OPINION OF THE COURT
PARKER, C. J.
This is an action for malicious prosecution in which recovery was had against the appellant- from which judgment he has appealed.
1. The first point presented is to the effect that the complaint fails to state a cause of action, and consequently will not support the judgment. The argument is that the complaint shows that the accusation, before the justice of the peace, failed to charge a crime, and therefore the wrong, if any, was false imprisonment rather than malicious prosecution.
Some general considerations may tend to clear up what seems to be a much mooted question in the cases, and upon which they are about equally divided. Tn the first place, it is to be observed that a proceeding ^either civil or criminal in form, prosecuted maliciously and without a probable cause, resulting in failure and the discharge of the defendant, is the basis of the action for malicious prosecution. It is the malicious misuse or abuse of legal process, to harrass and oppress the defendant, which is the gist of the wrong. If the charge fails to state a crime, the injury is just the same as if it did. Of course, if the person in good faith truly states the facts to a magistrate or a prosecuting officer, and, without more, the officer mistakes the law and initiates the proceeding, the person may be excused from the consequences of the wrong, because he does not in fact bring the proceeding, the action of the law officer being the moving and proximate cause of the injury; but not so if he makes a false statement and participates in the design and purpose to bring on the prosecution. The mere fact that the charge does not constitute a crime, and may subject'the moving party to an action for false arrest or imprisonment, can have no effect upon -the question; he is also liable for malicious prosecution if all of the other elements are present. Of course, if the charge does not state a crime, there is no criminal prosecution in a strict legal sense, as is held in some cases; but the injury is the same whether a crime is charged or not, and the person responsible therefor should be held to answer. Upon this subject, see 18 R. C. L. “Malicious Prosecution,” § 10; 1 Cooley on Torts (3d Ed.) pp. 344, 345; Ross v. Hixon, 46 Kan. 550, 26 P. 955, 12 L. R. A. 760, 26 Am. St. Rep. 123 and note; Allstock v. Moore Lime Co., 104 Va. 565, 52 S. E. 213, 2 L. R. A. (N. S.) 1100 and note, 113 Am. St. Rep. 1060, 7 Ann. Cas. 545; Segusky v. Williams, 89 S. C. 414, 71 S. E. 971, 36 L. R. A. (N. S.) 230 and note; Haskins v. Ralston, 69 Mich. 63, 37 N. W. 45, 13 Am. St. Rep. 376; Antcliff v. June, 81 Mich. 477, 45 N. W. 1019, 10 L. R. A. 621, 21 Am. St. Rep. 533; McIntosh v. Wales, 21 Wyo. 397, 134 P. 274, Ann. Cas. 1916C, 273 and note. On the other hand, many well-considered eases bold to the contrary. See Krause v. Spiegel, 94 Cal. 370, 29 P. 707, 28 Am. St. Rep. 137; Satilla Mfg. Co. v. Cason, 98 Ga. 14, 25 S. E. 909, 58 Am. St. Rep. 287; Maber v. Ashmead, 30 Pa. 344, 74 Am. Dec. 708; Kramer v. Lott, 50 Pa. 495, 88 Am. Dec. 556.
It is true that actions for malicious prosecution are not favored in tbe law, because tbey tend to restrain action by tbe citizen in tbe enforcement of tbe criminal laws, in wbicb matter tbe public is interested. Tbe allegations and proofs, for tbis reason, perhaps, should be rather strictly construed in determining whether tbe action shall be allowed. But where all tbe other elements of malicious prosecution are present, except tbe technical charge of a crime, we believe it would be too narrow an interpretation to bold that tbe action must fail. It follows that tbe complaint is sufficient to sustain the judgment.
2. Appellant assigns error upon the giving of the court’s instruction on tbe subject of tbe effect of reliance- upon tbe advice of counsel as reflecting upon tbe question of probable casue. An exception was saved in general terms to tbe instruction, and it is stated that “instruction No. ——” is tendered. We have examined tbe requested instructions, and find none covering tbis subject- Tbe alleged error therefore is available. Appellant argued that tbe court erroneously commented upon tbe weight of tbe evidence in violation of section 2796, Code 1915. Tbis point was not made and saved in tbe court below. Improper conduct of counsel for appellee during the trial, by way of questions to witnesses tending to abuse and degrade appellant, are called to our attention, but we do not find that tbe matter is available. Tbe court sustained objections to tbe questions.
3. Appellant argues there was no proof of an acquittal in tbe criminal proceeding before tbe justice of tbe peace. There is evidence in tbe case that tbe appellee appeared before tbe justice of tbe peace and demanded an immediate trial, and was sworn and testified as a witness. Appellant was not called and was not present. The docket of the justice of the peace shows his judgment as follows:
"Case considered, and found that so little violation of any law was incurred arid defendant discharged.”
This is certainly a legal curiosity. The justice of the peace finds in effect there was a violation of the law, but that the same was so “little” he would discharge the defendant. The justice of the peace was in error in holding there was a violation of the statute in question, but he did, nevertheless, discharge the appellee, without her connivance, so far as appears. This is a sufficient termination of the proceeding under the circumstances to support malicious prosecution. Meraz v. Valencia, 28 N. M. 174, 210 P. 225.
