OPINION OF THE COURT
Asch, J.
This is a case which as been tried twice. A verdict for the defendant in the first trial was vacated by the Trial Justice (affd 130 AD2d 986). The second trial resulted in a jury verdict in favor of the plaintiff but that Trial Justice set aside the plaintiff’s verdict and directed judgment for the defendant. It is unfortunate that the parties have been subjected to the trauma and expense of this extensive litigation. However, we reinstate the jury determination in favor of the plaintiff on more substantial grounds than these. The Trial Justice erred in granting the motion of the Transit Authority to set aside the jury verdict in favor of plaintiff and in directing judgment for defendants.
The evidence adduced at trial reveals that on October 28, 1981, James Nesbit and a friend were walking on a sidewalk located on the eastern side of Jerome Avenue, the Bronx, when Nesbit was struck on the head by a bar and chain. Nesbit suffered a depressed skull fracture as a result of the injury. At the time of the incident, an IRT No. 4 train passed by on the elevated subway structure which runs some 28 feet above the street. It was reported to police and transit authorities that the chain and bar may have fallen from that train.
An investigation by the Transit Authority (TA) determined that the train which had passed over Jerome Avenue at the time of the incident was missing a safety chain between subway cars Nos. 6600 and 6671. The safety chain, which weighed about 33 pounds, was described as containing three chains approximately 12 inches apart on one side containing "S” hooks attached to eyerings that are permanently attached to a bar. It could be removed from the holes on one train when necessary. The purpose of the chain between the cars was to prevent passengers from exiting or entering the trains between the cars or falling off. Although the subject safety chain and bar was recovered at the scene by TA police, it was handed over to the New York City Police Department (NYPD) Property Clerk’s office for vouchering. It was ultimately destroyed by the NYPD on January 31, 1984 and thus not available for inspection or analysis. At trial, plaintiff relied on [95]*95the above-noted facts and the TA’s accident report which made reference to an object having fallen from an elevated track and having struck decedent on the head to establish defendant’s negligence.
As noted above, the subject safety chain was destroyed in 1984 without either side having had the opportunity to scientifically examine it to determine if it had become dislodged from the cars due to improper or poor maintenance (such as rust), or had been pried loose from the moving train and thrown by a vandal. TA witnesses noted that before each train is placed into service, the motorman and conductor are given an hour to inspect their train to make sure all systems, including safety chains, are properly set up. Following a report of the accident, TA personnel discovered that car No. 6600 was missing the complete safety chain except for an "S” hook used to secure it to the body of the car. Mr. Ernest Buser, a quality control TA inspector, stated that upon examining the "S” hook, it appeared to have been spread open as if pulled apart and was not worn.
In support of its defense that the incident was the direct result of an intervening criminal act, defendant TA called civilian engineer Dr. John Rumpf as an expert witness. Based on photographs and diagrams of the accident site, Dr. Rumpf made several findings. In view of the weight of the safety chain, height and distance of the structure, Dr. Rumpf concluded that it would take a horizontal velocity of approximately 12V2 miles per hour for the chain to have struck Mr. Nesbit, which he postulated could only have been accomplished by a person throwing a chain. Although Dr. Rumpf discounted the possibility that the force to project the chain laterally could have been provided by the movement of the train, Dr. Rumpf admitted that the chain could have fallen on the rail with such force as to ricochet, spin over and spin out to the street below. Finally, Dr. Rumpf stated, that the average person could not exert enough pressure to force open each of the "S” hooks without the use of a tool.
The court, adequately, but somewhat inarticulately, charged on the theory of negligence, based upon the inference created by the doctrine of res ipsa loquitur. The jury rendered a general verdict in favor of plaintiff against defendant, in the sum of $70,000 in damages, and defendant successfully moved to set aside the verdict on the ground it was against the weight of the competent evidence. Then, the trial court concluded that it had erroneously charged the jury as to the [96]*96permissible inference of negligence created by the doctrine of res ipsa loquitur. It ruled: "Plaintiff did not establish control of the safety chain by the Transit Authority in sufficient exclusivity to fairly rule out the chance that the plaintiff was injured by the safety chain which had been handled by one or more Transit Authority’s passengers * * * Secondly, the occurrence does not really contain with it a sufficient basis for an inference of negligence on the part of the Transit Authority. It must be at least more likely than not that the Transit Authority was negligent in causing plaintiff’s injury. This does not appear to be the fact in this case.”
