New York Life Insurance Company v. Gunwall

• Court: District Court, W.D. Washington
• Decided: May 30, 2023
• Docket: 2:19-cv-00226
• Status: Unknown

Opinion

4 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 5 WESTERN DISTRICT OF WASHINGTON AT SEATTLE 6 7 NEW YORK LIFE INSURANCE Case No. C19-226RSL 8 COMPANY, ORDER GRANTING 9 Plaintiff, MOTION TO DISMISS & 10 v. LEAVE TO AMEND

11 BRANDON GUNWALL, et al., 12 Defendant. 13

14 This matter comes before the Court on defendant Brandon Gunwall’s “Motion to Dismiss 15 and for Interpleader Disbursement” (Dkt. # 78). Having reviewed the submissions of the parties 16 and the remainder of the record, the Court finds as follows: 17 I. Background 18 Plaintiff New York Life Insurance Company (“NYLIC”) brought this cause of action in 19 interpleader pursuant to Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 22 and 67, naming Brandon Gunwall, 20 Jeffrey Swenson, and Amelia Besola as defendants. See Dkt. #1. The action concerns 21 defendants’ competing claims to proceeds from an NYLIC life insurance policy, due following 22 the death of Mark L. Besola.1 Id. 23 A. Interpleader Action 24 In 2019, NYLIC filed the instant interpleader action to determine the rightful recipient of 25 life insurance benefits held by Mark Besola. Dkt. # 1. Mark first applied for life insurance 26

27 1 For clarity, the Court refers to Mark Besola as “Mark” and Amelia Besola as “Amelia.” No 28 disrespect is intended. 1 coverage with NYLIC in 2007, designating his mother as the beneficiary. Id. at 3. In 2014, he 2 applied for additional coverage and designated his sister, Amelia, as beneficiary to the policy 3 coverage. Id. In 2016, Mark changed the primary beneficiary to Jeffrey Swenson and the 4 contingent beneficiary to Amelia. Id. On October 15, 2018, the primary beneficiary was changed 5 to Brandon Gunwall. Id. 6 Mark died on January 1, 2019. Id. As a result of Mark’s death, Policy Decreasing Term 7 death benefits in the amount of $20,000.00, Level Term death benefits in the amount of 8 $650,000.00, and Accidental Death & Disbursement death benefits in the amount of $25,000.00, 9 for a total of $695,000.00 (together, the “Death Benefits”), plus applicable claim interest, if any, 10 became payable to a beneficiary or beneficiaries. Id. at 4. 11 On January 2, 2019, Swenson telephoned NYLIC to report Besola’s death and make a 12 claim to the Death Benefits. Id. By letter dated January 11, 2019, Amelia, through counsel, 13 alleged that Gunwall was disqualified as the beneficiary to the policy, by virtue of meeting the 14 definition of “abuser” or “slayer” of the insured under RCW 11.84.010. Id. Accordingly, NYLIC 15 concluded that it could not “determine factually or legally who is entitled to the Death Benefits,” 16 and filed the instant interpleader action requesting “that this Court determine to whom the Death 17 Benefits should be paid.” Id. at 5. On September 20, 2019, this Court granted NYLIC’s motion 18 to deposit the funds and dismissed NYLIC from the case. Dkt. # 34. 19 In response to NYLIC’s complaint, Amelia filed an Answer asking, inter alia, that the 20 “Court find that Brandon Gunwall and Jeffrey Swensen are disqualified as beneficiaries to the 21 policy, by virtue of meeting the definition of ‘abuser’ or ‘slayer’ of the Insured under RCW 22 11.84.010.” Dkt. # 18 at 3.2 Washington state law prohibits a “slayer” or “abuser” from 23 “acquir[ing] any property or receiv[ing] any benefit as the result of the death of the decedent.” 24 RCW 11.84.020. Under the statute, a “decedent” is “[a]ny deceased person who, at any time 25 during life in which he or she was a vulnerable adult, was the victim of financial exploitation by 26