4. The prosecution before the justice of the peace was brought under section 2, chapter 150, Laws 1921, which is as follows:
“It shall be unlawful for any person, firm or corporation to employ any child under 14 years of age in any business or service whatsoever in this state, during the hours when the public schools of the municipal district, or rural school district, in which the child resides, are in session.
The proof shows that the appellee, the school-teacher, had the children take turns in sweeping the schoolroom, and that appellant’s son swept the room during the noon recess; a labored argument to the effect that the school was technically in session from the time of opening in the morning to the time of closing in the afternoon. The statute itself is a sufficient answer to the contention, and, as the lower court held, the school was not in session during the noon hour, and there was no violation of the statute.
5. Counsel complain of the refusal to give the requested instruction to the effect that, the statute being of doubtful construction, there might, under the circumstances, be probable cause to believe a crime had been committed. The instruction was inapplicable, because tbe statute is not of doubtful construction, and no exception was saved to sucb refusal, for botb of wbicb reasons the action of the court will not be disturbed.
6. Counsel argue that the verdict is- excessive and must be the result of passion and prejudice. Appellee, in her complaint, claimed actual damages in the sum of $3,000, and exemplary damages in the additional sum of $3,000. The jury returned a verdict for $2,000 actual, and $1,500 exemplary damages.
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OPINION OF THE COURT
PARKER, C. J.
This is an action for malicious prosecution in which recovery was had against the appellant- from which judgment he has appealed.
1. The first point presented is to the effect that the complaint fails to state a cause of action, and consequently will not support the judgment. The argument is that the complaint shows that the accusation, before the justice of the peace, failed to charge a crime, and therefore the wrong, if any, was false imprisonment rather than malicious prosecution.
Some general considerations may tend to clear up what seems to be a much mooted question in the cases, and upon which they are about equally divided. Tn the first place, it is to be observed that a proceeding ^either civil or criminal in form, prosecuted maliciously and without a probable cause, resulting in failure and the discharge of the defendant, is the basis of the action for malicious prosecution. It is the malicious misuse or abuse of legal process, to harrass and oppress the defendant, which is the gist of the wrong. If the charge fails to state a crime, the injury is just the same as if it did. Of course, if the person in good faith truly states the facts to a magistrate or a prosecuting officer, and, without more, the officer mistakes the law and initiates the proceeding, the person may be excused from the consequences of the wrong, because he does not in fact bring the proceeding, the action of the law officer being the moving and proximate cause of the injury; but not so if he makes a false statement and participates in the design and purpose to bring on the prosecution. The mere fact that the charge does not constitute a crime, and may subject'the moving party to an action for false arrest or imprisonment, can have no effect upon -the question; he is also liable for malicious prosecution if all of the other elements are present. Of course, if the charge does not state a crime, there is no criminal prosecution in a strict legal sense, as is held in some cases; but the injury is the same whether a crime is charged or not, and the person responsible therefor should be held to answer. Upon this subject, see 18 R. C. L. “Malicious Prosecution,” § 10; 1 Cooley on Torts (3d Ed.) pp. 344, 345; Ross v. Hixon, 46 Kan. 550, 26 P. 955, 12 L. R. A. 760, 26 Am. St. Rep. 123 and note; Allstock v. Moore Lime Co., 104 Va. 565, 52 S. E. 213, 2 L. R. A. (N. S.) 1100 and note, 113 Am. St. Rep. 1060, 7 Ann. Cas. 545; Segusky v. Williams, 89 S. C. 414, 71 S. E. 971, 36 L. R. A. (N. S.) 230 and note; Haskins v. Ralston, 69 Mich. 63, 37 N. W. 45, 13 Am. St. Rep. 376; Antcliff v. June, 81 Mich. 477, 45 N. W. 1019, 10 L. R. A. 621, 21 Am. St. Rep. 533; McIntosh v. Wales, 21 Wyo. 397, 134 P. 274, Ann. Cas. 1916C, 273 and note. On the other hand, many well-considered eases bold to the contrary. See Krause v. Spiegel, 94 Cal. 370, 29 P. 707, 28 Am. St. Rep. 137; Satilla Mfg. Co. v. Cason, 98 Ga. 14, 25 S. E. 909, 58 Am. St. Rep. 287; Maber v. Ashmead, 30 Pa. 344, 74 Am. Dec. 708; Kramer v. Lott, 50 Pa. 495, 88 Am. Dec. 556.
It is true that actions for malicious prosecution are not favored in tbe law, because tbey tend to restrain action by tbe citizen in tbe enforcement of tbe criminal laws, in wbicb matter tbe public is interested. Tbe allegations and proofs, for tbis reason, perhaps, should be rather strictly construed in determining whether tbe action shall be allowed. But where all tbe other elements of malicious prosecution are present, except tbe technical charge of a crime, we believe it would be too narrow an interpretation to bold that tbe action must fail. It follows that tbe complaint is sufficient to sustain the judgment.
