This opinion will be unpublished and may not be cited except as provided by Minn. Stat. § 480A.08, subd. 3 (2014).
STATE OF MINNESOTA IN COURT OF APPEALS A15-1188
Nereus Montemayor, Appellant,
vs.
Sebright Products, Inc., d/b/a Bright Technologies, defendant and third party plaintiff, Respondent,
VZ Hogs, LLP, Third Party Defendant.
Filed March 28, 2016 Affirmed Bjorkman, Judge
Dodge County District Court File No. 20-CV-14-32
Paul R. Dahlberg, Patterson Dahlberg, Rochester, Minnesota (for appellant)
R. Stephen Tillitt, Marissa K. Linden, Gislason & Hunter LLP, Minneapolis, Minnesota (for respondent)
Considered and decided by Connolly, Presiding Judge; Stauber, Judge; and
Bjorkman, Judge. UNPUBLISHED OPINION
BJORKMAN, Judge
Appellant challenges summary judgment dismissing this products-liability action,
arguing that the district court erred by determining as a matter of law that respondent owed
no duty because the accident was not reasonably foreseeable. We affirm.
FACTS
Appellant Nereus Montemayor suffered serious injuries at work while using a high-
density extruder manufactured by respondent Sebright Products, Inc., d/b/a/ Bright
Technologies (Sebright). The extruder is designed to separate liquid from solid mass.
Materials are loaded into an area called the hopper. A hydraulic ram then compresses the
materials, forcing them into a perforated discharge chute. At the bottom of the discharge
chute, a hydraulically powered door (the plenum) lowers to hold the materials under
pressure to condense the remaining materials. After the plenum raises, the remaining solids
fall into a self-contained compactor unit. Third-party defendant VZ Hogs, LLP purchased
the extruder from Sebright in 2008 for the purpose of extracting liquid from food waste to
be used in hog feed. VZ Hogs later built a shed (the liquid shed) to house the extruder,
another machine, and storage tanks.
In August 2011, VZ Hogs hired Montemayor to work in the liquid shed. On
September 8, Montemayor and two other employees were loading materials into the hopper
when the extruder stopped working and a light on the control panel indicated that there was
a problem. The employees believed that the extruder was jammed, but none of them had
been trained on how to clear a jam. They first attempted to do so by poking at the materials
2 with a piece of wood. When that did not work, one of the employees climbed into the
compactor and attempted to pull and rake the materials out of the discharge chute. They
did not disconnect the extruder from the power source before entering the machine. At the
end of the day, the extruder was still inoperable. The liquid shed supervisor directed
Montemayor and another employee to continue their efforts the following day.
The next day, VZ Hogs employees again attempted to clear the jam. Montemayor
and another employee took turns climbing into the discharge chute to remove materials by
hand. They did so despite two prominent warning labels located just above the discharge
chute. The first says “Do Not Enter” and the second says “Follow Lockout/Tagout
Procedures Before Entering.” Montemayor did not recall seeing either label, and none of
the employees had received training on lockout/tagout procedures.1 Montemayor’s
supervisor eventually called VZ Hogs’s electrical maintenance person, Brian Gray, to
assist. Gray activated the extruder in an attempt to clear the jam from the control panel.
Unbeknownst to Gray, Montemayor was still inside the discharge chute. When Gray
activated the extruder, the plenum came down on Montemayor’s legs. Despite his fellow
employees’ quick response, Montemayor sustained significant injuries that required both
legs to be amputated above the knee.
1 Lockout/tagout procedures are commonly used in industrial settings and intended to safeguard employees while they work in dangerous areas. The basic procedure is that an employee disconnects a machine’s power source and then places a padlock on the power switch. The employee keeps the key to the padlock so that no one can accidentally turn the machine on while the employee is working in the dangerous area. If more than one person is working in the area, multiple locks can be placed on the power source. VZ Hogs had established lockout/tagout procedures, but the employees involved in the accident were not aware of them.
3 As a result of the accident, VZ Hogs received OSHA citations for failing to “instruct
every employee in the safe operation and servicing of all covered equipment with which
he is or will be involved,” failing to verify that all employees were clear of the extruder
before engaging the power, and failing to follow lockout/tagout procedures while
attempting to clear the jam from the extruder. All three violations were rated as serious
and resulted in VZ Hogs being assessed penalties totaling $18,150.
