United States Court of Appeals,
Fifth Circuit.
No. 92-7132
Summary Calendar.
Willie James NELSON, Petitioner-Appellant,
v.
EDWARD HARGETT, Superintendent, Mississippi State Penitentiary, Respondent-Appellee.
May 4, 1993.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Mississippi.
Before HIGGINBOTHAM, SMITH, and DeMOSS, Circuit Judges.
PATRICK E. HIGGINBOTHAM, Circuit Judge:
Petitioner Willie J. Nelson is currently in the custody of the Mississippi Department of
Corrections. He received a thirty year prison sentence in November 1988 after pleading guilty to the
charge of selling cocaine. After Nelson's application for po st-conviction relief was denied by the
Lowndes County Circuit Court and Mississippi Supreme Court, see Nelson v. State, 576 So.2d 1270
(Miss.1991), he filed this § 2254 petition in U.S. District Court for the Northern District of
Mississippi on July 1, 1991, contending that: (1) the indictment returned by the grand jury was
defective; (2) his sentence unconstitutionally exceeded his life expectancy; (3) he was denied his
right to a speedy trial; and (4) he was denied his right to effective assistance of counsel. The state
noted in its answer that Nelson had not sought collateral relief in the state courts, see Miss.Code Ann.
§ 99-39-1 et seq. (1992 Supp.), but expressly waived the exhaustion requirement and invited the
district court to reach the merits of his claims. The magistrate reco mmended a denial of relief on
grounds that: (1) the indictment was plainly sufficient under the applicable standards; (2) Nelson's
sentence did not implicate Eighth Amendment concerns; (3) he had waived his speedy trial claim by
pleading guilty; and (4) Nelson had demonstrated neither the deficiencies in his attorney's
performance nor the resulting prejudice necessary to sustain an ineffective assistance of counsel claim
under Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 80 L.Ed.2d 674 (1984). The district court, after considering the objections filed by Nelson, adopted the magistrate's report and denied
relief. Nelson then filed a notice of appeal and the district court issued a certificate of probable cause.
On appeal, Nelson challenges only the district court's determinations of his speedy trial and
ineffective assistance of counsel claims. We agree that Nelson's guilty plea precludes review of his
speedy trial claim on the merits. We find the existing record insufficient to resolve Nelson's
ineffective assistance claim, however, and therefore remand the case for an evidentiary hearing.
I.
Willie Nelson was arrested on October 11, 1985 in Columbus, Mississippi after allegedly
selling cocaine to an undercover police officer. According to Nelson,1 he remained in custody until
October 26, 1985, when Mississippi officials transferred him to Florida to face pending drug charges
in that state. On November 17, Nelson pled guilty to the Florida offense and received a four year
sentence. Upon his entrance into the Florida prison system, Nelson allegedly filed a "Writ of Habeas
Corpus in reference t o the Delivery of Cocaine charge pending in the Lowndes County Circuit
Court." The Lowndes County court denied this petition on December 4, 1985.
The Lowndes County grand jury indicted Nelson for the sale of cocaine on February 13, 1986.
Nelson maintains that he filed motions for a speedy t rial in February and July 1986, requesting
transport back to Lowndes County to face t he cocaine charge. State officials apparently took no
steps, however, to bring him to trial. On March 1, 1988, the Lowndes County Circuit Court denied
one of Nelson's speedy trial motions on gro unds "that the defendant is presently incarcerated in
Florida and ... the St ate of Mississippi has no way to obtain custody until the expiration of his
sentence." Rec. at 59. This holding was factually incorrect, as Nelson had completed his Florida
sentence and returned home to Mississippi on July 31, 1987, seven months prior to the date of the
court's decision.
