bank FSB (Aurora) and Aurora Loan Services, LLC (“ALS”) (collectively, “defendants”) to dismiss plaintiffs’ first amended complaint (“FAC”) under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6). For the reasons set forth below, defendants’ motion is granted.¹

I. BACKGROUND

This is a mass-joinder action involving twenty-four plaintiffs alleging that defendants, involved in the origination and servicing of plaintiffs’ residential mortgages, deceived them as to the nature of the mortgagor-mortgagee relationship they were entering at the time of origination. Plaintiffs filed their original complaint in California State Superior Court for the County of Sacramento. {See Notice of Removal (“NOR”), ECF 1, Ex 1.) Defendants timely removed to this court in accordance with 28 U.S.C. § 1441(b) based on diversity of citizenship under 28 U.S.C. § 1332. {Id.) On February 23, 2012, plaintiffs filed their first amended complaint (FAC) as a matter of course in accordance with Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 15(a)(1)(B).

Defendant Aurora is a federal savings bank (“FSB”) governed by the Home Owners Loan Act of 1933 (“HOLA”).² Aurora was originally chartered as “Lehman Brothers Bank, FSB,” in June 1999. (Request for Judicial Notice (“RJN”), ECF 27 Ex. A.)³ In 2004, Aurora established ALS as an operating subsidiary. (Id., Exs. B & C; FAC ¶ 37.) ALS, without any change in its relationship to Lehman Brothers Bank, FSB, converted from a corporation to a limited liability company in 2005. (Id., Exs. D & F.) In April 2009, Lehman Brothers Bank, FSB, changed its name to Aurora Bank FSB. (Id., Ex. G.)

The gravamen of plaintiffs’ amended complaint⁴ is that defendants duped plaintiffs into believing they were entering a traditional, arms-length, lender-borrower relationship, when in fact their loans were immediately bundled, packaged and sold to investors. Plaintiffs argue defendants convinced plaintiffs to enter into risky loans defendants knew they could not afford, then dragged their feet when plaintiffs attempted to modify their loans in order to obtaining higher servicing fees for conducting foreclosure proceedings.

Plaintiffs make general allegations, not applicable to plaintiffs here, that defendants engaged in the practice of “robosigning.” For example, plaintiffs allege defendants “filed in state and federal courts ... numerous affidavits or other mortgage-related documents that ... were not signed or affirmed in the presence of a notary.” (FAC ¶ 62.) Plaintiffs allege “[defendants knew that plaintiffs’ loans would be packed up into” mortgage-backed securities; “that they would recoup monies lent immediately”; and “that [plaintiffs would be subject to a servicer instead of a lender [that] was limited as to its power to assist [pjlaintiffs when issues not foreseeable to [pjlaintiffs arose.” (Id. ¶ 67.) Plaintiffs further allege, “Aurora has falsely indicated the intent to work with [pjlaintiffs through loan modification. But, [pjlaintiffs who have entered into the loan modification process have encountered huge obstacles placed by Aurora employees.” (Id. ¶ 69.)

The complaint alleges that “[ljenders encouraged brokers to tell potential buyers anything to get them into the sub-prime loans.” (Id. ¶ 75.) Finally, plaintiffs allege “they relied on the representations of the [ljenders that their loans were of good quality” when in fact “they were placed in subprime loans.” (Id. ¶¶ 76-77.) Based upon these allegations, plaintiffs assert claims for (1) “Privity of Contract”⁵; (2) Rescission based on mistake; (3) Negligence (origination); (4) Negligence (servicing); and (5) wrongful foreclosure. Defendants argue all of plaintiffs’ claims are preempted by federal law. Defendants also argue, in the alternative, that plaintiff cannot state a claim upon which relief can be granted under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6). The court does not reach defendants’ alternative argument, except with respect to the negligence in loan servicing claim.