Montemayor commenced this action alleging Sebright negligently failed to warn of
the dangers associated with the extruder and that Sebright is strictly liable for the extruder’s
defective design. Sebright asserted contribution and indemnity claims against VZ Hogs,
based, in part, on VZ Hogs’s failure to properly train and instruct its employees on the
operation of the extruder. Sebright moved for summary judgment. The district court
granted the motion on the grounds that: Sebright did not owe a duty because Montemayor’s
injuries were not reasonably foreseeable, Montemayor could not establish a causal link
between Sebright’s alleged failure to warn and his injuries because he did not see or read
the warnings prior to the accident, and Montemayor did not show that the extruder was
defective when it left Sebright’s control. Montemayor appeals.
DECISION
On appeal from summary judgment, we review de novo whether there are any
genuine issues of material fact and whether the district court erred in applying the law.
Ruiz v. 1st Fid. Loan Servicing, LLC, 829 N.W.2d 53, 56 (Minn. 2013). “We view the
evidence in the light most favorable to the party against whom summary judgment was
granted.” STAR Ctrs., Inc. v. Faegre & Benson, L.L.P., 644 N.W.2d 72, 76-77 (Minn.
4 2002). A genuine issue of material fact exists when there is sufficient evidence that could
lead a rational trier of fact to find for the nonmoving party. DLH, Inc. v. Russ, 566 N.W.2d
60, 69 (Minn. 1997).
To prevail on a negligence claim, a plaintiff must show (1) a duty, (2) breach of that
duty, (3) that the plaintiff suffered an injury, and (4) that the breach proximately caused
the plaintiff’s injuries. Gradjelick v. Hance, 646 N.W.2d 225, 230 (Minn. 2002).
Negligence and strict liability merge into a single products-liability theory in design-defect
and failure-to-warn cases, both requiring proof of a manufacturer’s duty of care. Bilotta v.
Kelley Co., 346 N.W.2d 616, 621-23 (Minn. 1984).
Whether a manufacturer has a legal duty to warn of dangers related to the use of its
product generally is a question of law for the court to decide. Germann v. F.L. Smithe
Mach.
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This opinion will be unpublished and may not be cited except as provided by Minn. Stat. § 480A.08, subd. 3 (2014).
STATE OF MINNESOTA IN COURT OF APPEALS A15-1188
Nereus Montemayor, Appellant,
vs.
Sebright Products, Inc., d/b/a Bright Technologies, defendant and third party plaintiff, Respondent,
VZ Hogs, LLP, Third Party Defendant.
Filed March 28, 2016 Affirmed Bjorkman, Judge
Dodge County District Court File No. 20-CV-14-32
Paul R. Dahlberg, Patterson Dahlberg, Rochester, Minnesota (for appellant)
R. Stephen Tillitt, Marissa K. Linden, Gislason & Hunter LLP, Minneapolis, Minnesota (for respondent)
Considered and decided by Connolly, Presiding Judge; Stauber, Judge; and
Bjorkman, Judge. UNPUBLISHED OPINION
BJORKMAN, Judge
Appellant challenges summary judgment dismissing this products-liability action,
arguing that the district court erred by determining as a matter of law that respondent owed
no duty because the accident was not reasonably foreseeable. We affirm.
FACTS
Appellant Nereus Montemayor suffered serious injuries at work while using a high-
density extruder manufactured by respondent Sebright Products, Inc., d/b/a/ Bright
Technologies (Sebright). The extruder is designed to separate liquid from solid mass.
Materials are loaded into an area called the hopper. A hydraulic ram then compresses the
materials, forcing them into a perforated discharge chute. At the bottom of the discharge
chute, a hydraulically powered door (the plenum) lowers to hold the materials under
pressure to condense the remaining materials. After the plenum raises, the remaining solids
fall into a self-contained compactor unit. Third-party defendant VZ Hogs, LLP purchased
the extruder from Sebright in 2008 for the purpose of extracting liquid from food waste to
be used in hog feed. VZ Hogs later built a shed (the liquid shed) to house the extruder,
another machine, and storage tanks.
In August 2011, VZ Hogs hired Montemayor to work in the liquid shed. On
September 8, Montemayor and two other employees were loading materials into the hopper
when the extruder stopped working and a light on the control panel indicated that there was
a problem. The employees believed that the extruder was jammed, but none of them had
been trained on how to clear a jam. They first attempted to do so by poking at the materials
2 with a piece of wood. When that did not work, one of the employees climbed into the
compactor and attempted to pull and rake the materials out of the discharge chute. They
did not disconnect the extruder from the power source before entering the machine. At the
end of the day, the extruder was still inoperable. The liquid shed supervisor directed
Montemayor and another employee to continue their efforts the following day.
The next day, VZ Hogs employees again attempted to clear the jam. Montemayor
and another employee took turns climbing into the discharge chute to remove materials by
hand. They did so despite two prominent warning labels located just above the discharge
chute. The first says “Do Not Enter” and the second says “Follow Lockout/Tagout
Procedures Before Entering.” Montemayor did not recall seeing either label, and none of
the employees had received training on lockout/tagout procedures.1 Montemayor’s
supervisor eventually called VZ Hogs’s electrical maintenance person, Brian Gray, to
assist. Gray activated the extruder in an attempt to clear the jam from the control panel.