27 2 Defendant Jeffrey Swenson has since assigned his rights related to Mark Besola and this action 28 to Defendant Amelia Besola. See Dkt. # 75 at 2. 1 an abuser.” RCW 11.84.010(2)(b); see also RCW 11.84.010(6) (explaining that “‘[v]ulnerable 2 adult’ has the same meaning as provided in RCW 74.34.020”). “Abuser” means any person who 3 participates, either as a principal or an accessory before the fact, in the willful and unlawful 4 financial exploitation of a vulnerable adult. RCW 11.84.010(1). 5 On December 16, 2019, this Court stayed the instant interpleader proceedings pending 6 the outcome of lawsuits brought by Amelia in state court. Dkt. # 59. The stay was lifted on April 7 10, 2023, following the conclusion of relevant litigation in state court. Dkt. # 76. 8 B. State Court Lawsuit Regarding Fidelity Assets 9 Amelia brought two lawsuits in state court under the Washington Trust and Estate 10 Dispute Resolution Act (“TEDRA”). The first lawsuit challenged Gunwall’s entitlement to the 11 funds held in Mark’s various accounts at Fidelity Brokerage Services, to which Gunwall had 12 been designated the beneficiary. Dkt. # 78-2 at 5-16. The lawsuit sought to “disinherit Gunwall 13 from receiving any assets of Mark” on the basis that the Fidelity designation to Gunwall was the 14 product of undue influence and/or that Gunwall was an “abuser” under RCW 11.84. Id. at 15. 15 The Pierce County Superior Court entered a summary judgment order dismissing all 16 claims against Gunwall on November 6, 2020. Id. at 20-24. The Court of Appeals affirmed the 17 trial court’s dismissal on June 30, 2022. Id. at 35. The Court of Appeals issued its mandate 18 certifying the final decision on January 6, 2023. Id. at 66-67. 19 C. State Court Will Contest 20 Amelia’s second lawsuit contested the validity of a December 6, 2018 will that had been 21 filed with the state court by Eric Pula. The will, which was filed on May 8, 2019, several months 22 after Mark died, see id. at 118, expressly disinherited Amelia, id. at 134. The will also stated that 23 “[i]n exchange for taking care of the dogs, Gunwall would receive a life insurance policy for the 24 care and support of Mark’s animals.” Id. at 136. 25 In the petition challenging the will, Amelia raised a number of arguments, including: (1) 26 that Mark lacked testamentary capacity when he executed the December 6, 2018 will; (2) the 27 December 6, 2018 will was the product of undue influence; (3) the December 6, 2018 will was 28 the product of an insane delusion; (4) the December 6, 2018 will was the product of fraud; (5) 1 the December 6, 2018 will was the product of the unauthorized practice of law; (6) the 2 December 6, 2018 will was not signed and was improperly executed; (7) the December 6, 2018 3 will beneficiaries were disinherited for financial exploitation under RCW 11.84. Id. at 78-83. 4 The petition asked the state court to enter a number of orders, including “[a]n Order finding that 5 Eric Pula, Brandon Gunwall, and Kelly McGraw, among unknown John Does[,] financially 6 exploited a vulnerable adult” and “[i]n the alternative; an Order disinheriting Eric Pula, Brandon 7 Gunwall, and/or Kelly McGraw from the Estate of Mark Besola.” Id. at 84. 8 The state court granted partial summary judgment in favor of the personal representative 9 of the estate as to “A. Claims that Mark Besola lacked testamentary capacity on December 6, 10 2018,” “B. Claims that Mark Besola’s Will was a product of undue influence,” “C. Claims that 11 Mark Besola’s Will was the product of an insane delusion,” “E. Claims that any beneficiary 12 engaged in the unauthorized practice of law with respect to the Will of Mark Besola,” and “G. 13 Claims based on Mark Besola being a ‘Vulnerable Adult.’” Id. at 88-89. In a separate order, 14 based on Gunwall’s joinder in the personal representative’s motion for summary judgment, the 15 court dismissed “any and all claims against Brandon Gunwall” in the will contest. Id. at 94. 16 Following these orders on summary judgment, Amelia’s claims that (1) the will was the 17 product of fraud and (2) that the will was not signed/was improperly executed were left for trial. 