The statement of law by the court, as well as its finding, that the "exclusive control” criterion had not been established, were erroneous.
In the present case, it was undisputed that James Nesbit was struck by a safety chain assembly which came from between subway cars 6600 and 6671 on the IRT No. 4 train traveling above the decedent on October 21, 1981. Defendant’s own witnesses and evidence established that the safety chain was a component of the IRT’s subway car operated and controlled by the Transit Authority, which was traveling north above Jerome Avenue.
The Transit Authority sought to convince the jury that the safety chain had to have been pried loose by an unknown passenger/vandal who hurled it off the train onto the street below. To prove that, defendant presented an engineer who stated, on the one hand, that the safety chain had to have been pried loose, by someone with a tool, but who admitted on the other hand, that the negligent maintenance of the chain together with the movement of the train could have resulted in its being plummeted down onto James Nesbit.
The jury obviously did not accept the Transit Authority’s theory of the "phantom vandal”. It is most difficult to accept the hypothesis that a person on a moving train had the tools or inclination to stand between moving cars to force apart the chain, in view of the other passengers while the train was on this journey. The jury considered the factual issues before it and held for the plaintiff. The trial court abused its discretion by substituting its posttrial opinion for that of the jury’s since there was enough evidence to support the verdict (Kozlowski v City of Amsterdam, 111 AD2d 476).
The doctrine of res ipsa loquitur creates a permissible inference of negligence and causation from an occurrence [97]*97which does not ordinarily happen without negligence. Without more, it is sufficient to make out a prima facie case permitting submission to a jury, which may infer negligence and conclude that the preponderance of proof is with plaintiff.
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OPINION OF THE COURT
Asch, J.
This is a case which as been tried twice. A verdict for the defendant in the first trial was vacated by the Trial Justice (affd 130 AD2d 986). The second trial resulted in a jury verdict in favor of the plaintiff but that Trial Justice set aside the plaintiff’s verdict and directed judgment for the defendant. It is unfortunate that the parties have been subjected to the trauma and expense of this extensive litigation. However, we reinstate the jury determination in favor of the plaintiff on more substantial grounds than these. The Trial Justice erred in granting the motion of the Transit Authority to set aside the jury verdict in favor of plaintiff and in directing judgment for defendants.
The evidence adduced at trial reveals that on October 28, 1981, James Nesbit and a friend were walking on a sidewalk located on the eastern side of Jerome Avenue, the Bronx, when Nesbit was struck on the head by a bar and chain. Nesbit suffered a depressed skull fracture as a result of the injury. At the time of the incident, an IRT No. 4 train passed by on the elevated subway structure which runs some 28 feet above the street. It was reported to police and transit authorities that the chain and bar may have fallen from that train.
An investigation by the Transit Authority (TA) determined that the train which had passed over Jerome Avenue at the time of the incident was missing a safety chain between subway cars Nos. 6600 and 6671. The safety chain, which weighed about 33 pounds, was described as containing three chains approximately 12 inches apart on one side containing "S” hooks attached to eyerings that are permanently attached to a bar. It could be removed from the holes on one train when necessary. The purpose of the chain between the cars was to prevent passengers from exiting or entering the trains between the cars or falling off. Although the subject safety chain and bar was recovered at the scene by TA police, it was handed over to the New York City Police Department (NYPD) Property Clerk’s office for vouchering. It was ultimately destroyed by the NYPD on January 31, 1984 and thus not available for inspection or analysis. At trial, plaintiff relied on [95]*95the above-noted facts and the TA’s accident report which made reference to an object having fallen from an elevated track and having struck decedent on the head to establish defendant’s negligence.
As noted above, the subject safety chain was destroyed in 1984 without either side having had the opportunity to scientifically examine it to determine if it had become dislodged from the cars due to improper or poor maintenance (such as rust), or had been pried loose from the moving train and thrown by a vandal. TA witnesses noted that before each train is placed into service, the motorman and conductor are given an hour to inspect their train to make sure all systems, including safety chains, are properly set up. Following a report of the accident, TA personnel discovered that car No. 6600 was missing the complete safety chain except for an "S” hook used to secure it to the body of the car. Mr. Ernest Buser, a quality control TA inspector, stated that upon examining the "S” hook, it appeared to have been spread open as if pulled apart and was not worn.
