Walker, J.,
after stating the case: When the case was here before, we did not consider the question as to the statute of frauds, because there was no exception requiring us to do so. But in this appeal there was a nonsuit, which may have been granted upon the ground that if there was a contract, as alleged, it was not in writing, and therefore defendants were not bound by it, although the plaintiffs may have established it by their evidence. We wall, therefore, pass upon it, as the question is presented and may arise again unless disposed of by us now. In order to decide this question we must have a clear conception or understanding of the terms of the contract, and as these were tersely and lucidly stated by Judge Cranmer at the first trial of the case, we adopt what he said about them, though not literally. Plaintiffs contend, said he, that they made a contract with defendants on 6 December, 1918, under which it was agreed that the property be bought by them and held for resale for the joint account of both plaintiffs and defendants, they to share equally in all the profits, and that the farm was to be operated for their joint account, and that the profits from the farming were also to be divided equally; further, that all money necessary for the purchase of the land and the operation of the farm was to be furnished by the defendants, and that plaintiffs were not to furnish any money whatever or to become in any way liable for any money for the purchase of the land or the farming operations.
With this understanding of the salient features of the contract, we are of the opinion that it is not within the language or spirit of the statute of frauds, which provides that all contracts to sell or convey lands, or any interest in or concerning them, shall be void, unless the contract, or some memorandum or note thereof, be put in writing and signed by the party to be charged therewith, or by some other person by him thereto lawfully authorized. Rev., 976 (C. S., 988). There is no such contract in this case as is described in the statute. The plaintiffs have not contracted to sell or convey any land to the defendants, [37]*37nor have tbe defendants agreed to buy and pay for tbe same, nor vice versa. While tbe question was not considered in tbe opinion of this Court by Justice Allen in tbe first appeal, tbe learned Justice thus referred to it when deciding as to tbe measure of damages: “In tbe first place, tbe plaintiffs are not asking to recover damages for breach' of contract to convey land. If they bad done so, and tbe contract bad been in writing, tbe rule laid down b'y bis Honor would have been tbe true measure of damages, being one-balf of tbe difference between tbe option price and tbe market value of tbe land at tbe time of tbe breach, but being by parol, if one to convey tbe land, tbe statute of frauds would be a complete defense.” Newby v. Realty Co., 180 N. C., 51, at p. 53. He then continues, and states tbe terms of tbe contract very succinctly and clearly, as follows: “Tbe plaintiffs are asking to recover damages for breach of a contract, by tbe terms of which, as they allege, tbe defendants agreed to furnish tbe money to take up -the option, which expired on 1 January, 1919, and to sell tbe land and pay tbe plaintiffs one-balf tbe profits, less one-balf tbe expenses of sale, and to furnish tbe money for tbe cultivation of tbe lands for tbe year 1919, under tbe management of one of tbe plaintiffs, and to pay tbe plaintiffs one-half tbe profits from tbe crops.” Tbe parties contracted with reference to tbe profits to be realized upon a resale of the land, and not with tbe view of acquiring title to any part of tbe land. They already bad tbe title, and tbe land itself was to be held in trust, for tbe purpose of realizing tbe profits by another sale of it.
Tbe section of tbe English statute of frauds relating to declarations of trust was never adopted in this State, though enacted in tbe same or similar form in some other states of tbe Union. And in this distinction will be found tbe explanation of tbe minority decisions in such other states bolding, in an action to raise and declare a trust, that tbe statute of frauds was applicable in those cases where, upon an agreement similar to this, title to tbe lands bad been taken in tbe name of one party who wrongfully refused to execute tbe agreement. Tbe majority view in all tbe states, however, is that to an agreement of this kind tbe statute of frauds has no application. 25 R. C. L., pp. 595-6-7; Morgart v. Smouse, 1 Ann. Cases, 1140. In tbe majority view of tbe courts such an agreement for tbe purchase of land for tbe purpose of resale is regarded, not as a contract to sell or convey lands, but as a contract of partnership or a joint venture, as tbe case may be, which contemplates, not tbe transfer of any interest in lands from one party to tbe contract to tbe other, but only a division of profits upon a resale of tbe lands.