On August 13, 1988, Nelson was arrested in Lowndes County and served with a copy of the
February 13, 1986 indictment. After his family posted bail, Nelson retained the services of Donald
1 The following procedural history is based on the account supplied by Nelson in his brief. This account is in many instances not supported by documents in the record. The state has in the main elected to accept his version of events. We shall do the same for the purposes of this appeal. Steighner, a Columbus, Mississippi attorney, to assist in his defense. According to Nelson, he advised
Steighner that he had filed two speedy trial motions in 1986 and that he had witnesses who would
deny his involvement in the cocaine sale. Steighner allegedly responded that Nelson had no need for
witnesses because the amount of time that had elapsed since his arrest in 1985 would preclude the
state from prosecuting him on this charge.
Whatever repose Nelson might have enjoyed after this initial consultation was shattered on
November 15, 1988, when he received an urgent message from Steighner directing him to report to
the courthouse immediately. According t o Nelson, Steighner now informed him that he had been
unable to locate any evidence of the speedy trial motions in the court records and that, based on his
conversations with the district attorney and the trial judge, Nelson would likely receive a mandatory
sentence of ninety years if he chose to proceed to trial. Faced with this substantial exposure,
Steighner recommended that Nelson accept the plea bargain offered by the state. Under the
agreement he would plead guilty to the cocaine charge and receive thirty years imprisonment in
exchange for the state's promise to drop the habitual offender portion of the indictment, retire two
pending charges to the files, and withdraw two additional charges currently before the grand jury.
Nelson entered his guilty plea later that same day. The trial court accepted the plea and placed him
in the custody of the Mississippi Department of Corrections.
II.
After raising a multitude of issues in state court post-conviction proceedings and in the
district court below, Nelson presents only two contentions to this court on appeal. He maintains that
the district court erred in rejecting his speedy trial and ineffective assistance of counsel claims. The
district court held that Nelson waived his right to a speedy trial by pleading guilty. This determination
is clearly correct, for a defendant waives all non-jurisdictional defects upon entering a guilty plea, see,
e.g., United States v. Jennings, 891 F.2d 93, 95 (5th Cir.1989); Barnes v. Lynaugh, 817 F.2d 336,
338 (5th Cir.1987), including alleged violations of his right to a speedy trial. United States v. Bell,
966 F.2d 914, 915 (5th Cir.1992).
Nelson's ineffective assistance of counsel claim has more purchase. In order to prevail on this claim, Nelso n must prove that counsel's representation fell below an objective standard of
reasonableness and that this deficient performance prejudiced his defense. Strickland v. Washington,
466 U.S. 668, 686-87, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 2064, 80 L.Ed.2d 674 (1984). In the context of guilty pleas,
Nelson may establish the requisite prejudice only by demonstrating a reasonable probability that, but
for his attorney's errors, he would not have pleaded guilty and would have insisted upon going to
trial. Hill v. Lockhart, 474 U.S. 52, 58-59, 106 S.Ct. 366, 370, 88 L.Ed.2d 203 (1985); United
States v. Bounds, 943 F.2d 541, 544 (5th Cir.1991). "[W]hen the alleged error of counsel is failure
to advise of an affirmative defense, the outcome of the prejudice element of the test "will depend
largely on whether the affirmative defense likely would have succeeded at trial.' " United States v.
Stumpf, 827 F.2d 1027, 1029 (5th Cir.1987) (quoting Hill, 474 U.S. at 59-60, 106 S.Ct. at 370-71).
The district court held that Nelson had failed to establish the deficient performance and resulting
prejudice required by Strickland. For the reasons explained below, we believe that the court's
rejection of Nelson's ineffective assistance claim was possibly incorrect and certainly premature.