In support of its defense that the incident was the direct result of an intervening criminal act, defendant TA called civilian engineer Dr. John Rumpf as an expert witness. Based on photographs and diagrams of the accident site, Dr. Rumpf made several findings. In view of the weight of the safety chain, height and distance of the structure, Dr. Rumpf concluded that it would take a horizontal velocity of approximately 12V2 miles per hour for the chain to have struck Mr. Nesbit, which he postulated could only have been accomplished by a person throwing a chain. Although Dr. Rumpf discounted the possibility that the force to project the chain laterally could have been provided by the movement of the train, Dr. Rumpf admitted that the chain could have fallen on the rail with such force as to ricochet, spin over and spin out to the street below. Finally, Dr. Rumpf stated, that the average person could not exert enough pressure to force open each of the "S” hooks without the use of a tool.
The court, adequately, but somewhat inarticulately, charged on the theory of negligence, based upon the inference created by the doctrine of res ipsa loquitur. The jury rendered a general verdict in favor of plaintiff against defendant, in the sum of $70,000 in damages, and defendant successfully moved to set aside the verdict on the ground it was against the weight of the competent evidence. Then, the trial court concluded that it had erroneously charged the jury as to the [96]*96permissible inference of negligence created by the doctrine of res ipsa loquitur. It ruled: "Plaintiff did not establish control of the safety chain by the Transit Authority in sufficient exclusivity to fairly rule out the chance that the plaintiff was injured by the safety chain which had been handled by one or more Transit Authority’s passengers * * * Secondly, the occurrence does not really contain with it a sufficient basis for an inference of negligence on the part of the Transit Authority. It must be at least more likely than not that the Transit Authority was negligent in causing plaintiff’s injury. This does not appear to be the fact in this case.”
The statement of law by the court, as well as its finding, that the "exclusive control” criterion had not been established, were erroneous.
In the present case, it was undisputed that James Nesbit was struck by a safety chain assembly which came from between subway cars 6600 and 6671 on the IRT No. 4 train traveling above the decedent on October 21, 1981. Defendant’s own witnesses and evidence established that the safety chain was a component of the IRT’s subway car operated and controlled by the Transit Authority, which was traveling north above Jerome Avenue.
The Transit Authority sought to convince the jury that the safety chain had to have been pried loose by an unknown passenger/vandal who hurled it off the train onto the street below. To prove that, defendant presented an engineer who stated, on the one hand, that the safety chain had to have been pried loose, by someone with a tool, but who admitted on the other hand, that the negligent maintenance of the chain together with the movement of the train could have resulted in its being plummeted down onto James Nesbit.
The jury obviously did not accept the Transit Authority’s theory of the "phantom vandal”. It is most difficult to accept the hypothesis that a person on a moving train had the tools or inclination to stand between moving cars to force apart the chain, in view of the other passengers while the train was on this journey. The jury considered the factual issues before it and held for the plaintiff. The trial court abused its discretion by substituting its posttrial opinion for that of the jury’s since there was enough evidence to support the verdict (Kozlowski v City of Amsterdam, 111 AD2d 476).
The doctrine of res ipsa loquitur creates a permissible inference of negligence and causation from an occurrence [97]*97which does not ordinarily happen without negligence. Without more, it is sufficient to make out a prima facie case permitting submission to a jury, which may infer negligence and conclude that the preponderance of proof is with plaintiff. Use of res ipsa does not relieve plaintiff of the burden of proof and the defendant is under no obligation to offer any countervailing proof in rebuttal (see, Weeden v Armor Elevator Co., 97 AD2d 197, 204). The submission of a case on this theory is generally warranted only when plaintiff has established that: (1) the event was of a kind which ordinarily does not occur in the absence of someone’s negligence; (2) it was caused by an agency or instrumentality within the exclusive control of defendant, and (3) it was not due to any voluntary action or contribution on the part of plaintiff. (Veltri v Stahl, 155 AD2d 287.)
The facts before this court are not similar to cases where the proof shows the only manner in which the accident could have occurred is by the intervention of a third party/vandal (see, Ebanks v New York City Tr. Auth., 70 NY2d 621). In this case, the evidence and the admissions of defendant’s own witnesses established to a sufficient degree, and to the satisfaction of the jury, that the chain assembly fell from the train due to defendant’s negligence.
