Opinion op the court by
Judge O’Rear
— Affirming.
Wm. Dobbs was the patentee of a tract of 63 acres of land in Wayne county in 1859. Some 50 years ago he sold 25 acres of this land to one Tom Smith, setting it apart by marked boundary. Smith sold the same tract to Davenport, and Davenport sold it back to Dobbs. Dobbs subsequently resold to Davenport, putting him in possession of it, and Davenport sold it to Henderson Foust some 30-odd years ago, putting Foust in possession. All these sales were, by parol. Davenport wias also the owner by parol purchase of an adjoining tract of 50 acres, which he had bought [796]*796from Irwin Miller. This latter tract was included in the sale to Henderson Foust, who was placed in possession of the whole boundary, which was marked. He took up his residence on the 50-acre tract, claiming' to the extent of the exterior lines of the wholé 75 acres. In 1901 Henderson Foust executed an oil lease on his lands to one W. R. Cress. The written lease describes the property embraced as follows: “Being the property whereon the said Henderson Foust now resides, and was conveyed to him by Irwin Miller and bounded substantially as follows: On the north by the lands of Hence Foster; on the east by the lands of William Dobbs; on the south by the lands of Thomas Foster and James Burnett; on the west by the lands of William Bell and Noah Ball — containing 75 acres more or less.” The parties regarded that the “deed lay in William Dobbs,” as they expressed it, yet for more than 25 years Henderson Foust claimed the land as his own, exclusive of Dobbs and all-others, and lived within the common boundary embracing the 25 acres now in question.
In 1905 Henderson Foust caused William Dobbs to execute a deed to the 25-acre parcel to Bryant Foust and J. W. Foust, sons of Henderson. This was done by Dobbs, not upon any idea or claim that he owned the land, but to comply with his previous parol contract sale; he admitting all the while that Henderson .Foust owned the land, had joaid for it, and was in the actual possession of it. In April, 1907, Bryant Foust and J. W. Foust executed a mineral lease upon this 25 acres to the appellant. The Cress lease (which had in the meantime been assigned to appellee) contained the stipulation that the lessee and his assigns should within one year from its date, July 30, 1901, begin the drilling of an oil well on the. leased premises (the [797]*79775 acres), or in default thereof pay the lessor $7.50 a year, and, if oil was found in paying quantities, set over to the lessor one-tenth thereof. It was further stipulated in the lease that the payment of the annual rentals might he by deposit to the credit of the lessor in the Bank of Monticello. The lessees from Henderson did not begin drilling within a year from July 30, 1901. But they paid the rental of $7.50 each year as it became due until 1907. On July 30, 1907, appellee’s manager, who was charged with the duty of paying the rental, was ill. He was on the opposite side of the river from the lessor and from Monticello. The river was swollen with sudden floods, so that he could not get across. But he did get across on the following day, when he deposited the $7.50 rent in the Bank of Monticello to the credit of the lessor, Henderson Foust. Learning’ on the following day that appellant was asserting claim to the property, he sent for Henderson Foust, who demanded $2.50 additional because of delay of one day in paying the rent, which appellees paid to him. Appellees did not then know that Henderson Foust had caused the deed to be made by Dobbs to Bryant .and J. W. Foust, although the latter knew that their father had in 1901 leased the land to appellees’ assignor, and that appellees had been paying him rent therefor regularly. Afterwards, but over the protest of appellees, appellant began drilling on the 25-acre tract for oil, and later brought in a paying well.
This suit was brought by appellees against appellant and J. W. Bryant and Foust to restrain them from taking the oil from the well, -and to restrain them from asserting claim or title to the oil land mineral in the 25 acres. The judgment was for the plaintiffs. While a parol sale of land is void, under the [798]*798statutes of frauds and perjuries, yet if the purchaser is put in possession of the land,- and continues in the actual adverse posession of it for 15 years, he will have title to it, not 'by virtue of his purchase, but by operation of the '.statutes of limitations. Pope v. Brassfield, 110 Ky. 134, 61 S. W. 5, 22 Ky. Law Rep. 1613; Ogden v. Walker’s Heirs, 36 Ky. 420; Chambers v. Pleak, 36 Ky. 426, 32 Am. Dec. 78; Morton v. Lawson, 40 Ky. 45; Turner v. Davis, 40 Ky. 151; Farrow v. Edmundson, 43 Ky. 605, 41 Am. Dec. 250.