18 See id. at 78-83. Trial began on February 22, 2021, and the state court initially found that the 19 December 2018 will was valid. Id. at 139-40. However, before the state court entered findings of 20 fact and conclusions of law in the case, Amelia identified new evidence from SwiftForm, a 21 website providing legal document templates that users can customize, showing that the 22 December 2018 will had been created after Mark’s death. Id. at 140. Based on this new 23 evidence, the state court reopened the trial and subsequently determined that the December 2018 24 will was fraudulent. Id. at 140-41. However, none of the court’s findings in the reopened trial 25 cast doubt on its prior summary judgment rulings. Indeed, the trial court’s final findings of fact 26 and conclusions of law specifically notes that “most of the[] claims” in the petition “were 27 dismissed on summary judgment.” Id. at 122. 28 II. Discussion 1 Gunwall asks that this Court dismiss Amelia’s claim that he is barred from inheriting the 2 life insurance benefits under RCW 11.84 on the basis that this claim has already been fully 3 litigated in the state court proceedings and is accordingly precluded from relitigation here under 4 the doctrines of res judicata and collateral estoppel. See Dkt. # 78. 5 Collateral estoppel and res judicata are equitable doctrines that preclude relitigation of 6 “already determined causes.” Bordeaux v. Ingersoll Rand Co., 71 Wn. 2d 392, 395-96 (1967). 7 Both doctrines share a common goal of judicial finality and are intended to “curtail multiplicity 8 of actions, prevent harassment in the courts, and promote judicial economy.” State v. Dupard, 9 93 Wn. 2d 268, 272 (1980). The two doctrines are distinguishable in scope. “Collateral estoppel, 10 or issue preclusion, bars relitigation of an issue in a subsequent proceeding involving the same 11 parties.” Christensen v. Grant Cnty. Hosp. Dist. No. 1, 152 Wn. 2d 299, 306 (2004). Res 12 judicata, or claim preclusion, bars litigation of claims that were brought or might have been 13 brought in a prior proceeding. Loveridge v. Fred Meyer, Inc., 125 Wn. 2d 759, 763 (1995). 14 A. Res Judicata 15 Gunwall first argues that dismissal is proper because the instant claim is barred by the 16 doctrine of res judicata. Dkt. # 78 at 7. A defendant may raise the affirmative defense of res 17 judicata in a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6). Scott v. Kuhlmann, 746 F.2d 1377, 1378 18 (9th Cir. 1984). When considering the preclusive effect of a state court decision, this Court must 19 “‘give the same preclusive effect to [that] judgment as another court of that State would give,’ 20 meaning that we apply res judicata as adopted by that state.” Adam Bros. Farming v. Cnty. of 21 Santa Barbara, 604 F.3d 1142, 1149 (9th Cir. 2010) (quoting Parsons Steel, Inc. v. First Ala. 22 Bank, 474 U.S. 518, 523 (1986)). Thus, here, the Court looks to Washington law. 23 “Res judicata precludes relitigation of an entire claim when a prior proceeding involving 24 the same parties and issues culminated in a judgment on the merits.” Weaver v. City of Everett, 25 194 Wn. 2d 464, 480 (2019). A final judgment on the merits will have preclusive effect only if 26 the party seeking to apply res judicata can establish four elements as between a prior action and 27 a subsequent challenged action: “concurrence of identity . . . (1) of subject-matter; (2) of cause 28 of action; (3) of persons and parties; and (4) in the quality of the persons for or against whom 1 the claim is made.” N. Pac. Ry. Co. v. Snohomish County, 101 Wn. 686, 688 (1918). “The res 2 judicata test is a conjunctive one requiring satisfaction of all four elements.” Hisle v. Todd Pac. 3 Shipyards Corp., 151 Wn. 2d 853, 866 (2004). 4 Here, Amelia concedes that the persons and quality of persons requirements are met, see 5 Dkt. # 79 at 8 n.1, but argues that the state court lawsuits did not involve the same subject matter 6 or cause of action as the instant interpleader case. She also appears to argue that the summary 7 judgment order entered in the will contest is not a final judgment on the merits. 