II. STANDARD

Under Rule 12(b)(6) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, a party may move to dismiss a complaint for “failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted.” A court may dismiss “based on the lack of cognizable legal theory or the absence of sufficient facts alleged under a cognizable legal theory.” Balistreri v. Pacifica Police Dep’t, 901 F.2d 696, 699 (9th Cir.1988).

Although a complaint need contain only “a short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief,” FED. R. CIV. P. 8(a)(2), in order to survive a motion to dismiss this short and plain statement “must contain sufficient factual matter ... to ‘state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’ ” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678, 129 S.Ct. 1937, 173 L.Ed.2d 868 (2009) (quoting Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570, 127 S.Ct. 1955, 167 L.Ed.2d 929 (2007)). A complaint must include something more than “an unadorned, the-defendant-unlawfully-harmed-me accusation” or “ ‘labels and conclusions’ or ‘a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action....’” Id. (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555, 127 S.Ct. 1955). Determining whether a complaint will survive a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim is a “context-specific task that requires the reviewing court to draw on its judicial experience and common sense.” Id. at 679, 129 S.Ct. 1937. Ultimately, the inquiry focuses on the interplay between the factual allegations of the complaint and the dispositive issues of law in the action. See Hishon v. King & Spalding, 467 U.S. 69, 73, 104 S.Ct. 2229, 81 L.Ed.2d 59 (1984).

In making this context-specific evaluation, this court “must presume all factual allegations of the complaint to be true and draw all reasonable inferences in favor of the nonmoving party.” Usher v. City of Los Angeles, 828 F.2d 556, 561 (9th Cir.1987). This rule does not apply to “ ‘a legal conclusion couched as a factual allegation,’ ” Papasan v. Allain, 478 U.S. 265, 286, 106 S.Ct. 2932, 92 L.Ed.2d 209 (1986) (quoted in Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555, 127 S.Ct. 1955), nor to “allegations that contra-diet matters properly subject to judicial notice” or to material attached to or incorporated by reference into the complaint. Sprewell v. Golden State Warriors, 266 F.3d 979, 988 (9th Cir.2001). A court’s consideration of documents attached to a complaint or incorporated by reference or matter of judicial notice will not convert a motion to dismiss into a motion for summary judgment. United States v. Ritchie, 342 F.3d 903, 907-08 (9th Cir.2003).

III. ANALYSIS

Defendants argue each of plaintiffs’ claims comes in the purview of Title 12 Code of Federal Regulations § 560.2 (“Section 560.2”), which “specifically preempts the application to FSB’s of any state law purporting to impose [certain] requirements” regarding lending. (Defs.’ Mot. to Dismiss (“MTD”), ECF 26 at 3:11-15.) Plaintiffs argue that their claims are not preempted because “[plaintiffs bring claims based on misrepresentation of material facts.... ” (Pis.’ Opp’n to Defs.’ Mot. to Dismiss (“Opp’n”), ECF 39 at 7:19-20.)

A. Federal Law: HOLA and the OTS

Congress enacted HOLA in 1933, following the great crash of 1929, in order to “restore public confidence by creating a nationwide system of federal savings and loan associations to be centrally regulated according to nationwide best practices.” Silvas v. E*Trade Mortg. Corp., 514 F.3d 1001, 1004 (9th Cir.2008) (citing Fid. Fed. Sav. & Loan Ass’n v. de la Cuesta, 458 U.S. 141, 160-61, 102 S.Ct. 3014, 73 L.Ed.2d 664 (1982)). Congress’s intent in enacting HOLA was “to charter savings associations under federal law” in response to “record numbers of home loans [that] were in default and a staggering number of state-chartered savings associations [that] were insolvent.” Id. (citing Bank of Am. v. City and Cnty. of S.F., 309 F.3d 551, 559 (9th Cir.2002)).