2. Appellant assigns error upon the giving of the court’s instruction on tbe subject of tbe effect of reliance- upon tbe advice of counsel as reflecting upon tbe question of probable casue. An exception was saved in general terms to tbe instruction, and it is stated that “instruction No. ——” is tendered. We have examined tbe requested instructions, and find none covering tbis subject- Tbe alleged error therefore is available. Appellant argued that tbe court erroneously commented upon tbe weight of tbe evidence in violation of section 2796, Code 1915. Tbis point was not made and saved in tbe court below. Improper conduct of counsel for appellee during the trial, by way of questions to witnesses tending to abuse and degrade appellant, are called to our attention, but we do not find that tbe matter is available. Tbe court sustained objections to tbe questions.
3. Appellant argues there was no proof of an acquittal in tbe criminal proceeding before tbe justice of tbe peace. There is evidence in tbe case that tbe appellee appeared before tbe justice of tbe peace and demanded an immediate trial, and was sworn and testified as a witness. Appellant was not called and was not present. The docket of the justice of the peace shows his judgment as follows:
"Case considered, and found that so little violation of any law was incurred arid defendant discharged.”
This is certainly a legal curiosity. The justice of the peace finds in effect there was a violation of the law, but that the same was so “little” he would discharge the defendant. The justice of the peace was in error in holding there was a violation of the statute in question, but he did, nevertheless, discharge the appellee, without her connivance, so far as appears. This is a sufficient termination of the proceeding under the circumstances to support malicious prosecution. Meraz v. Valencia, 28 N. M. 174, 210 P. 225.
4. The prosecution before the justice of the peace was brought under section 2, chapter 150, Laws 1921, which is as follows:
“It shall be unlawful for any person, firm or corporation to employ any child under 14 years of age in any business or service whatsoever in this state, during the hours when the public schools of the municipal district, or rural school district, in which the child resides, are in session.
The proof shows that the appellee, the school-teacher, had the children take turns in sweeping the schoolroom, and that appellant’s son swept the room during the noon recess; a labored argument to the effect that the school was technically in session from the time of opening in the morning to the time of closing in the afternoon. The statute itself is a sufficient answer to the contention, and, as the lower court held, the school was not in session during the noon hour, and there was no violation of the statute.
5. Counsel complain of the refusal to give the requested instruction to the effect that, the statute being of doubtful construction, there might, under the circumstances, be probable cause to believe a crime had been committed. The instruction was inapplicable, because tbe statute is not of doubtful construction, and no exception was saved to sucb refusal, for botb of wbicb reasons the action of the court will not be disturbed.
6. Counsel argue that the verdict is- excessive and must be the result of passion and prejudice. Appellee, in her complaint, claimed actual damages in the sum of $3,000, and exemplary damages in the additional sum of $3,000. The jury returned a verdict for $2,000 actual, and $1,500 exemplary damages. In the motion for a new trial the verdict was challenged as excessive and as being the result of passion and prejudice. The district judge considered this proposition in passing upon the motion and refused to find that the verdict was the result of passion or prejudice, but did find that it was excessive, and he required a re-mittitur of $1,000, which was agreed to, leaving the verdict stand at $2,500. It appears that the little son of appellant, who- swept the schoolroom, was afflicted with granulated eyelids, and for that reason appellant desired that he should not sweep the floor, the dust being injurious to his eyes. He and his wife asked appellee not to require the boy to sweep and explained the reason, and she asserted that if he came to school he -would have to sweep the same as the other pupils. An effort was made by appellant and his wife to have a second conversation with appellee to try to induce her not to require the child to sweep, but appellee avoided the meeting and thus prevented further conversation on the subject. It is thus seen that the controversy was not entirely one-sided so far as a desire to do the right thing was concerned. An officer was sent by the justice of the peace to the schoolhouse about 11:30 a. m. with a warrant for the arrest of ap-pellee. He requested appellee to go with him to the office of the justice of the pease, which she readily did. At noon she appeared, requested an immediate hearing, and she gave her testimony, whereupon the justice of the peace discharged her, as before seen. The proof as to actual damages was very meager, there being shown no^ substantial actual physical or mental injury or suffering from tbe arrest. Tbe charge involved no moral turpitude, the sole damage to reputation, if any, being the bare fact of the arrest.
As before seen, the district judge declined to find that the verdict was the result of passion or prejudice, but did find that it was excessive in the amount of #1,000. We likewise fail to find passion or prejudice on the part of the jury. If the result was reached because of passion or prejudice, the whole verdict would be vitiated and a new trial would necessarily result. But excessiveness is evidence only, and not proof conclusive, of passion and prejudice. The jury in this case simply overestimated the damages to which appellee was entitled and to a greater extent, we think, than was found by the trial court. Under all the circumstances we believe that #500 is ample to compensate the appellee and to punish the appellant. A remittitur down to #500 will be required. The judgment is correct, but the damages are excessive. If appellee shall remit down to #500 within 30 days from this date, the judgment will be affirmed for that amount, and, otherwise, the same will be reversed, and the cause remanded for a new trial, and
It is so ordered.
BOTTS and FORT, JJ., concur.
Remittur filed this 26th day of January, 1925.