8 1. Final Judgment 9 The Court first addresses the preclusive effect of the state court’s summary judgment 10 order in the will contest. Amelia argues that “the court’s earlier ruling concerning Mark’s 11 testamentary capacity in December 2018 . . . was obviously mooted in light of the court’s 12 subsequent determination that the will was faked.” Dkt. # 79 at 7. 13 As a threshold matter, the Court is not convinced that the summary judgment order was 14 rendered moot. A party asserting mootness faces a “heavy” burden. Cnty. of L.A. v. Davis, 440 15 U.S. 625, 631 (1979). Here, Amelia has failed to meet this burden. While it is true that the 16 question of whether the will beneficiaries were entitled to inherit anything under the will has 17 been mooted by the state court’s finding that the will was fraudulent, the state court’s 18 determination that Amelia had failed to raise a triable issue of fact as to whether Mark was a 19 “vulnerable adult,” or lacked testamentary capacity/was subject to undue influence in December 20 2018 is not clearly undermined by the will’s later invalidation. 21 Furthermore, in Washington, a judgment in a case that has subsequently become moot 22 may be preclusive if left of record. See Nielson By & Through Nielson v. Spanaway Gen. Med. 23 Clinic, Inc., 135 Wn. 2d 255, 261-65 (1998) (finding that a judgment entered in federal court 24 determining a damages award of $3.3 million was “a final judgment on the merits for purposes 25 of applying the doctrine of collateral estoppel” even where the parties had subsequently filed an 26 appeal and then settled the claim for $2.85 million); cf. Sutton v. Hirvonen, 113 Wn. 2d 1, 9-10 27 (1989) (explaining that vacatur necessarily eliminates preclusive effect of judgment). Here, the 28 summary judgement order has not been vacated. Dkt. # 78 at 5. Thus, the Court finds that the 1 summary judgment order constitutes a valid final judgment and will consider its preclusive 2 effect on the instant action. 3 2. Subject Matter 4 The Washington Supreme Court has repeatedly held that “the same subject matter is not 5 necessarily implicated in cases involving the same facts.” Hisle, 151 Wn. 2d at 866 (citations 6 omitted). Instead, “[c]ourts generally focus on the asserted theory of recovery rather than simply 7 the facts underlying the dispute.” Marshall v. Thurston Cnty., 165 Wn. App. 346, 353 (2011). 8 Gunwall argues that this case involves the same subject matter as the state court cases – 9 specifically, “Amelia’s allegation that Gunwall had manipulated, unduly influenced and 10 financially exploited Mark such that Mark’s designation of him as the beneficiary of a non- 11 probate asset of his estate is invalid.” Dkt. # 78 at 11. 12 Amelia contends that the subject matter of this case is distinct. Specifically, she argues 13 that (1) the life insurance benefits are different from the assets at issue in state court (the funds 14 in the Fidelity accounts); (2) the relevant time period is different; and (3) there is a new question 15 of whether the life insurance designation was conditioned on Gunwall’s promise to care for 16 Mark’s dogs after his death. 17 The Court is unconvinced by Amelia’s first argument – the fact that there are two 18 different assets at issue does not mean the subject matter of the case is distinct. Here, the 19 relevant question is whether Gunwall is barred from inheriting under RCW 11.84 (Amelia’s 20 “theory of recovery”). The statute does not distinguish between different types of assets – it 21 prohibits any inheritance by one found to be a “slayer” or “abuser” under the statute. See RCW 22 11.84.020. 23 Amelia’s second argument – that the cases cannot share the same subject matter because 24 they deal with different time periods – is similarly unavailing. While it is true that each 25 transaction took place at a different time – Gunwall was designated the beneficiary of the 26 Fidelity assets in April of 2018, he was designated the beneficiary of the life insurance proceeds 27 in October 2018, and the will that was the subject of the will contest in state court was 28 1 purportedly signed in December 2018 – the state court opinions cover the relevant time period 2 for the life insurance designation. 