This much is admitted by appellant; but it is insisted that Henderson Foust had not either the actual or adverse possession of the 25-acre tract.
Where one enters upon land in exercise of ownership, his intention is an essential element, as is his conduct, in determining the legal effect of his act. Early in the history of this state, and from the nature of the situation, those who entered upon their pre-emptions were not able to reduce at once the whole to an inclosed possession. There arose from that fact and the necessities created by the situation in the country, the principle that an entry within the boundary was a reduction of the whole boundary to possession, if such were the entrant’s intention. The boundaries were most frequently indicated by marked or blazed trees as monuments, and served to give notice to the world that the occupant’s possession was co-extensive With the boundary in which he resided, or upon which he made a physical inclosure. Any one concerned in knowing the extent or nature of the occupant’s possession could, by following up the information gained from the latter’s actual residence, learn where the exterior lines of the boundary so reduced to possession lay, as well as whether the [799]*799possession was adverse to every other claimant. Therefore the law deemed that such adverse possession served to oust the true owner’s constructive possession, and gave to the latter an action of ejectment. The principle, while denominated actual possession, has been differentiated from that actual possession which is the physical occupancy of a house, or the inclosure of a lot by a fence, by sometimes calling it **constructive actual possession.” However, the legal definition of actual possession, as applied to lands, has now come to be recognized as embracing the character of possession outlined above. So, where one has a. deed, but not from the true title holder, yet enters under it, claiming adversely, his deed is admitted as evidence, not of title, but of extent of possession, as well as character of possession. But a deed is not essential to enable one to enter upon a boundary of land and to hold it adversely, if the entrant enters upon a boundary, plainly marked, with the intention of reducing the whole to his possession, claiming it all, and using it as he wills, he by that act reduces the whole boundary to his actual possession, unless some part of the boundary be in the actual possession of another, or unless there is a conflict in the boundary with another which is older and superior, and the owner of the latter has entered upon his boundary.
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Opinion op the court by
Judge O’Rear
— Affirming.
Wm. Dobbs was the patentee of a tract of 63 acres of land in Wayne county in 1859. Some 50 years ago he sold 25 acres of this land to one Tom Smith, setting it apart by marked boundary. Smith sold the same tract to Davenport, and Davenport sold it back to Dobbs. Dobbs subsequently resold to Davenport, putting him in possession of it, and Davenport sold it to Henderson Foust some 30-odd years ago, putting Foust in possession. All these sales were, by parol. Davenport wias also the owner by parol purchase of an adjoining tract of 50 acres, which he had bought [796]*796from Irwin Miller. This latter tract was included in the sale to Henderson Foust, who was placed in possession of the whole boundary, which was marked. He took up his residence on the 50-acre tract, claiming' to the extent of the exterior lines of the wholé 75 acres. In 1901 Henderson Foust executed an oil lease on his lands to one W. R. Cress. The written lease describes the property embraced as follows: “Being the property whereon the said Henderson Foust now resides, and was conveyed to him by Irwin Miller and bounded substantially as follows: On the north by the lands of Hence Foster; on the east by the lands of William Dobbs; on the south by the lands of Thomas Foster and James Burnett; on the west by the lands of William Bell and Noah Ball — containing 75 acres more or less.” The parties regarded that the “deed lay in William Dobbs,” as they expressed it, yet for more than 25 years Henderson Foust claimed the land as his own, exclusive of Dobbs and all-others, and lived within the common boundary embracing the 25 acres now in question.