Through HOLA, Congress gave the Office of Thrift Supervision (“OTS”) authority to issue regulations governing thrift savings associations. Id.; 12 U.S.C. § 1464. With this authority, the OTS promulgated Section 560.2, a preemption regulation, with the purpose of occupying the “entire field of lending regulation for federal savings associations.” 12 C.F.R. § 560.2(a). OTS sought to “enhance safety and soundness and to enable federal savings associations to conduct their operations in accordance with best practices.” Id. OTS drafted the regulation to “give federal savings associations maximum flexibility to exercise their lending powers in accordance with a uniform federal scheme of regulation.” Id.

Section 560.2(b) provides a list of “illustrative examples of the types of state laws that are preempted.” It includes state laws purporting to impose requirements regarding:

(4) The terms of credit, including amortization of loans and the deferral and capitalization of interest and adjustments to the interest rate, balance, payments due, or term to maturity of the loan, including the circumstances under which a loan may be called due and payable upon the passage of time or a specified event external to the loan;

(5) Loan-related fees, including without limitation, initial charges, late charges, prepayment penalties, servicing fees, and overlimit fees;

(9) Disclosure and advertising, including laws requiring specific statements, information, or other content to be included in credit application forms, credit solicitations, billing statements, credit contracts, or other credit-related documents and laws requiring creditors to supply copies of credit reports to borrowers or applicants.

(10) Processing, origination, servicing, sale or purchase of, or investment or participation in, mortgages!!]

12 C.F.R. § 560.2(b)

Section 560.2(c) also provides a list of state laws that are not preempted “to the extent they only incidentally affect ... lending operations ... or are otherwise consistent with the purposes of paragraph (a) of this section.” Id. § 560.2(c). These laws include those in the areas of contract, commercial, real property and tort law. Id.

OTS has developed an analytical approach, which has been adopted by the Ninth Circuit, to determine whether a specific state law is preempted under Section 560.2. Silvas, 514 F.3d at 1005. The first inquiry is “whether the type of law in question is listed in paragraph (b).” Id.; OTS Opinion Letter at 11 (Mar. 10, 1999). If the type of law in question is listed in paragraph (b), “the analysis will end there; the law is preempted.” Id. If the law is not covered by paragraph (b), the court asks if the law affects lending. Id. If the law affects lending, the law is presumed preempted. Id. “This presumption can be reversed only if the law can clearly be shown to fit within the confines of paragraph (c).” Id. Paragraph (c) must be interpreted narrowly, with any doubt resolved in favor of preemption. Id.

B. Rescission

Defendants argue plaintiffs’ claim for rescission is “based on an alleged unilateral mistake [and thus] is preempted because it seeks to compel Aurora to make specific disclosures.” (MTD at 4:8-9 (emphasis in original)). Defendants maintain the claim is preempted under Section 560.2 because plaintiffs are “asking the [c]ourt to order rescission on the grounds that state law mandated Aurora bank to affirmatively inform them of facts of which they allegedly were not aware,” which “is precisely what Section 560.2(b) preempts.” (Id. at 4:14-17.) Plaintiffs argue their rescission claim is not preempted because “the contracts were never formed to begin with because mistake of fact vitiated consent.” (Opp’n at 9:5-6.)

Plaintiffs’ claim for rescission is preempted by Section 560.2(b). Plaintiffs’ claim rests on allegations that plaintiffs “executed their Loan documents based on the mistaken belief that they were dealing with a traditional lender who had an interest in conservative appraisal values and who used stringent underwriting guidelines” without knowing “that ownership of the mortgage and servicing of their mortgage would be separated,” while “the lenders knew that Plaintiffs were mistaken as to the relationship into which they were entering and knew Plaintiffs could not afford the loans for which they were approved.” (FAC ¶¶ 117,126,135.)