The jury viewed incident reports authorized by Transit Authority employees who, after investigating the incident and inspecting the subject subway cars and the scene of the accident, stated that the safety chain "fell” from the train. Significantly, they did not use the phrase "was thrown” from the train.
Additionally, defendant’s expert, Dr. Rumpf, acknowledged that the average passenger would not be strong enough to exert the required pressure of 37 pounds needed to pry that safety chain assembly loose. He further conceded that as a result of negligent maintenance, the components on the chain could have rusted out causing it to disengage without an outside agent. Additionally, Dr. Rumpf never examined the subway cars in question to determine if the attachments connected to a safety chain were rusted or worn away. The expert further admitted that the curve of the subway tracks at the location of the accident and worn train wheels could very well cause the safety chain to swing out and, if disengaged, fly off the car onto the street below.
It is to no avail that the Transit Authority may have given [98]*98its workers the opportunity to regularly inspect the subway cars, and the components therein, before or after their daily use. If the chain was pried loose, it could have taken place only at the maintenance yards. Hence, the jury obviously believed that the workers either did not inspect at all, or they inspected in a negligent manner.
In its decision granting defendant’s motion to set aside the verdict, the trial court focused solely on the fact that plaintiff had not established "exclusive control” of the safety chain. In Johnson v New York City Tr. Auth., (129 AD2d 424, 425, lv denied 70 NY2d 605) a pedestrian brought a personal injury action against the New York City Transit Authority arising out of an incident wherein an object allegedly hit the pedestrian on the head, rendering him unconscious, while he was walking beneath the elevated tracks, under circumstances and location very similar to those before this court. The Bronx Supreme Court set aside the jury verdict in favor of the pedestrian and dismissed the complaint. We reversed the trial term, holding that the circumstantial evidence was sufficient to support the verdict.
It is correct that defendant must have control of the instrumentality causing the injury for res ipsa loquitur to apply. However, the trial court misapprehended the nature of the control required. "The exclusive control requirement of res ipsa loquitur is not an absolutely rigid concept, but is subordinate to its general purpose, that of indicating that it was probably the defendant’s negligence which caused the accident in question. Res ipsa loquitur is not applicable where it is at least equally probable that the negligence was that of another. The possibility of other means need not be altogether excluded, however.” (79 NY Jur 2d, Negligence, § 132, at 487-488 [emphasis added].)
Here, plaintiff certainly could rely on the doctrine of res ipsa loquitur to establish a prima facie case from which negligence could be inferred as the trial court initially held.
While defendant’s theory was that a vandal had pryed loose this bar and thrown it from the train, defendant’s own evidence showed a person could not pry open the safety chain from its permanent position without the use of tools. No evidence of tampering or tools were found between the cars with the missing chains, and no witnesses ever testified to seeing some unidentified vandal tampering with the chain between cars Nos. 6600 and 6671. The fact presented to this [99]*99jury was that a safety chain came hurtling from an elevated train onto a pedestrian’s head. Certainly, one can infer it was "probably” defendant’s negligence which caused the occurrence, and the evidence shows it was not "equally probable” that the negligence was that of another without any requirement that other possibilities be excluded altogether. Accordingly, such a res ipsa charge was warranted.
The concurrence states that "the trial court seemingly charged the jury in abstract terms on two separate theories of recovery: general negligence as well as the theory of res ipsa loquitur, and since the jury delivered a general verdict, it appeared somewhat dubious as to which theory of recovery the jury accepted”. However, negligence established by res ipsa loquitur was the plaintiffs sole theory of liability, as conceded by defendant. We find that the trial court’s charge clearly communicated plaintiffs theory to the jury, and that it did not charge "two separate theories of recovery”, as suggested by the concurrence. Therefore, a general verdict was entirely appropriate. Res ipsa is merely an evidentiary rule allowing the jury to infer negligence from circumstances when the event would not ordinarily occur in the absence of negligence. (See, Prosser and Keeton, Torts § 39, at 244 [5th ed].)
Accordingly, the order and judgment (one paper) of the Supreme Court, Bronx County (David Levy, J.), entered on or about October 25, 1989, setting aside a jury verdict in favor of plaintiff and directing judgment entered in favor of defendant, should be reversed, on the law and facts, and the verdict for plaintiff reinstated, without costs or disbursements.