Nelson contends that Steighner, his lawyer, failed to investigate any of the possible legal or
factual defenses that he might have raised. This asserted failure to investigate plainly implicates
Strickland's protections, for "[c]ounsel has a duty to make reasonable investigations or to make a
reasonable decision that makes particular investigations unnecessary." Strickland, 466 U.S. at 691,
104 S.Ct. at 2066. At the same time, bare allegations do not suffice: "A defendant who alleges a
failure to investigate on the part of his counsel must allege with specificity what the investigation
would have revealed and how it would have altered the outcome of the trial." United States v. Green,
882 F.2d 999, 1003 (5th Cir.1989). Nelson maintains that Steighner would have located, as his sister
later did, a copy of the Lowndes County Circuit Court's March 1, 1988 denial of his speedy trial
motion had he searched the courthouse records. As it was, Steighner allegedly advised Nelson to
plead guilty, stating that, absent any evidence of these prior motions, he would not prevail on the
speedy trial claim. It is difficult, on these facts, to view Steighner's failure to pursue the speedy trial
claim as the product of a reasonable litigation strategy. The district court's holding to the contrary
appears incorrect. The district court also erred in concluding that Nelson could not demonstrate that his speedy
trial claim would have prevailed in state court. Nelson contends that the thirty-seven month delay
between his arrest and guilty plea violated his speedy trial rights under Mississippi law as well as the
Sixth Amendment. Mississippi requires prosecutors to try all defendants within 270 days from the
time of arraignment unless good cause can be shown. Miss.Code Ann. § 99-17-1 (1992 Supp.).
Even were we to assume that this issue is properly before us, we would agree with the state that
Nelson's statutory claim is meritless, for the record indicates that he pled guilty on the same day he
was arraigned.
Nelson's constitutional speedy trial claim presents a different question, however.2 The Sixth
Amendment provides that, "[i]n all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy
... trial...." Speedy trial claims are examined under the four-pronged balancing test set out in Barker
v. Wingo, 407 U.S. 514, 92 S.Ct. 2182, 33 L.Ed.2d 101 (1972). Barker directs courts to examine
(1) the length of delay, (2) the reason for the delay, (3) the defendant's assertion of his right, and (4)
prejudice to the defendant. Id. at 530, 92 S.Ct. at 2192. These four inquiries are readily identifiable
but "have no talismanic qualities": none of the four elements should be regarded "as a necessary or
sufficient condition to the finding of a deprivation to the right of speedy trial." Id. at 533, 92 S.Ct.
at 2193. In the place of rigid rules "Barker prescribes "flexible' standards based on practical
considerations," Strunk v. United States, 412 U.S. 434, 438, 93 S.Ct. 2260, 2263, 37 L.Ed.2d 56
(1973), and requires courts to "engage in a difficult and sensitive balancing process," Barker, 407
U.S. at 533, 92 S.Ct. at 2193, not mechanical factor-counting.
Barker's first factor, length of delay, performs a dual function. In the first instance, this
inquiry serves as a threshold requirement, for a defendant's right to a speedy trial is implicated only
where the government has failed to prosecute his case with customary dispatch. Doggett v. United
2 It is well established that a state's compliance with its own speedy trial statute will not insulate it from constitutional attack. Davis v. Puckett, 857 F.2d 1035, 1040 (5th Cir.1988); Gray v. King, 724 F.2d 1199, 1202 n. 4 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 980, 105 S.Ct. 381, 83 L.Ed.2d 316 (1984); Smith v. State, 550 So.2d 406, 408 (Miss.1989). Nonetheless, Mississippi has, for reasons that are not evident, chosen not to address Nelson's Sixth Amendment speedy trial claim in its brief. This is unfortunate, for the state might have been able to shed light on some, but not all, of the unanswered questions that make a remand in this case necessary. States, --- U.S. ----, ---- - ----, 112 S.Ct. 2686, 2690-91, 120 L.Ed.2d 520 (1992). If the defendant
succeeds in establishing that "the interval between accusation and trial has crossed the line dividing
ordinary from "presumptively prejudicial' delay," we "must then consider, as one factor among
several, the extent to which the delay stretches beyond the bare minimum needed to trigger judicial
examination of the claim." Id. (citing Barker, 407 U.S. at 530-31, 533-34, 92 S.Ct. at 2192, 2193-
94).
