1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 CENTRAL DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 NAVIN K. S.,1 Case No. ED CV 18-02676-RAO 12 Plaintiff, 13 v. MEMORANDUM OPINION AND 14 ORDER ANDREW M. SAUL, Commissioner of 15 Social Security, 16 Defendant. 17
18 I. INTRODUCTION 19 Plaintiff Navin K. S. (“Plaintiff”) challenges the Commissioner’s denial of his 20 application for a period of disability and disability insurance benefits (“DIB”). For 21 the reasons stated below, the decision of the Commissioner is AFFIRMED. 22 II. PROCEEDINGS BELOW 23 On October 7, 2015, Plaintiff filed a Title II application for DIB alleging 24 disability beginning March 24, 2015. (Administrative Record (“AR”) 56-57.) His 25 application was denied on November 6, 2015. (AR 76.) Plaintiff filed a written 26 27 1 Partially redacted in compliance with Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 5.2(c)(2)(B) and the recommendation of the Committee on Court Administration and Case 28 Management of the Judicial Conference of the United States. 1 request for hearing, and a hearing was held on February 8, 2018. (AR 29, 87.) 2 Represented by counsel, Plaintiff appeared and testified, along with an impartial 3 vocational expert. (AR 33-49.) On March 21, 2018, the Administrative Law Judge 4 (“ALJ”) found that Plaintiff had not been under a disability, pursuant to the Social 5 Security Act,2 from March 24, 2015 through June 30, 2016. (AR 24.) The ALJ’s 6 decision became the Commissioner’s final decision when the Appeals Council 7 denied Plaintiff’s request for review. (AR 1.) Plaintiff filed this action on December 8 28, 2018. (Dkt. No. 1.) 9 The ALJ followed a five-step sequential evaluation process to assess whether 10 Plaintiff was disabled under the Social Security Act. See Lester v. Chater, 81 F.3d 11 821, 828 n.5 (9th Cir. 1995). At step one, the ALJ found that Plaintiff had not 12 engaged in substantial gainful activity since March 24, 2015, the alleged onset date 13 (“AOD”), through June 30, 2016, the date last insured (“DLI”). (AR 17.) At step 14 two, the ALJ found that Plaintiff has the following severe impairments: degenerative 15 disc disease of the lumbar spine status post fracture at the C7 level; chronic headaches 16 and dizziness post motor vehicle accident with concussion in March 2015; and 17 hearing loss in right ear requiring hearing aid. (Id.) At step three, the ALJ found 18 that Plaintiff “did not have an impairment or combination of impairments that met or 19 medically equals the severity of one of the listed impairments in 20 CFR Part 404, 20 Subpart P, Appendix 1.” (AR 19.) 21 Before proceeding to step four, the ALJ found that Plaintiff had the residual 22 functional capacity (“RFC”) to: 23 [P]erform sedentary work as defined in 20 CFR 404.1567(a) except he is restricted from climbing ladders, ropes or scaffolds but remains 24 capable of occasionally climbing ramps and stairs. He is also able to 25 frequently balance, stoop, kneel, crouch and crawl. However, he
26 2 Persons are “disabled” for purposes of receiving Social Security benefits if they are 27 unable to engage in any substantial gainful activity owing to a physical or mental impairment expected to result in death, or which has lasted or is expected to last for 28 a continuous period of at least 12 months. 42 U.S.C. § 423(d)(1)(A). 1 precluded from working around hazards such as machinery and 2 unprotected heights. Lastly, due to his hearing loss, he is capable of working in a moderate voice environment. 3 4 (Id.) 5 At step four, the ALJ found that Plaintiff was unable to perform any past 6 relevant work. (AR 22.) At step five, the ALJ concluded that Plaintiff is “capable 7 of making a successful adjustment to other work that exists in significant numbers in 8 the national economy.” (AR 24.) Accordingly, the ALJ determined that Plaintiff had 9 not been under a disability from the AOD through the DLI. (Id.) 10 III. STANDARD OF REVIEW 11 Under 42 U.S.C. § 405(g), a district court may review the Commissioner’s 12 decision to deny benefits. A court must affirm an ALJ’s findings of fact if they are 13 supported by substantial evidence and if the proper legal standards were applied. 