In 1905 Henderson Foust caused William Dobbs to execute a deed to the 25-acre parcel to Bryant Foust and J. W. Foust, sons of Henderson. This was done by Dobbs, not upon any idea or claim that he owned the land, but to comply with his previous parol contract sale; he admitting all the while that Henderson .Foust owned the land, had joaid for it, and was in the actual possession of it. In April, 1907, Bryant Foust and J. W. Foust executed a mineral lease upon this 25 acres to the appellant. The Cress lease (which had in the meantime been assigned to appellee) contained the stipulation that the lessee and his assigns should within one year from its date, July 30, 1901, begin the drilling of an oil well on the. leased premises (the [797]*79775 acres), or in default thereof pay the lessor $7.50 a year, and, if oil was found in paying quantities, set over to the lessor one-tenth thereof. It was further stipulated in the lease that the payment of the annual rentals might he by deposit to the credit of the lessor in the Bank of Monticello. The lessees from Henderson did not begin drilling within a year from July 30, 1901. But they paid the rental of $7.50 each year as it became due until 1907. On July 30, 1907, appellee’s manager, who was charged with the duty of paying the rental, was ill. He was on the opposite side of the river from the lessor and from Monticello. The river was swollen with sudden floods, so that he could not get across. But he did get across on the following day, when he deposited the $7.50 rent in the Bank of Monticello to the credit of the lessor, Henderson Foust. Learning’ on the following day that appellant was asserting claim to the property, he sent for Henderson Foust, who demanded $2.50 additional because of delay of one day in paying the rent, which appellees paid to him. Appellees did not then know that Henderson Foust had caused the deed to be made by Dobbs to Bryant .and J. W. Foust, although the latter knew that their father had in 1901 leased the land to appellees’ assignor, and that appellees had been paying him rent therefor regularly. Afterwards, but over the protest of appellees, appellant began drilling on the 25-acre tract for oil, and later brought in a paying well.
This suit was brought by appellees against appellant and J. W. Bryant and Foust to restrain them from taking the oil from the well, -and to restrain them from asserting claim or title to the oil land mineral in the 25 acres. The judgment was for the plaintiffs. While a parol sale of land is void, under the [798]*798statutes of frauds and perjuries, yet if the purchaser is put in possession of the land,- and continues in the actual adverse posession of it for 15 years, he will have title to it, not 'by virtue of his purchase, but by operation of the '.statutes of limitations. Pope v. Brassfield, 110 Ky. 134, 61 S. W. 5, 22 Ky. Law Rep. 1613; Ogden v. Walker’s Heirs, 36 Ky. 420; Chambers v. Pleak, 36 Ky. 426, 32 Am. Dec. 78; Morton v. Lawson, 40 Ky. 45; Turner v. Davis, 40 Ky. 151; Farrow v. Edmundson, 43 Ky. 605, 41 Am. Dec. 250.
This much is admitted by appellant; but it is insisted that Henderson Foust had not either the actual or adverse possession of the 25-acre tract.
Where one enters upon land in exercise of ownership, his intention is an essential element, as is his conduct, in determining the legal effect of his act. Early in the history of this state, and from the nature of the situation, those who entered upon their pre-emptions were not able to reduce at once the whole to an inclosed possession. There arose from that fact and the necessities created by the situation in the country, the principle that an entry within the boundary was a reduction of the whole boundary to possession, if such were the entrant’s intention. The boundaries were most frequently indicated by marked or blazed trees as monuments, and served to give notice to the world that the occupant’s possession was co-extensive With the boundary in which he resided, or upon which he made a physical inclosure. Any one concerned in knowing the extent or nature of the occupant’s possession could, by following up the information gained from the latter’s actual residence, learn where the exterior lines of the boundary so reduced to possession lay, as well as whether the [799]*799possession was adverse to every other claimant. Therefore the law deemed that such adverse possession served to oust the true owner’s constructive possession, and gave to the latter an action of ejectment. The principle, while denominated actual possession, has been differentiated from that actual possession which is the physical occupancy of a house, or the inclosure of a lot by a fence, by sometimes calling it **constructive actual possession.” However, the legal definition of actual possession, as applied to lands, has now come to be recognized as embracing the character of possession outlined above. So, where one has a. deed, but not from the true title holder, yet enters under it, claiming adversely, his deed is admitted as evidence, not of title, but of extent of possession, as well as character of possession. But a deed is not essential to enable one to enter upon a boundary of land and to hold it adversely, if the entrant enters upon a boundary, plainly marked, with the intention of reducing the whole to his possession, claiming it all, and using it as he wills, he by that act reduces the whole boundary to his actual possession, unless some part of the boundary be in the actual possession of another, or unless there is a conflict in the boundary with another which is older and superior, and the owner of the latter has entered upon his boundary.