While the protections of the Speedy Trial Clause formally extend to "the accused," a
defendant's right attaches at the time of arrest or indictment, whichever comes first. United States
v. MacDonald, 456 U.S. 1, 6-7, 102 S.Ct. 1497, 1501, 71 L.Ed.2d 696 (1982); Dillingham v.
United States, 423 U.S. 64, 96 S.Ct. 303, 46 L.Ed.2d 205 (1975) (per curiam); Gray, 724 F.2d at
1202; United States v. Walters, 591 F.2d 1195, 1200 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 442 U.S. 945, 99 S.Ct.
2892, 61 L.Ed.2d 317 (1979). The Court in Doggett noted that "lower courts have generally found
postaccusation delay "presumptively prejudicial' at least as it approaches one year." --- U.S. at ----
n. 1, 112 S.Ct. at 2691 n. 1 (citing 2 W. LaFave & J. Israel, Criminal Procedure § 18.2, p. 405
(1984); Joseph, Speedy Trial Rights in Application, 48 Ford.L.Rev. 611, 623 n. 71 (1980)).
Mississippi courts, for example, have held that a delay of eight months may be presumptively
prejudicial. See, e.g., Smith v. State, 550 So.2d 406, 408 (Miss.1989); Bailey v. State, 463 So.2d
1059, 1062 (Miss.1985). This circuit has been somewhat more liberal in its application of Barker's
first prong, generally requiring a delay of at least one year to trigger the speedy trial analysis. See,
e.g., Millard v. Lynaugh, 810 F.2d 1403, 1406 (5th Cir.) (18 months), cert. denied, 484 U.S. 838,
108 S.Ct. 122, 98 L.Ed.2d 81 (1987); United States v. Greer, 655 F.2d 51, 52 (5th Cir.1981) (113/4
months); United States v. Avalos, 541 F.2d 1100, 1108 (5th Cir.1976) (15 months), cert. denied,
430 U.S. 970, 97 S.Ct. 1656, 52 L.Ed.2d 363 (1977). In any event, the three year interval between
Nelson's arrest on October 11, 1985 and his November 15, 1988 guilty plea unquestionably meets
the "presumptively prejudicial" standard.
The district court held that the lapse of thirty-seven months between Nelson's arrest and plea
was not "presumptively prejudicial" because most of the delay "was caused by his own actions." The speedy trial clock is properly tolled in cases where responsibility for the delay lies with the defendant
rather than the state. A defendant, for example, will not be heard to complain of a lapse of time
attributable to continuances he sought and received from the trial court. Davis, 857 F.2d at 1041.
This case, however, does not present analogous circumstances. To the contrary, shifting the
responsibility to Nelson on the basis of "actions" consisting of his transfer to Florida and subsequent
imprisonment in that state is at odds with Mississippi's abiding "constitutional duty to make a diligent,
good-faith effort" to bring defendants incarcerated in other jurisdictions to trial. Smith v. Hooey, 393
U.S. 374, 383, 89 S.Ct. 575, 579, 21 L.Ed.2d 607 (1969). As the Supreme Court stated in a later
decision, "a prosecuting authority is not relieved of its obligation to provide a defendant a speedy trial
just because he is in custody elsewhere." United States v. Mauro, 436 U.S. 340, 358, 98 S.Ct. 1834,
1846, 56 L.Ed.2d 329 (1978); see also Vickery v. State, 535 So.2d 1371, 1376 (Miss.1988);
Hughey v. State, 512 So.2d 4, 7 (Miss.1987); Saxton v. State, 394 So.2d 871, 874 (Miss.1981). We
recognize the difficulties frequently involved in bringing defendants back to stand trial and note that
even the prosecutor's most diligent efforts often will not prevent substantial amounts of time from
elapsing. These special circumstances, however, are best considered in evaluating the reasons for
delay, see infra, and should not serve to defeat a speedy trial claim at the outset.