In Morgart v. Smouse, supra, p. 1141, tbe Court said: “It has been repeatedly held in different jurisdictions that an agreement by two or more persons to buy land and sell it and share either tbe profits or tbe [38]*38profits and losses constitutes them partners for that venture, and entitles either of them to an accounting in equity from the others of the joint transactions, ... a verbal agreement being sufficient to constitute a partnership to deal in lands, the statute of frauds not being applicable to such a contract.” Parsons on Partnership (4 ed.), see. 6; lindley on Partnerships, 88, 89, and other cases cited. In the note in Morgart v. Smouse, supra, p. 1142, it is said: “The widely accepted rule is that a partnership agreement between two or more persons that they will .become jointly interested in a speculation for buying and selling lands is not within the section of the statute of frauds providing that no estate or interest in lands shall be created, assigned, or declared unless by acts Or operation of law, or by a deed of conveyance in writing.”
In this State, as stated above, and in effect, the only statute requiring consideration is Rev., 976, providing that contracts to sell or convey lands shall be void unless some sufficient memorandum thereof be reduced to writing. The uniform construction of this statute is that it has reference to those cases alone in which, as the result of sale, exchange or other form of bargaining, a conveyance of land is contemplated from one of the contracting parties to the other. By the uniform decisions of this Court, the statute has no application to those contracts whereby two persons agreed to purchase land, either generally or as a single venture, for the purpose of reselling the same at a profit and sharing the same between them. The reason for this is obviously that by such a contract no conveyance of land is intended between the parties to the contract forming the basis of the dispute. And where, consequently, such a contract has been entered into, and where one of the parties has thereafter taken the title to the lands in his own name and wrongfully refuses to execute the agreement, this Court has consistently held that he holds the land as a trustee for the purposes of the joint agreement, and that an action to declare and enforce the trust will lie, as will appear by the case of Brogden v. Gibson, 165 N. C., 16, where the action was to declare and enforce a parol trust, upon facts practically identical with those in this case. The Court held that the action would lie, and that the statute of frauds had no application, citing ample authority in this State to support the ruling.
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Walker, J.,
after stating the case: When the case was here before, we did not consider the question as to the statute of frauds, because there was no exception requiring us to do so. But in this appeal there was a nonsuit, which may have been granted upon the ground that if there was a contract, as alleged, it was not in writing, and therefore defendants were not bound by it, although the plaintiffs may have established it by their evidence. We wall, therefore, pass upon it, as the question is presented and may arise again unless disposed of by us now. In order to decide this question we must have a clear conception or understanding of the terms of the contract, and as these were tersely and lucidly stated by Judge Cranmer at the first trial of the case, we adopt what he said about them, though not literally. Plaintiffs contend, said he, that they made a contract with defendants on 6 December, 1918, under which it was agreed that the property be bought by them and held for resale for the joint account of both plaintiffs and defendants, they to share equally in all the profits, and that the farm was to be operated for their joint account, and that the profits from the farming were also to be divided equally; further, that all money necessary for the purchase of the land and the operation of the farm was to be furnished by the defendants, and that plaintiffs were not to furnish any money whatever or to become in any way liable for any money for the purchase of the land or the farming operations.