Unbeknownst to Gray, Montemayor was still inside the discharge chute. When Gray
activated the extruder, the plenum came down on Montemayor’s legs. Despite his fellow
employees’ quick response, Montemayor sustained significant injuries that required both
legs to be amputated above the knee.
1 Lockout/tagout procedures are commonly used in industrial settings and intended to safeguard employees while they work in dangerous areas. The basic procedure is that an employee disconnects a machine’s power source and then places a padlock on the power switch. The employee keeps the key to the padlock so that no one can accidentally turn the machine on while the employee is working in the dangerous area. If more than one person is working in the area, multiple locks can be placed on the power source. VZ Hogs had established lockout/tagout procedures, but the employees involved in the accident were not aware of them.
3 As a result of the accident, VZ Hogs received OSHA citations for failing to “instruct
every employee in the safe operation and servicing of all covered equipment with which
he is or will be involved,” failing to verify that all employees were clear of the extruder
before engaging the power, and failing to follow lockout/tagout procedures while
attempting to clear the jam from the extruder. All three violations were rated as serious
and resulted in VZ Hogs being assessed penalties totaling $18,150.
Montemayor commenced this action alleging Sebright negligently failed to warn of
the dangers associated with the extruder and that Sebright is strictly liable for the extruder’s
defective design. Sebright asserted contribution and indemnity claims against VZ Hogs,
based, in part, on VZ Hogs’s failure to properly train and instruct its employees on the
operation of the extruder. Sebright moved for summary judgment. The district court
granted the motion on the grounds that: Sebright did not owe a duty because Montemayor’s
injuries were not reasonably foreseeable, Montemayor could not establish a causal link
between Sebright’s alleged failure to warn and his injuries because he did not see or read
the warnings prior to the accident, and Montemayor did not show that the extruder was
defective when it left Sebright’s control. Montemayor appeals.
DECISION
On appeal from summary judgment, we review de novo whether there are any
genuine issues of material fact and whether the district court erred in applying the law.
Ruiz v. 1st Fid. Loan Servicing, LLC, 829 N.W.2d 53, 56 (Minn. 2013). “We view the
evidence in the light most favorable to the party against whom summary judgment was
granted.” STAR Ctrs., Inc. v. Faegre & Benson, L.L.P., 644 N.W.2d 72, 76-77 (Minn.
4 2002). A genuine issue of material fact exists when there is sufficient evidence that could
lead a rational trier of fact to find for the nonmoving party. DLH, Inc. v. Russ, 566 N.W.2d
60, 69 (Minn. 1997).
To prevail on a negligence claim, a plaintiff must show (1) a duty, (2) breach of that
duty, (3) that the plaintiff suffered an injury, and (4) that the breach proximately caused
the plaintiff’s injuries. Gradjelick v. Hance, 646 N.W.2d 225, 230 (Minn. 2002).
Negligence and strict liability merge into a single products-liability theory in design-defect
and failure-to-warn cases, both requiring proof of a manufacturer’s duty of care. Bilotta v.
Kelley Co., 346 N.W.2d 616, 621-23 (Minn. 1984).
Whether a manufacturer has a legal duty to warn of dangers related to the use of its
product generally is a question of law for the court to decide. Germann v. F.L. Smithe
Mach. Co., 395 N.W.2d 922, 924 (Minn. 1986).2 To determine whether a duty to warn
exists,
the court goes to the event causing the damage and looks back to the alleged negligent act. If the connection is too remote to impose liability as a matter of public policy, the courts then hold there is no duty, and consequently no liability. On the other hand, if the consequence is direct and is the type of occurrence that was or should have been reasonably foreseeable, the courts then hold as a matter of law a duty exists.
2 But in close cases, foreseeability is a jury question. Bjerke v. Johnson, 742 N.W.2d 660, 667-68 (Minn. 2007).
5 Germann, 395 N.W.2d at 924. Thus, whether a duty to warn exists depends on the
foreseeability of the alleged danger and the resulting injury. Westbrock v. Marshalltown
Mfg. Co., 473 N.W.2d 352, 358 (Minn. App. 1991), review denied (Minn. Sept. 13, 1991).
We review the existence of a duty de novo. Glorvigen v. Cirrus Design Corp., 816 N.W.2d
572, 581 (Minn. 2012).