While it is true, as plaintiffs assert, “when a plaintiffs claim relies on the general duty not to misrepresent facts, ... the claims are not preempted,” such is not the case here. Plaintiffs themselves characterize their claim for rescission as not based on misrepresentation of material fact, but rather on plaintiffs’ unilateral mistake. The heading of plaintiffs’ second claim is “Rescission — Mistake—Void Agreement.” (FAC at 23:12.) The gravamen of plaintiffs’ claim for rescission is that they would not have executed the loan documents but for their mistaken belief that they were entering into a traditional mortgage agreement. Plaintiffs also assert “they did not know that ownership of the mortgage and servicing of the mortgage would be separated.” (Id. ¶ 126.) Such allegations go to the heart of mortgage-related disclosures, processing, origination, servicing and sales or purchases, and thus, are preempted under HOLA. Silvas, 514 F.3d at 1005; 12 C.F.R. § 560.2(b)(9)-(10).

Other district courts agree with this conclusion. In Sartain v. Aurora Loan Services, LLC, 2009 WL 950946 (C.D.Cal.2009), plaintiff sought rescission of a loan contract based on unilateral mistake because defendant “allegedly failed to disclose the effects of a ‘Yield Spread Premium’ on his note rate, monthly payments, and finance charges.” Id. at *1. The court held that plaintiffs claims for rescission based on unilateral mistake were preempted by Section 560.2 because “they [were] clearly directed at enforcing [defendants’ responsibility to disclose information about a home loan.” Id. at *3; accord Hernandez v. Downey Savings and Loan Assn., 2009 WL 704381 (S.D.Cal. Mar. 17, 2009.) Similarly here, plaintiffs’ rescission claim is preempted because it seeks to attack defendants’ alleged failure to disclose the true nature of the lending relationship during the processing and origination of the loans.

C. Negligence (Origination)⁶

Defendants argue plaintiffs’ third claim for negligence in loan origination is also preempted because plaintiffs “seek to impose requirements regarding terms of credit and processing, origination, servicing sale or purchase of, or investment or participation in, mortgages.” (MTD at 5:13-14.) Plaintiffs argue their negligence claim is not barred because they “seek relief for the harm [defendants caused by encouraging loan officers and brokers to commit fraud both in misleading statements to [p]laintiffs at origination and by changing items on loan applications to qualify [plaintiffs for loans they could not afford.” (Opp’n at 8:18-22.)

Plaintiffs’ claim for negligence is also preempted. This claim rests on plaintiffs’ allegations that they were “operating under the false belief that [they were] entering into a traditional mortgage agreement with a traditional lender,” and that defendants led them to believe “the loan[s] were reasonable and affordable based on the appraisal and the use of quality underwriting standards.” (FAC ¶¶ 159,167.)

Again, the very label plaintiffs attach to their third claim — “Negligence (origination)”- — -undermines their position in the face of defendants’ motion. Loan origination is covered by Section 560.2(b)(10). As with plaintiffs’ claim for rescission, plaintiffs’ alleged “belief’ about the affordability of the loan at the time of execution involves “terms of credit,” as well as disclosures, origination and processing of the loan, and thus, is preempted by HOLA. 12 C.F.R. § 560.2(b)(9), (10).

According to the prevailing case law, plaintiffs’ claims are also preempted by 12 C.F.R. § 560.2(b)(4). For example, in Joseph v. Wachovia Mortg. Corp., 2011 WL 5827224 (N.D.Cal. Nov. 18, 2011), plaintiffs argued defendant negligently “employed underwriting standards which did not account for plaintiffs’ ability to pay” and “failed to observe a duty of care by ‘enticing’ Plaintiffs into a mortgage loan they could not afford.” Id. at *4. The court held that the claim fell “with[in] the ‘terms of credit’ provision of § 560.2(b)(4) and [was] preempted for that reason.” Id.; accord Esoimeme v. Wells Fargo Bank, 2011 WL 3875881, at *11 (E.D.Cal. Sept. 1, 2011), adopted by 2011 WL 5526068 (Nov. 14, 2011) (finding allegations that defendant “lowered its underwriting standards in order to provide plaintiff with a financially burdensome loan” preempted because they were “entirely based on defendants’ disclosures, the provision of credit-related documents, and the processing, origination, or servicing of [the] mortgage, ... ”). Similarly here, because plaintiffs’ negligence claim is predicated on allegations of improper underwriting and enticing plaintiffs into unaffordable loans, plaintiffs’ claims are also preempted by 12 C.F.R. § 560.2(b)(4).