We also find that Nelson adequately asserted his speedy trial rights. Such an assertion "is
entitled to strong evidentiary weight," Barker, 407 U.S. at 531, 92 S.Ct. at 2192, for it provides
prosecutors with the opportunity "to redress any deprivation" and courts with the "assurance that a
defendant sincerely desires a speedy trial." Gray, 724 F.2d at 1204 n. 7. Nelson maintains, and the
state does not contest, that he demanded a return to Mississippi to stand trial on the cocaine charge
once in 1985 and twice in 1986. The record does not contain the 1985 petition for habeas corpus and
the 1986 speedy trial motions. Nelson has submitted, however, a copy of the March 1, 1988
Lowndes County Circuit Court order denying one of these motions. This evidence at this point
suffices, especially given the state's decision not to challenge Nelson's account of the events.
Nelson has established that the delay between his arrest and guilty plea was "presumptively
prejudicial" and that he adequately asserted his right to a speedy trial. Evidence relating to the remaining Barker factors—reasons for the delay and prejudice to the defendant—is sparse, however,
and precludes this court from examining these crucial elements of Nelson's claim with any level of
confidence. Rather than affirm the district court's rejection of these claims, we believe that an
evidentiary hearing is in order. We turn to the standards that should be applied on remand.
In examining the government's explanations for the delay, "different weights should be
assigned to different reasons." Barker, 407 U.S. at 531, 92 S.Ct. at 2192. While "deliberate delaying
tactics by the prosecution should weigh heavily against the government, ... more neutral reasons such
as negligence or overcrowding should weigh less heavily, although still be considered." Gray v. King,
724 F.2d 1199, 1203 (5th Cir.1984) (citing Barker, 407 U.S. at 531, 92 S.Ct. at 2192). This is
because negligence "still falls on the wrong side of the divide between acceptable and unacceptable
reasons for delay[ ]." Doggett, --- U.S. at ----, 112 S.Ct. at 2693. On the other hand, "great weight"
will be attached to a showing that the government acted with "reasonable diligence" in conducting
its prosecution, such that a defendant frequently will not prevail on his speedy trial claim, regardless
of the length of delay. Id. at ----, 112 S.Ct. at 2692.
The district court held that Nelson, not the state, caused the bulk of the delay by virtue of his
imprisonment in Florida. But, as we explained, this decision to shift responsibility for the delay to
Nelson is inconsistent with the state's co nstitutional obligation to provide defendants incarcerated
elsewhere with a speedy trial. See, e.g., Hooey, 393 U.S. at 383, 89 S.Ct. at 579. The proper focus
is instead on whether, and to what extent, the state took steps to bring Nelson back to Mississippi
for trial. The state does not address this issue. Nelson, on the other hand, asserts, without
elaboration, that the state made no effort to provide a speedy trial and that this omission was not
merely negligent, but deliberate. The parties, particularly the state, should attempt to provide a more
detailed account of these events on remand.
The final inquiry under Barker is whether the delay between accusation and trial caused
prejudice to the defendant. The Supreme Court has identified three distinct harms that might result
from such delays: (1) " "oppressive pretrial incarceration' "; (2) " "anxiety and concern of the
accused' "; and (3) " "the possibility that the [accused's] defense will be impaired' by dimming memories and loss of exculpatory evidence." Doggett, --- U.S. at ----, 112 S.Ct. at 2693 (quoting
Barker, 407 U.S. at 532, 92 S.Ct. at 2193). The last form of prejudice is the most serious, " "because
the inability of a defendant adequately to prepare his case skews the fairness of the entire system.' "
Id. Nelson initially made no attempt to demonstrate that the delay had caused him prejudice. This
led the magistrate to recommend rejecting his claim on grounds that he "has failed to allege or show
the prejudice required by Barker." Nelson's objections to the magistrate's report and his brief on
appeal contain vague allusions to the disappearance of two potential witnesses, the loss of memory
of some others, and the anxiety he experienced while awaiting word on his trial. As the district court
held, these largely conclusory statements are insufficient to establish prejudice under Barker and its
progeny.