The underlying principle of reasonableness guides our determination of whether an
accident was foreseeable. In determining foreseeability, we “look at whether the specific
danger was objectively reasonable to expect, not simply whether it was within the realm of
any conceivable possibility.” Whiteford ex rel. Whiteford v. Yamaha Motor Corp., U.S.A.,
582 N.W.2d 916, 918 (Minn. 1998). We also consider whether “the possibility of an
accident was clear to the person of ordinary prudence.” Domagala v. Rolland, 805 N.W.2d
14, 27 (Minn. 2011) (quotation omitted). Stated another way, a manufacturer has a duty to
design a product that does not present an unreasonable risk of harm associated with
“reasonably foreseeable use[s].” Bilotta, 346 N.W.2d at 621 (quoting Holm v. Sponco
Mfg., Inc., 324 N.W.2d 207, 212 (Minn. 1982)). Here, that requires us to determine
whether it was reasonable for Sebright to expect an individual to be inside the extruder
while it was in operation.
Montemayor first argues that the district court misapplied the law by considering
the totality of the circumstances when determining whether Sebright owed a duty. The
district court reasoned that while some of the individual circumstances that led to the injury
were foreseeable, the ultimate accident was not. And the court concluded that the
constellation of events that culminated in the accident was not foreseeable. Montemayor
6 asserts that this analysis inappropriately focuses on the precise manner in which the
accident occurred, rather than whether the possibility of an accident was clear to a person
of ordinary prudence. We disagree. In determining whether a duty to warn exists, courts
may determine that no duty exists when the connection between the alleged negligent act
and the accident “is too remote to impose liability as a matter of public policy.” Germann,
395 N.W.2d at 924. Evaluating whether the causal connection is too remote necessarily
requires consideration of all relevant circumstances. See Hart v. FMC Corp., 446 N.W.2d
194, 198 (Minn. App. 1989) (listing all the circumstances that led up to a worker being
killed while using a machine and determining that the manufacturer could not have
foreseen them), review denied (Minn. Dec. 1, 1989).
Montemayor next argues that the events leading up to his accident were foreseeable
because the extruder was known to jam and it was reasonable to expect someone to enter
the machine to remedy the problem. Montemayor relies on Parks v. Allis-Chalmers Corp.
to support his assertion that it is reasonable for manufacturers to foresee an individual may
be injured while attempting to clean a machine that is operational or starts unexpectedly.
289 N.W.2d 456 (Minn. 1979). We are not persuaded. In Parks, the plaintiff lost his arm
while attempting to unclog a corn harvester by reaching into the stalk-chute door while the
machine was still running. Id. at 459. Parks presented evidence that it was easier and faster
to unclog the machine while it was running. Id. at 458. On that record, the supreme court
determined a jury could find that the manufacturer knew, or should have known, that “some
users would leave the power connected while unclogging because that would furnish
mechanical assistance, saving time and effort.” Id. at 459.
7 Unlike Parks, Montemayor presented no evidence that entering the discharge chute
to manually unjam the extruder with the power connected served any purpose. And the
circumstances leading up to his accident are not within a reasonable product
manufacturer’s sight. The circumstances include: Montemayor and his fellow employees
failing to follow the instruction manual concerning how to clear jams and decals warning
that no one should enter the extruder or enter the machine without following proper
lockout/tagout procedures; VZ Hogs failing to implement and train its employees in
general OSHA-required lockout/tagout procedures; Montemayor and other employees
attempting to clear the jam manually; the liquid shed supervisor instructing both
Montemayor and the electrical maintenance person to clear the jam; the employees failing
to communicate with one another; and an employee activating the extruder’s power while
Montemayor was inside the machine, causing the plenum to drop on his legs. Moreover,
the extruder did not start as a result of any malfunction, but rather because an employee
purposely turned it on. In sum, Montemayor and his fellow employees were not only
violating numerous standard workplace-safety rules and disregarding Sebright’s warnings,
but there was a significant breakdown in communication that led to multiple employees
simultaneously attempting to clear the jam using different methods. While the
constellation of circumstances that resulted in this tragic accident may have been within
the realm of conceivable possibility, it is too remote to impose liability on Sebright as a
matter of public policy.
8 In sum, because the use of the extruder and resulting injury here were not reasonably
foreseeable, Sebright did not owe a duty. Accordingly, Montemayor’s claims fail as a
matter of law.3
Affirmed.
3 Because Sebright owed no duty, we need not address Montemayor’s remaining arguments. But we note, in accord with the district court, that claims premised on inadequate or absent warnings fail when the plaintiff did not read them. See J & W Enters., Inc. v. Econ. Sales, Inc., 486 N.W.2d 179, 181 (Minn. App. 1992) (“Absent a reading of the warning, there is no causal link between the alleged defect and the injury.”).