D. Negligence (Servicing)

Defendants argue plaintiffs’ “loan modification-based claim[ ][is] preempted by Section 560.2 because it would impose requirements on lending and disclosure practices.” (MTD at 7:7-9.) Plaintiffs counter that the claim is not preempted because it “seeks to hold [defendants accountable for the misleading statements made about [pjlaintiffs’ qualifications for loan modification, ... inducing [pjlaintiffs to default on their loans and subsequently lose their properties.” (Opp’n at 8:22-24.) While plaintiffs concede that California law does not generally impose a duty on lenders, (FAC ¶ 147), they argue defendants assumed a duty in this case when they participated in the “financed enterprise beyond the domain of the usual money lender.” (Id.)

Plaintiffs allege defendants were negligent in the servicing of the loans “[b]y agreeing to work with [p]laintiffs to attempt modification of [their] loans” with a future “promise of permanent modification without giving ‘real consideration’ ” to the loan modification request. (Id. ¶¶ 380, 383, 388.) Plaintiffs also argue defendants negligently serviced the loan by “requesting] that documents be re-sent numerous times” during the modification process. (Id. ¶ 309.) Finally, plaintiffs allege defendants falsely represented “that to be considered for a loan modification they would need to cease making payments on their mortgage.” (Id. ¶ 307.)

Plaintiffs’ allegations that defendants did not give “real consideration” to modification and requested that documents be resent are preempted in that they expressly attack the servicing of the loan. 12 C.F.R. § 560.2(b)(10). However, as in the case of Esoimeme, “because plaintiffs’ allegations regarding defendants’ misrepresentations related to the alleged loan modification may arise from a ‘general duty not to misrepresent material facts,’ rather than from a ‘state law purporting to address the subject of the operations of a federal savings association,’ plaintiffs’ [negligence] claim that is based on those allegations may not be preempted by HOLA.” Esoimeme, 2011 WL 3875881, at *12 (quoting Silvas, 514 F.3d at 1004-06); see also DeLeon v. Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., 2011 WL 311376, at *10-11 (N.D.Cal. Jan. 28, 2011) (where plaintiff alleged defendant “falsely represented” a loan modification would be given and that foreclosure would not occur during the modification process, plaintiffs’ fraud and unfair competition claims were not preempted.); Sato v. Wachovia Mortg., FSB, 2011 WL 2784567, at *9 (N.D.Cal. July 13, 2011) (plaintiffs specific allegations that defendant “misrepresented to [plaintiff] that she had to default on her mortgage payments in order to qualify for a loan modification” were not preempted by HOLA). Construing the complaint in the manner most favorable to plaintiffs, as required, the court finds plaintiffs’ negligence claim is not preempted “to the extent it relies on general allegations of misrepresentation.” Id. at *8.

The question remains then whether, plaintiffs have pled a cognizable claim under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6). While plaintiffs are technically asserting a state-law cause of action for “negligence” based on the alleged misrepresentation that plaintiffs must default on their loans in order to receive modification, plaintiffs are functionally asserting a claim for misrepresentation.⁷ The court therefore analyzes “the underlying conduct which forms the basis of plaintiffs’ state law claims and not the label of the claims themselves to determine” whether plaintiffs have stated a claim upon which relief can be granted. Clancy v. Bay Area Bank, 1997 WL 182291 at *2 (N.D.Cal. April 7, 1997) (citing Scott v. Gulf Oil, 754 F.2d 1499, 1504 (9th Cir.1985)). Here, as set forth above, the factual predicate for plaintiffs’ fourth claim is that defendants made material misrepresentations regarding modification of plaintiffs’ loans. The court therefore must analyze plaintiffs’ fourth claim for relief as though it were a claim for misrepresentation.