3 Amelia understandably dedicates much of her response to the argument that the state 4 court’s ruling in the Fidelity case does not support a finding of identity of subject matter. See 5 Dkt. # 79 at 9-11. The Court agrees with this argument, as the Court of Appeals decision makes 6 clear that it only considered the time period leading up to the April 2018 designation change. 7 See, e.g., Dkt. # 78-2 at 56-57 (explaining that while “Gunwall may have been performing some 8 health care tasks . . . later that year, there was no evidence that ‘at the time the alleged financial 9 exploitation took place’ Gunwall was providing any health care services to Mark”). 10 Accordingly, the state court did not consider or address whether Mark might have met the 11 standard for a “vulnerable adult” under the statute at some later point (for example, in October 12 2018 when he became the beneficiary of the life insurance proceeds at issue here). 13 However, as Gunwall points out, this Court must also consider the preclusive effect of 14 the will contest. See Dkt. # 81 at 3-4. In the will contest, the state court entered a summary 15 judgment order dismissing, inter alia, any claim requiring that the decedent be a “vulnerable 16 adult,” including claims brought under RCW 11.84. Dkt. # 78-2 at 88-89. Accordingly, the state 17 court ruled that there was insufficient evidence to raise a triable issue of fact as to whether Mark 18 was a “vulnerable adult” during the time period preceding the creation of the December 2018 19 will, which encompasses the October time frame relevant to the life insurance designation. Thus, 20 considering both state court orders, the Court finds that the relevant time frame was considered 21 by the Court in adjudging the will contest. 22 Finally, Amelia argues that “[t]he facts [in this case] indicate a distinct purpose for the 23 insurance benefits distinguishable from the Fidelity account: the insurance policy death benefits 24 were changed to Gunwall to be held in trust by him specifically for the care of Mark’s dog 25 family” and thus identity of subject matter cannot be established. Dkt. # 79 at 9. This argument 26 misses the mark. Gunwall is arguing that res judicata precludes Amelia from claiming that he is 27 barred from inheriting the life insurance proceeds pursuant to RCW 11.84.020 in this forum. 28 Whether Mark conditioned the receipt of the life insurance proceeds on Gunwall’s promise to 1 care for Mark’s dogs does not go to the question of whether Mark is a “vulnerable adult” or 2 whether Gunwall is an “abuser” under the statute. 3 Accordingly, the Court finds that the instant suit and state court suits share an identity of 4 subject matter jurisdiction. 5 3. Cause of Action 6 Amelia also contests Gunwall’s assertion that both cases share an identity of cause of 7 action. “While identity of causes of action cannot be determined precisely by mechanistic 8 application of a simple test, the following criteria have been considered: (1) whether rights or 9 interests established in the prior judgment would be destroyed or impaired by prosecution of the 10 second action; (2) whether substantially the same evidence is presented in the two actions; (3) 11 whether the two suits involve infringement of the same right; and (4) whether the two suits arise 12 out of the same transactional nucleus of facts.” Rains v. State, 100 Wn. 2d 660, 663-64 (1983). 