With this understanding of the salient features of the contract, we are of the opinion that it is not within the language or spirit of the statute of frauds, which provides that all contracts to sell or convey lands, or any interest in or concerning them, shall be void, unless the contract, or some memorandum or note thereof, be put in writing and signed by the party to be charged therewith, or by some other person by him thereto lawfully authorized. Rev., 976 (C. S., 988). There is no such contract in this case as is described in the statute. The plaintiffs have not contracted to sell or convey any land to the defendants, [37]*37nor have tbe defendants agreed to buy and pay for tbe same, nor vice versa. While tbe question was not considered in tbe opinion of this Court by Justice Allen in tbe first appeal, tbe learned Justice thus referred to it when deciding as to tbe measure of damages: “In tbe first place, tbe plaintiffs are not asking to recover damages for breach' of contract to convey land. If they bad done so, and tbe contract bad been in writing, tbe rule laid down b'y bis Honor would have been tbe true measure of damages, being one-balf of tbe difference between tbe option price and tbe market value of tbe land at tbe time of tbe breach, but being by parol, if one to convey tbe land, tbe statute of frauds would be a complete defense.” Newby v. Realty Co., 180 N. C., 51, at p. 53. He then continues, and states tbe terms of tbe contract very succinctly and clearly, as follows: “Tbe plaintiffs are asking to recover damages for breach of a contract, by tbe terms of which, as they allege, tbe defendants agreed to furnish tbe money to take up -the option, which expired on 1 January, 1919, and to sell tbe land and pay tbe plaintiffs one-balf tbe profits, less one-balf tbe expenses of sale, and to furnish tbe money for tbe cultivation of tbe lands for tbe year 1919, under tbe management of one of tbe plaintiffs, and to pay tbe plaintiffs one-half tbe profits from tbe crops.” Tbe parties contracted with reference to tbe profits to be realized upon a resale of the land, and not with tbe view of acquiring title to any part of tbe land. They already bad tbe title, and tbe land itself was to be held in trust, for tbe purpose of realizing tbe profits by another sale of it.
Tbe section of tbe English statute of frauds relating to declarations of trust was never adopted in this State, though enacted in tbe same or similar form in some other states of tbe Union. And in this distinction will be found tbe explanation of tbe minority decisions in such other states bolding, in an action to raise and declare a trust, that tbe statute of frauds was applicable in those cases where, upon an agreement similar to this, title to tbe lands bad been taken in tbe name of one party who wrongfully refused to execute tbe agreement. Tbe majority view in all tbe states, however, is that to an agreement of this kind tbe statute of frauds has no application. 25 R. C. L., pp. 595-6-7; Morgart v. Smouse, 1 Ann. Cases, 1140. In tbe majority view of tbe courts such an agreement for tbe purchase of land for tbe purpose of resale is regarded, not as a contract to sell or convey lands, but as a contract of partnership or a joint venture, as tbe case may be, which contemplates, not tbe transfer of any interest in lands from one party to tbe contract to tbe other, but only a division of profits upon a resale of tbe lands.
In Morgart v. Smouse, supra, p. 1141, tbe Court said: “It has been repeatedly held in different jurisdictions that an agreement by two or more persons to buy land and sell it and share either tbe profits or tbe [38]*38profits and losses constitutes them partners for that venture, and entitles either of them to an accounting in equity from the others of the joint transactions, ... a verbal agreement being sufficient to constitute a partnership to deal in lands, the statute of frauds not being applicable to such a contract.” Parsons on Partnership (4 ed.), see. 6; lindley on Partnerships, 88, 89, and other cases cited. In the note in Morgart v. Smouse, supra, p. 1142, it is said: “The widely accepted rule is that a partnership agreement between two or more persons that they will .become jointly interested in a speculation for buying and selling lands is not within the section of the statute of frauds providing that no estate or interest in lands shall be created, assigned, or declared unless by acts Or operation of law, or by a deed of conveyance in writing.”
In this State, as stated above, and in effect, the only statute requiring consideration is Rev., 976, providing that contracts to sell or convey lands shall be void unless some sufficient memorandum thereof be reduced to writing. The uniform construction of this statute is that it has reference to those cases alone in which, as the result of sale, exchange or other form of bargaining, a conveyance of land is contemplated from one of the contracting parties to the other. By the uniform decisions of this Court, the statute has no application to those contracts whereby two persons agreed to purchase land, either generally or as a single venture, for the purpose of reselling the same at a profit and sharing the same between them. The reason for this is obviously that by such a contract no conveyance of land is intended between the parties to the contract forming the basis of the dispute. And where, consequently, such a contract has been entered into, and where one of the parties has thereafter taken the title to the lands in his own name and wrongfully refuses to execute the agreement, this Court has consistently held that he holds the land as a trustee for the purposes of the joint agreement, and that an action to declare and enforce the trust will lie, as will appear by the case of Brogden v. Gibson, 165 N. C., 16, where the action was to declare and enforce a parol trust, upon facts practically identical with those in this case. The Court held that the action would lie, and that the statute of frauds had no application, citing ample authority in this State to support the ruling. Because of its close likeness to this case is excuse for quoting liberally from it.