14 Mayes v. Massanari, 276 F.3d 453, 458-59 (9th Cir. 2001). “‘Substantial evidence’ 15 means more than a mere scintilla, but less than a preponderance; it is such relevant 16 evidence as a reasonable person might accept as adequate to support a conclusion.” 17 Lingenfelter v. Astrue, 504 F.3d 1028, 1035 (9th Cir. 2007) (citing Robbins v. Soc. 18 Sec. Admin., 466 F.3d 880, 882 (9th Cir. 2006)). An ALJ can satisfy the substantial 19 evidence requirement “by setting out a detailed and thorough summary of the facts 20 and conflicting clinical evidence, stating his interpretation thereof, and making 21 findings.” Reddick v. Chater, 157 F.3d 715, 725 (9th Cir. 1998) (citation omitted). 22 “[T]he Commissioner’s decision cannot be affirmed simply by isolating a 23 specific quantum of supporting evidence. Rather, a court must consider the record 24 as a whole, weighing both evidence that supports and evidence that detracts from the 25 Secretary’s conclusion.” Aukland v. Massanari, 257 F.3d 1033, 1035 (9th Cir. 2001) 26 (citations and internal quotation marks omitted). “‘Where evidence is susceptible to 27 more than one rational interpretation,’ the ALJ’s decision should be upheld.” Ryan 28 v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 528 F.3d 1194, 1198 (9th Cir. 2008) (citing Burch v. 1 Barnhart, 400 F.3d 676, 679 (9th Cir. 2005)); see Robbins, 466 F.3d at 882 (“If the 2 evidence can support either affirming or reversing the ALJ’s conclusion, we may not 3 substitute our judgment for that of the ALJ.”). The Court may review only “the 4 reasons provided by the ALJ in the disability determination and may not affirm the 5 ALJ on a ground upon which he did not rely.” Orn v. Astrue, 495 F.3d 625, 630 (9th 6 Cir. 2007) (citing Connett v. Barnhart, 340 F.3d 871, 874 (9th Cir. 2003)). 7 IV. DISCUSSION 8 Plaintiff raises two issues for review: (1) whether the ALJ properly considered 9 the relevant medical evidence of record in assessing Plaintiff’s RFC; and (2) whether 10 the ALJ has properly considered Plaintiff’s subjective testimony in assessing the 11 RFC. (See Joint Submission (“JS”) 4.) For the reasons below, the Court affirms. 12 A. The ALJ Properly Evaluated Plaintiff’s Subjective Complaints3 13 Plaintiff argues that the ALJ failed to provide legally sufficient reasons for 14 rejecting his subjective testimony. (See JS 11-13.) The Commissioner contends that 15 the ALJ properly evaluated Plaintiff’s testimony. (See JS 13-18.) 16 1. Plaintiff’s Testimony 17 Plaintiff testified that he completed high school plus two years of college 18 where he studied automobile engineering. (AR 36.) His most recent work is from 19 2014 and includes taking care of a family member and self-employment work on 20 cars. (AR 38, 39.) 21 Plaintiff lives in his own one-story home, with his wife and three children, 22 mother, father, and brother. (AR 36-37.) Plaintiff has his brother or son drive him 23 places. (AR 37.) Most of the time Plaintiff’s brother will drive him to doctor’s 24 appointments but if his brother cannot take him, Plaintiff takes his son out of school 25 to drive Plaintiff to doctor’s appointments. (AR 37.) 26 27 3 Because subjective symptom testimony is one factor that the ALJ must consider when assessing a claimant’s RFC, the Court addresses the issue of credibility first 28 before discussing the overall RFC determination. 1 In March 2015, Plaintiff was hit by a car while exiting his vehicle. (AR 40.) 2 Plaintiff testified that upon impact with the car, he was thrown twenty-seven feet 3 away. (Id.) Plaintiff was in a coma. (Id.) Plaintiff was treated at Riverside County 4 Regional and released home after Plaintiff “fought with the doctor to release [him] 5 home” instead of being released to rehabilitation. (Id.) 6 Plaintiff testified that he is always in pain. (AR 42.) He sometimes has good 7 days, but most days the pain causes him to lay down two or three times a day. (Id.) 8 Plaintiff has four or more bad days in a week. (AR 47.) On a bad day, Plaintiff states 9 that he has to stay in bed, and he is not able to go to the store. (Id.) 10 Plaintiff also experiences dizziness, headaches, problems with memory, and 11 inability to focus. (AR 42, 44.) Plaintiff asserts that the back and head pain, 12 headaches, and dizziness he feels has been the same since the date of the accident. 