13 Here, theoretically Gunwall’s interest in the prior will contest judgment would be 14 impaired by prosecution of the current action. Because the will at issue in the will contest has 15 since been found invalid, this analysis is somewhat more complex. However, to the extent that 16 the state court ruling on the will contest found that Mark was not a “vulnerable adult,” and 17 Gunwall was accordingly not barred from inheriting from Mark under RCW 11.84, a finding by 18 this Court that Mark was a vulnerable adult would “destroy” the relevant rights gained by 19 Gunwall.3 20 Additionally, the evidence Amelia presented in state court in her attempt to show that 21 Mark was a “vulnerable adult” spanned over several years, and certainly included the relevant 22 time frame at issue here. See, e.g., Dkt. # 78-2 at 73-76 (alleging facts about Mark’s health, 23 substance abuse disorder and behavior from the 1990s until his death in January 2019). Thus, 24 25 3 The Court notes that Gunwall’s receipt of the Fidelity funds would likely be unaffected by the instant case, as the state court focused its inquiry on whether Mark was a vulnerable adult at the time of 26 the designation (April 2018) but made no finding as to whether Mark may have later become a vulnerable adult. See Dkt. # 78-2 at 56-57. Thus, a determination by this Court that Mark subsequently 27 qualified as a vulnerable adult at the time of the life insurance designation (October 2018) would not 28 necessarily “destroy” the rights gained by Gunwall in the suit over the Fidelity assets. 1 “substantially the same evidence” would be presented in both actions. Both state court suits and 2 the instant matter also involve infringement of the same right – to be free from financial 3 exploitation when naming beneficiaries of one’s assets. And while Amelia argues that the life 4 insurance benefits are distinct from the will and the Fidelity accounts, such that the instant suit 5 does not “arise out of the same transactional nucleus of facts,” the Court disagrees. Both suits 6 are predicated on the same conduct – Gunwall’s alleged financial exploitation of a vulnerable 7 adult. Cf. Norco Const., Inc. v. King Cnty., 106 Wn. 2d 290, 294 (1986) (finding the two suits 8 did “not arise out of the same transactional nucleus of facts since [plaintiff] sought damages 9 resulting from different conduct by King County in the first action than in the present action.”). 10 Accordingly, the Court finds that the instant suit and the state court suits share an identity of 11 cause of action. 12 As all four elements are met, the doctrine of res judicata precludes Amelia from bringing 13 a claim against Gunwall under RCW 11.84 in this action. As the Court has determined that the 14 claim is barred on res judicata grounds, it need not reach the question of whether the claim is 15 also barred by the doctrine of collateral estoppel. 16 B. Amended Claims 17 In her response, Amelia asks the Court for leave to amend her Answer, arguing that even 18 if her “claims under RCW 11.84 are appropriately precluded under collateral estoppel or res 19 judicata, [she] has at least two other valid claims that have not been formally alleged.” Dkt. # 79 20 at 14. Specifically, she seeks to add a claim of breach of trust against Gunwall on the basis that 21 “Mark left the insurance proceeds to Gunwall in exchange for his agreement to care for his 22 animal family,” and Gunwall has failed to do so. Id. at 15. She also seeks to add a claim that 23 Mark lacked the capacity to make the insurance beneficiary change, and thus the designation 24 should be invalidated. Id. at 16. 25 When the stay was lifted in the instant case, the Court issued a new case management 26 Order, setting the deadline for amending pleadings for September 6, 2023. Dkt. # 76. 27 Accordingly, Amelia’s request is reviewed under Rule 15. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(a)(2); Johnson 28 v. Mammoth Recreations, Inc., 975 F.2d 604, 607 (9th Cir. 1992). Once the time has passed for 1 amending pleadings as a matter of course, Rule 15(a)(2) provides that the Court “should freely 2 give leave when justice so requires.