In that ease the Court said, at pp. 19 and 20: “While the defendant has not sold the land, so as to bring this case within the operation of the principle just stated, he has, by his agreement, charged it with a trust which equity will enforce, and the statute, fortunately for fair and honest dealing, is no protection to him. That he is morally bound to its performance will not be questioned, and he is legally required to fulfill his promise. The law, upon this phase of the matter, is equally [39]*39well established. We cannot doubt for a moment that the agreement was that the title to the land should be taken in the name of the plaintiff, or, at least, in the joint names of the parties, as the plaintiff was authorized to sell as well as to buy the lots, and everything necessary to carry out this purpose is implied. It surely was not intended that defendant should be able to block the execution of the agreement by taking the title to himself and refusing to convey. But even if it was the purpose that he should have the title to it, the agreement was that, he should hold it for the joint benefit of himself and the plaintiff, and upon the faith of this promise he acquired the title, and will not be permitted to hold it discharged of this obligation, but only in trust for the uses declared in the agreement. The further consideration for the promise was that the plaintiffs should contribute their skill and labor in securing the property for the purpose of the joint enterprise. This they have done fully and faithfully, and equity will not disappoint their reasonable expectation that defendant would not take the benefit of this skill and labor and refuse to execute the trust and confidence reposed in him.” In the same case, p. 22, the Court said: “If we should permit defendant to profit by any such betrayal of the trust so implicitly and innocently reposed in him, it would be not only inequitable, but a reproach to the administration of justice.” Anderson v. Harrington, 163 N. C., 140.
A comparison of the cited case, Brogden v. Gibson, supra, with the instant case will show a strong similarity of facts, and certainly a substantial one. In both cases there was. an agreement that defendant furnish the money to purchase the land — -the title to be taken, in the cited case, either in the plaintiff’s name or the names of both parties— and in both cases again the original owner of the property conveyed the same, not according to the terms of the agreement, but in the cited case, by the wrongful inducement of the defendant, to the defendant alone, and in the instant case, by the wrongful inducements of the defendants, to the defendants and other, perhaps, innocent, parties, so as practically to preclude an enforcement of the trust. In neither case was there such an execution of the agreement as to remove the bar of the statute of frauds if otherwise applicable. So that here the defendants’ contention, based upon the imaginary distinction, that in the cited case the contract was executed, so far as it contemplated a conveyance of land, is untenable. The only conveyance of land contemplated by the contract sued on was the conveyance from Fleetwood to the corporation, which plaintiffs and defendants agreed to form, and of which the defendants were to hold all the stock as security until their scheme or project was fully consummated. Fleetwood’s contract with the plaintiffs to convey the land was evidenced by a written option, and Fleetwood, furthermore, [40]*40is not a party to this suit. By the wrongful inducement of the defendants, Fleetwood has, as did the vendor in Brogden v. Gibson, supra, conveyed the lands to the defendants and their associates, in violation of the agreement and plaintiffs’ equitable rights thereunder. It cannot be contended that the defendants, who, if they had taken title to the lands in themselves alone, would have been charged with a trust in plaintiffs’ favor, can, by the ingenius and wrongful method of associating other, perhaps innocent, parties in the acquisition of the title, bar the plaintiffs of all relief. If the lands in defendants’ hands, as is well established, would be chargeable with a trust in plaintiffs’ favor, it is because the agreement between plaintiffs and defendants was a valid agreement, unaffected by the statute of frauds.
That this contract is not within the statute of frauds is strikingly illustrated by Michael v. Foil, 100 N. C., 178, where it was held by this Court that an agreement, made at the time of the sale of land, and as an inducement thereto, that if a certain mineral interest thereon was sold in the grantor’s lifetime he was to have one-half of the price, is not a contract for an interest in land. See, also, Houston v. Sledge, 101 N. C., 640; Ambrose v. Ambrose, 19 S. E. Rep. (Ga.), 980. And still more to the point is Trowbridge v. Wetherbee, 11 Allen (Mass.), 361, cited and approved in Michael v. Foil, supra, where it was held that a parol promise to pay to another a portion of the profits made by a promisor on the purchase and sale of real estate, is not within the statute of frauds, and may be proved by parol. See, also, Sherrill v. Hagan, 92 N. C., 345.