Under California law, the elements of misrepresentation are: “(1) the misrepresentation of a past or existing material fact, (2) without reasonable ground for believing it to be true, (3) with intent to induce another’s reliance on the fact misrepresented, (4) justifiable reliance on the misrepresentation, and (5) resulting damage.” Apollo Capital Fund, LLC v. Roth Capital Partners, LLC, 158 Cal.App.4th 226, 243, 70 Cal.Rptr.3d 199 (2007). Although state law controls the substantive elements of plaintiffs’ claim for misrepresentation, plaintiff “must still meet the federal standard to plead [misrepresentation] with particularity.” Sato, 2011 WL 2784567, at *9 (citing Kearns v. Ford Motor Co., 567 F.3d 1120, 1125 (9th Cir.2009)); see also Meridian Project Systems, Inc. v. Hardin Const. Co., LLC, 404 F.Supp.2d 1214, 1219 (E.D.Cal.2005) (“It is well-settled in the Ninth Circuit that misrepresentation claims are a species of fraud, which must meet Rule 9(b)’s particularity requirement.”); F.T.C. v. Lights of America, Inc., 760 F.Supp.2d 848, 853 (C.D.Cal.2010) (“It is well-established in the Ninth Circuit that claims for negligent misrepresentation must meet Rule 9(b)’s particularity requirements.”) (internal quotations omitted).

While plaintiffs’ general allegations, that unnamed persons in defendants’ employ advised plaintiffs they had to default for purposes of modification, save their claim from preemption, such general allegations are insufficient to state a plausible claim for relief. Plaintiffs’ “vague and conclusory allegations ... lack the “who, what, when, where, and how5 required by [Federal Rule of Civil Procedure] 9(b).” Id. at *8 (citing Kearns, 567 F.3d at 1125) (dismissing plaintiffs claims for intentional and negligent misrepresentation predicated on allegations that defendant “misrepresented to [plaintiff] that she had to default on her mortgage payments in order to qualify for a loan modification”). Plaintiffs’ fourth claim is dismissed with leave to amend, if plaintiffs are able to amend while complying with Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 11.

E. Wrongful Foreclosure

Defendants maintain plaintiffs’ fifth claim for wrongful foreclosure is “preempted because they seek to impose state law requirements regarding the ‘sale or purchase of ... mortgages.’ ” (MTD at 7:23-24.) Plaintiffs counter that the claim is not barred because “[t]he wrongful fore-closure claim [also] arises from the lack of contract formation.” (Opp’n at 10:22-24.)

For the same reasons plaintiffs’ claim for rescission is preempted, plaintiffs’ claim for wrongful foreclosure also is preempted by HOLA. Plaintiffs’ assertion that the claim is not preempted for “lack of contract formation” is unavailing. Rather, the claim is preempted because it is squarely directed at the “sale or purchase of mortgages.” 12 C.F.R. § 560.2(b)(10).

In Stefan v. Wachovia, 2009 WL 4730904 (N.D.Cal. Dec. 7, 2009), the plaintiff “challengfed] [defendant's foreclosure of his property.” Id. at *1. The court found that “all of plaintiffs state law claims f[ell] within the purview of Section 560.2(b), as they attacked] [defendant’s initiation of the state foreclosure process,” and thus, were preempted. Id. at *3. The court explained that plaintiffs “claims of misconduct surrounding the foreclosure proceeding clearly [fell] under the preemption provisions for ‘processing, origination, sale or purchase of ... mortgages’ and ‘disclosure.’” Id. (citing Biggins v. Wells Fargo & Co., 266 F.R.D. 399, 416 (N.D.Cal.2009); accord Winding v. Cal-Western Reconveyance Corp., 2011 WL 221321, at *12 (E.D.Cal. Jan. 24, 2011)). Similarly here, plaintiffs’ claim for wrongful foreclosure is preempted.

IV. CONCLUSION

For the reasons stated above, defendants’ motion to dismiss plaintiffs’ first amended complaint is granted as follows:

• Defendants’ motion to dismiss plaintiffs’ first claim for “privity of contract” is granted without leave to amend.