Without following the exceptions into certain qualifying distinctions not necessary to be noticed in this opinion, it is affirmed that actual possession is now understood to embrace in meaning the occupancy of a part of a well-defined, or marked, boundary of land intending thereby to reduce the whole boundary to possession. By this test Henderson Foust had an [800]*800actual possession of the whole 75 acres constituting his boundary for more than 15 years before he leased to appellee’s assignor. Nor is it material that his common boundary was made up of two smaller parcels originally owned by different parties. When he bought he bargained for the common boundary, without reference to its artificial subdivision, and when he entered it was upon the entire boundary as one body of land. This was a reduction of the whole to his actual possession. The fact that he took a deed to a part of it from Miller did not affect the fact of his possession or the nature of his claim of the whole. He claimed it all adversely before that deed was executed, and did not change his possession or alter his claim after the deed.
But it is said that Henderson Foust’s possession was not hostile to Dobbs’ title; that, as Foust admitted that he was looking to Dobbs for a conveyance, his claim was amicable to Dobb’s title. Where a grantee under an executory contract for the sale of land looks to his grantor for title, it is generally held that he cannot at the .same time claim that his possession was so adverse to his grantor as to defeat the latter’s lien for unpaid purchase money. But where the vendee has paid for the land, and owes nothing to his vendor, Ms possession is hostile to any claim of superior title or right by the latter, and although a deed is not executed, the vendee could use his possession, after the statutory period, to defeat the claim of his vendor or any one else to right of possession because the paper title was vested in them. If the possession is-hostile to any claim of right by the former owner, it is adverse to it, and sets the statute ruiming, .al[801]*801though the person in possesion may be looking to the former owner for conveyance. Commonwealth v. Gribson, 85 Ky. 666, 4 S. W. 453, 9 Ky. Law Rep. 205; Thomson v. Thomson, 93 Ky. 435, 20 S. W. 373, 14 Ky. Law Rep. 513; Owsley v. Owsley, 117 Ky. 47, 77 S. W. 397, 25 Ky. Law Rep. 1186; Spradlin v. Spradlin, 18 S. W. 14, 13 Ky. Law Rep. 723.
It follows that Henderson Foust had, by operation of the statutes of limitation, become invested with the fee-simple title to the 25 acres before he leased the land to Cress. Dobbs’ deed to Bryant and J. W. Foust conveyed them nothing, so far as the act of Dobbs is concerned.
It is sought to work out a conveyance of Henderson Foust’s title to his sons by Dobbs’ deed through estoppel. Estoppel operates only to protect the 'innocent. If Bryant and J. W. Foust, being in ignorance of the fact that Henderson Foust owned the land, but being induced by him to believe that William Dobbs owned it, had bought the land from Dobbs, Henderson Foust would be held thereafter estopped to deny what he had induced an innocent person to believe to be true to his hurt. But in this instance the Foust boys were not misled. They knew that their father, and not William Dobbs, owned the land. Hence they took nothing by the deed, first, because, the grantor Dobbs had no title to convey; and, second, because the real owner was not estopped to deny that fact.
But it was urged that appellant was induced to take the lease and part with its money to the younger Fousts because of the deed from the patentee, Dobbs, to them, and of their apparent ownership, an appear[802]*802anee, it is argued, produced by tbe act of Henderson Foust, and which ought to estop him to deny it. We repeat it is only those who are misled to change their condition in reliance upon an appearance that can plead the fact in estoppel of the truth. Appellant was not so misled. It had notice and actual knowledge that Henderson Foust owned the land, and that his sons did not. The notice consisted in the information conveyed to appellant’s agent who was attempting io obtain the lease, imparted by W. M. Powers and, Henderson Foust, by the latter’s ocupancy and all the facts that prudent inquiry would have developed, being set in motion by the fact of his possession, instead of that of either of the boys or Dobbs.
As neither Bryant nor J. W. Foust, nor appellant, took anything under or by virtue of Dobbs’ deed, it did not lie in their mouths to question the continuance of Cress’ lease, or whether it had been.forfeited. That was a personal privilege of Henderson Foust, and when he elected to waive it the incident is closed to the rest of the world.
We find that the description in the Cress lease included the land in controversy.
We conclude that the judgment should be affirmed.