If the agreement was a valid one, and the defendants have not only wrongfully breached it, but sought to thwart or forestall the plaintiffs in the enforcement of the trust by the association with them of other innocent and bona fide purchasers for value, and without notice of the trust, then it follows, both in reason and upon authority, that the plaintiffs may properly assert their right through the medium of this action to recover damages for a breach of the trust or the contract, or to follow the fund they have received for the land. Ledford v. Emerson, 140 N. C., 288; 6 Anno. Cas., p. 107, and cases cited; Owen v. Meroney, 136 N. C., 475; 1 Ann. Cas., 834; Newby v. Harrell, 99 N. C., 149, and especially Campbell v. Everhart, 139 N. C., 503; May v. LeClaire, 11 Wallace (U. S.), 217 (20 L. Ed., 50).
Plaintiffs have an election of remedies. They may sue for specific performance, which would require that the new associates of Eerrall be made parties, so that it might be determined whether they are purchasers bona fide and for value, and without notice of plaintiffs’ equity. If they were not, they would be bound by the original contract between plaintiffs and defendants, and if they were, defendants would be liable [41]*41to a money judgment in lieu of •plaintiffs’ right to specific performance wbicb they had lost by defendants’ wrongful act; and, second, plaintiffs ■could waive their right to specific performance and recover damages for a breach of the contract, or a violation of the trust, which they have •chosen to do in this action. 39 Cyc., 572; Seymour v. Freer, 8 Wallace (U. S.), 202 (19 L. Ed., 306); Taylor v. Benham, 5 Howard (U. S.), 233 (12 L. Ed., 130). But there is no contention about plaintiffs’ right to recover, as we understand it, if the contract is valid, and there was evidence to show that it was made between the parties as alleged. There was clearly a consideration to support it.
This brings us to the second proposition, as to the sufficiency of the -evidence to show the contract. We have examined the same carefully, ■and conclude that there was, at least, some evidence which should have been submitted to the jury. The testimony of the witnesses, Newby and Weeks, corresponds with the allegations of the complaint, and, if .■accepted by the jury as true, entitled plaintiffs to their’ verdict. It would be of little value in the discussion to recite their testimony here, the only question being whether there was any evidence as to the contract alleged in the complaint. Both Newby and Weeks gave testimony to the effect that the contract, as alleged, was entered into and that defendants had failed to comply with it. The plaintiffs, in their brief, insist that the learned judge, who presided at the trial, decided the case and ordered the nonsuit upon the ground that a recovery was barred by the statute of frauds. We have disposed of this plea.
On a motion by the defendant for a nonsuit under the statute, or on a demurrer to the evidence, the latter must be construed most favorably to the plaintiff, and every fact essential to the cause of action, which it tends to prove, must be taken as established, and plaintiff also is entitled to the most favorable inferences deducible therefrom, considering ■only so much of the evidence as is favorable to the plaintiff and rejecting that which is unfavorable. Sikes v. Life Ins. Co., 144 N. C., 626; McCaskill v. Walker, 145 N. C., 252; Cotton v. R. R., 149 N. C., 227; Thompson v. R. R., ib., 155; Morton v. Lumber Co., 152 N. C., 54; West v. Tanning Co., 154 N. C., 44. This rule prevails generally in •other jurisdictions. Pinson v. Railway Co., 85 S. C., 355. Applied to this case the evidence is, in law, fully sufficient to establish plaintiffs’ ■cause of action if taken to be true, as it should be. It makes no difference if there are discrepancies in it, or inconsistencies, or even contradictions, as the jury must determine which part is true and not the court.
But, whichever way we take it, there was error in nonsuiting the plaintiffs, and there must be a new trial so that the jury may pass upon the facts.
New trial.