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(a)(2). In the Ninth Circuit, the policy in 3 favor of leave to amend is applied with “extreme liberality.” Owens v. Kaiser Found. Health 4 Plan, Inc., 295 F.3d 708, 712 (9th Cir. 2001) (citations and quotation marks omitted); see also 5 Foman v. Davis, 371 U.S. 178, 182 (1962) (explaining that Rule 15’s command to “freely give 6 leave” to amend must be “heeded” by the courts). Leave to amend, however, “is not to be 7 granted automatically.” In re W. States Wholesale Nat. Gas Antitrust Litig., 715 F.3d 716, 738 8 (9th Cir. 2013) (quoting Jackson v. Bank of Haw., 902 F.2d 1385, 1387 (9th Cir. 1990)), aff’d 9 sub nom. Oneok, Inc. v. Learjet, Inc., 575 U.S. 373 (2015). The Court considers the following 10 five factors to assess whether to grant leave to amend: “(1) bad faith, (2) undue delay, (3) 11 prejudice to the opposing party, (4) futility of amendment; and (5) whether plaintiff has 12 previously amended his complaint.” Id. (quoting Allen v. City of Beverly Hills, 911 F.2d 367, 13 373 (9th Cir. 1990)). 14 “Absent prejudice, or a strong showing of any of the remaining [] factors, there exists a 15 presumption under Rule 15(a) in favor of granting leave to amend.” Eminence Capital, LLC v. 16 Aspeon, Inc., 316 F.3d 1048, 1052 (9th Cir. 2003). The party opposing amendment bears the 17 heavy burden of overcoming this presumption. DCD Programs, Ltd. v. Leighton, 833 F.2d 183, 18 187 (9th Cir. 1987). The Court addresses each of the factors in turn. 19 1. Futility of Amendment 20 Gunwall argues that Amelia’s proposed amendments are barred by res judicata and 21 collateral estoppel – the Court interprets these arguments as going to the futility of the proposed 22 amendment. Dkt. # 81 at 10-11. “[A] proposed amendment is futile only if no set of facts can be 23 proved under the amendment to the pleadings that would constitute a valid and sufficient claim 24 or defense.” Miller v. Rykoff-Sexton, Inc., 845 F.2d 209, 214 (9th Cir. 1988). 25 Here, Gunwall contends that any claim regarding the alleged “testamentary trust” fails 26 because “[t]his entire argument is based on her misplaced reliance on the now-void will and can 27 therefore simply be ignored.” Dkt. # 81 at 10. However, the Court notes that the invalid will was 28 not the only place the alleged trust was mentioned. See, e.g., Dkt. # 80 at 27 (Gunwall stating at 1 hearing to address who would take possession of Mark’s dogs, which predated the discovery of 2 the December 2018 will, that the “reason” Mark left him a “life insurance policy” was so that he 3 could “take care of” the dogs); see also Dkt. # 80 at 44, 46, 66. 4 Gunwall also argues that any argument regarding Mark’s alleged lack of capacity was 5 “fully and finally litigated between the parties in State Court.” Dkt. # 81 at 11. The state court 6 Order in the will contest only dismissed “[c]laims that Mark Besola lacked testamentary 7 capacity on December 6, 2018” and “[c]laims that Mark Besola’s Will was a product of undue 8 influence.” Dkt. # 78-2 at 88. And the petition in the suit concerning the Fidelity assets sought 9 only an “Order determining that Gunwall . . . became beneficiary of the Fidelity Accounts by a 10 product of undue influence.” Dkt. # 78-2 at 15. Thus, unlike the state court’s broader findings 11 with regard to whether Mark was a vulnerable adult under the relevant statute, the state court’s 12 findings regarding Mark’s capacity and undue influence appear to be much more focused on the 13 specific transactions at issue in the state court proceedings (i.e., at the creation of the will or the 14 transfer of the Fidelity accounts). 15 Accordingly, at this stage in the litigation, the Court cannot conclude that the proposed 16 amendments would be futile. See Pilavskaya v. Henderson, No. C11-4075CAS, 2012 WL 17 3279517, at *5 (C.D. Cal. Aug. 9, 2012) (“Whether [] claims are properly pled is better left for a 18 motion to dismiss.”); Defazio v. Hollister, Inc., No. C04–1358WBS, 2008 WL 2825045, at *3 19 n.5 (E.D. Cal. July 21, 2008) (finding opposition papers arguing the merits of plaintiffs’ 20 proffered amendments were premature in that they required the court to assume that there were 21 no facts that could support plaintiffs’ proposed claims). 