• Defendants’ motion to dismiss plaintiffs’ second claim for “Rescission— Mistake — void agreement” is granted without leave to amend.

• Defendants’ motion to dismiss plaintiffs’ third claim for “Negligence (Origination)” is granted without leave to amend.

• Defendants’ motion to dismiss plaintiffs’ fourth claim for “Negligence (Servicing)” is granted with leave to amend.

• Defendants’ motion to dismiss plaintiffs’ fifth claim for “Wrongful Foreclosure” is granted without leave to amend.

IT IS SO ORDERED.

1 . Because oral argument will not be of material assistance, the court orders these matters submitted on the briefs. E.D. Cal. L.R. 230(g).

2 . Plaintiff concedes that Aurora is a FSB governed by HOLA.

3 . Plaintiff objects to defendants Request for Judicial Notice (RJN) on the grounds that considering matters outside of the pleadings would convert defendants’ motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6) into a motion for summary judgment under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56. (See Pis.’ Objections to RJN, ECF 40; ECF 39 at 3:18-5:6.) Plaintiffs’ argument in this regard is contrary to the Federal Rules of Evidence and the prevailing case law. Specifically, the court may take judicial notice of the documents requested because they “can be accurately and readily determined from sources whose accuracy cannot reasonably be questioned.” Fed. R.Evid. 201(b)(2). Plaintiffs' argument regarding the timing of taking judicial notice is also unavailing because "[t]he court may take judicial notice at any stage of the proceeding." FED. R. EVID. 201(d); see also Joseph v. Wachovia Mortg. Corp., 2011 WL 5827224, at *1 n. 1 (N.D.Cal.2011) (taking judicial notice of the same category of documents defendants request the court take judicial notice of here because they were "judicially noticeable as capable of accurate and ready determination by resort to sources whose accuracy cannot be questioned.”) Contrary to plaintiffs’ contention this is not a "motion to transform [defendant's] motion [in]to one for summary judgment”; it is a motion to dismiss under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) supported by a standard request for judicial notice.

4 .Plaintiffs begin their sixty-six-page complaint with a lengthy and generalized description of the subprime mortgage industry. Plaintiffs assert that various pieces of federal legislation created perverse incentives for banks that harmed consumers and ultimately led to the financial crisis of 2008. For example, plaintiffs assert the creation of mortgage-backed securities incentivized banks to pressure consumers into residential mortgages they could not afford because "lenders could immediately recoup monies lent by pooling residential mortgages” and selling them off to investors on the secondary mortgage market. (FAC ¶ 6.) Plaintiffs allege, generally, that defendants "further encouraged [these] deceptive practices by explaining to brokers and employees how to cheat [their] own underwriting program.” (Id. V 8.)

5 . While privity of contract is an essential element in certain causes of action under California law, see, e.g., Chavez v. Glock, Inc., 207 Cal.App.4th 1283, 1315, 144 Cal.Rptr.3d 326 (2012), it is not, in-and-of-itself, a cognizable cause of action. For this reason, plaintiffs’ second claim for "privity of contract" is dismissed with prejudice.

6 . Plaintiffs assert that their "causes of action for intentional and negligent misrepresentation” are not preempted because they "seek damages for misleading statements regarding the quality underwriting guidelines used to ensure [p]laintiffs could afford their loans, and misleading statements about the value of [pjlaintiffs’ property.” Plaintiffs’ argument in this regard is a red herring. Plaintiffs’ first amended complaint omits claims for intentional and negligent misrepresentation previously asserted in the original complaint. 0Compare NOR with FAC.) Plaintiffs are limited to the bounds set by the amended complaint, which supersedes the original.

7 . The court can only surmise that plaintiff omitted its claim for misrepresentation and substituted claims for negligence based on the same underlying facts for purposes of avoiding Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 9(b)'s heightened pleading standard.