On the other hand, the Supreme Court recently confirmed that "affirmative proof of
particularized prejudice is not essential to every speedy trial claim." Doggett, --- U.S. at ----, 112
S.Ct. at 2692 (citing Moore v. Arizona, 414 U.S. 25, 26, 94 S.Ct. 188, 188, 38 L.Ed.2d 183 (1973)
(per curiam); Barker, 407 U.S. at 533, 92 S.Ct. at 2193). To the contrary, such a showing may be
unnecessary where the other Barker factors, especially the length and reason for the delay, weigh
heavily in the defendant's favor. Gray, 724 F.2d at 1204; United States v. Avalos, 541 F.2d 1100,
1116 (5th Cir.1976), cert. denied, 430 U.S. 970, 97 S.Ct. 1656, 52 L.Ed.2d 363 (1977). In
particular, it will often be appropriate to relieve defendants of the onerous burden of demonstrating
concrete prejudice in instances where an unusually lengthy delay has its source in "official bad faith"
or the prosecutor's desire to gain a tactical advantage. Doggett, --- U.S. at ----, 112 S.Ct. at 2693;
Barker, 407 U.S. at 531 & n. 32, 92 S.Ct. at 2192 & n. 32; Gray, 724 F.2d at 1204. After Doggett,
the government's negligence may, in the extraordinary case, lift this burden of making a particularized
showing as well. --- U.S. at ----, 112 S.Ct. at 2693 ("While not compelling relief in every case where
bad-faith delay would make relief virtually automatic, neither is negligence automatically tolerable
simply because the accused cannot demonstrate exactly how it has prejudiced him"). The district
court's rejection of Nelson's speedy trial claim on grounds that he had not established specific
prejudice rests on its prior determination that such a showing is necessary in this case. This initial decision was unwarranted in the absence of any findings concerning the possible reasons for the
unusually lengthy interval between Nelson's arrest and guilty plea.
The record is not sufficient to provide full review of Nelson's ineffective assistance of counsel
claim. Wilcher v. Hargett, 978 F.2d 872, 877 (5th Cir.1992); United States v. Smith, 915 F.2d 959,
964 (5th Cir.1990). Specifically, the state has offered no evidence, by affidavit or otherwise, to
counter Nelson's allegations concerning his counsel's failure to investigate. More information would
seem necessary in this case, given the importance of the "inquiry into counsel's conversations with
the defendant" in assessing the reasonableness of "counsel's investigation decisions." Strickland, 466
U.S. at 690, 104 S.Ct. at 2066. Additional facts are also needed to determine whether Nelson was
prejudiced by his counsel's allegedly deficient performance, especially with regard to Steighner's
apparent failure to pursue his speedy trial claim. The existing record sheds no light on the possible
reasons for the thirty-seven month interval between Nelson's arrest and guilty plea. There is likewise
no specific evidence concerning the prejudice Nelson might have suffered as a result of this unusual
delay.3
III.
On remand the district court should consider appointment of counsel.
We reverse the district court's denial of the petition for habeas corpus and remand this case
to the district court for an evidentiary hearing on Nelson's ineffective assistance of counsel claim.
REVERSED AND REMANDED.
3 We do not reach Nelson's claim that counsel's failure to investigate caused him to overlook two potential witnesses who would have denied Nelson's involvement in the underlying offense. We also do not reach Nelson's allegations concerning his attorney's failure to advise him of his constitutional rights and the correct sentence he faced before he pled guilty. Both parties have submitted with their briefs additional information bearing on this second question. Nelson has included the affidavits of family members who allegedly were present when Steighner advised him to plead guilty; the state has attached a copy of Nelson's signed plea petition. We cannot, however, consider evidence that was not part of the record before the district court. Smith, 915 F.2d at 963-64. The parties may introduce these documents along with other relevant evidence on remand.