22 2. Bad Faith & Undue Delay 23 As an initial matter, “[d]elay alone does not provide sufficient grounds for denying leave 24 to amend . . . .” Hurn v. Ret. Fund Tr. of Plumbing, Heating & Piping Indus. of S. Cal., 648 F.2d 25 1252, 1254 (9th Cir. 1981). Here, however, Gunwall argues that Amelia’s request for leave to 26 amend is a dilatory maneuver in bad faith because (1) she “knew of her ‘new’ claims for years” 27 but failed to assert them either in this matter or in state court; and (2) she purposely did not 28 assert these claims earlier in order to “preserve claims for this case,” thus avoiding potential res 1 judicata or collateral estoppel bars. Dkt. # 81 at 12. As to Amelia’s first proposed amendment 2 (regarding the testamentary trust), the Court notes that this argument relates specifically to the 3 asset at issue in this suit (the life insurance proceeds). Similarly, while it is clear that Amelia 4 raised arguments regarding Mark’s capacity and the potential of undue influence in the state 5 court proceedings, those arguments were specific to the transactions at issue in the state court 6 cases (i.e., the creation of the December 2018 will and the Fidelity accounts). Thus, it is not 7 clear that Amelia could have raised the claims she seeks to add to her Answer in the state court 8 proceedings. Furthermore, Amelia raised these new claims in her first filing to the Court since 9 the stay was lifted. The Court is not persuaded that she has acted in bad faith. 10 3. Prejudice to the Opposing Party 11 Gunwall further argues that leave to amend should not be granted because of the 12 prejudice he would suffer. Dkt. # 81 at 11-12. Specifically, he argues that he “has already been 13 kept from his funds over four years” and “will certainly be prejudiced by any amendment to 14 change claims that have been pending herein for those four years.”4 While Gunwall’s interest in 15 accessing the life insurance proceeds is understandable, he will not be entitled to those funds if 16 Amelia is able to prove the claims raised in her request for leave to amend. Gunwall has failed 17 to show that litigating those claims on the merits would prejudice him. 18 4. Previous Amendment 19 Finally, Amelia has not previously amended her answer, which militates in favor of 20 granting leave to amend. See Foman, 371 U.S. at 182 (explaining that leave to amend may be 21 denied where the party has repeatedly failed to cure deficiencies by previously allowed 22 amendments); Leighton, 833 F.2d at 186 n.3 (explaining that the district court’s discretion to 23 deny leave to amend is particularly broad where plaintiff previously amended the complaint). 24 25 4 Gunwall also argues that he is prejudiced because Amelia could have (1) made a motion to 26 transfer this matter to state court or (2) immediately sought to amend her Answer in this case when the stay “could have been lifted over a year ago.” Dkt. # 81 at 11-12. These arguments go more to delay 27 then to prejudice. Moreover, Gunwall fails to explain why he – as a fellow claimant in this interpleader 28 action – could not have made a motion to lift the stay or to transfer the case to state court. 1 Having assessed the relevant factors, the Court finds granting Amelia’s request for leave 2 to amend is proper.5 3 III. Conclusion 4 For all of the foregoing reasons, defendant’s motion to dismiss Amelia Besola’s RCW 5 11.84.020 claim against Brandon Gunwall (Dkt. # 78) is GRANTED on the ground that the 6 claim is barred by res judicata. 7 Amelia Besola’s request for leave to amend is also GRANTED. Ms. Besola may file her 8 amended Answer within 21 days of this Order. 9 IT IS SO ORDERED. 10

11 DATED this 30th day of May, 2023. 12

13 A 14

15 Robert S. Lasnik United States District Judge 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 5 Because the Court grants Amelia’s request for leave to amend, this matter is not dismissed, and 27 the Court does not reach Gunwall’s request that it “order the payment of all funds deposited into the 28 registry of this court for this action ($693,813.76 plus interest) to Gunwall.” Dkt. # 78 at 19.