13 (AR 42-43.) Plaintiff has not had any other accidents or injuries. (AR 43.) He 14 receives injections for his back pain. (AR 41-42.) The injections are effective for 15 about three or four days. (AR 43.) He also testified that doctors have been giving 16 him different medications for his mental state of mind. (AR 44.) 17 According to Plaintiff, he complained to his doctor that something was wrong 18 with his head and asked that the doctor order a magnetic resonance imaging scan 19 (“MRI”). (AR 45.) Plaintiff states that the neurosurgeon said Plaintiff has a brain 20 injury and that the nerves in his ear are destroyed. (Id.) Plaintiff suffers from loss of 21 hearing in his right ear. (AR 44.) 22 2. Applicable Legal Standards 23 “In assessing the credibility of a claimant’s testimony regarding subjective 24 pain or the intensity of symptoms, the ALJ engages in a two-step analysis.” Molina 25 v. Astrue, 674 F.3d 1104, 1112 (9th Cir. 2012) (citing Vasquez v. Astrue, 572 F.3d 26 586, 591 (9th Cir. 2009)). “First, the ALJ must determine whether the claimant has 27 presented objective medical evidence of an underlying impairment which could 28 reasonably be expected to produce the pain or other symptoms alleged.” Treichler v. 1 Comm’r of Soc. Sec. Admin., 775 F.3d 1090, 1102 (9th Cir. 2014) (quoting 2 Lingenfelter, 504 F.3d at 1036) (internal quotation marks omitted). If so, and if the 3 ALJ does not find evidence of malingering, the ALJ must provide specific, clear and 4 convincing reasons for rejecting a claimant’s testimony regarding the severity of his 5 symptoms. Id. The ALJ must identify what testimony was found not credible and 6 explain what evidence undermines that testimony. Holohan v. Massanari, 246 F.3d 7 1195, 1208 (9th Cir. 2001). “General findings are insufficient.” Lester, 81 F.3d at 8 834. 9 3. Discussion 10 “After careful consideration of the evidence,” the ALJ found that Plaintiff’s 11 “medically determinable impairments could reasonably be expected to cause the 12 alleged symptoms,” but found that Plaintiff’s “statements concerning the intensity, 13 persistence and limiting effects of these symptoms are not entirely consistent with 14 the medical evidence and other evidence in the record.” (AR 21.) The ALJ relied on 15 the following reasons: (1) Plaintiff’s course of treatment, including conservative 16 treatment; and (2) lack of objective medical evidence to support the alleged severity 17 of symptoms. (See AR 22-24.) No malingering allegation was made, and therefore, 18 the ALJ’s reasons must be “clear and convincing.” 19 a. Reason No. 1: Plaintiff’s Course of Treatment 20 An ALJ may discount a claimant’s testimony based on routine and 21 conservative treatment. See Parra v. Astrue, 481 F.3d 742, 750-51 (9th Cir. 2007) 22 (“[E]vidence of ‘conservative treatment’ is sufficient to discount a claimant’s 23 testimony regarding severity of an impairment.”); see also Meanel v. Apfel, 172 F.3d 24 1111, 1114 (9th Cir. 1999) (rejecting a plaintiff’s complaint “that she experienced 25 pain approaching the highest level imaginable” as “inconsistent with the ‘minimal, 26 conservative treatment’ that she received”). 27 Here, the ALJ observed that Plaintiff received “sporadic treatment with 28 management of his symptoms with medication.” (AR 22.) When Plaintiff was 1 admitted to the hospital after the accident, Plaintiff did not require surgery and was 2 given medication along with instructions to follow up with physical therapy, a 3 general surgeon, and a neurologist. (AR 20, 227-30.) 4 In September 2015, when Plaintiff complained of back and shoulder pain, he 5 was prescribed Tylenol. (AR 20, 235.) This prescription was refilled routinely. (See 6 AR 233, 235, 264, 265.) On June 28, 2016, two days before the DLI, Plaintiff was 7 prescribed Norco. (AR 296-97.) In August 2016, Plaintiff reported that Norco was 8 “too strong” and requested “T3” instead. (AR 393-94.) Plaintiff sought medical 9 treatment in January 2017 for pain to the right side of his body, and again asked for 10 Tylenol. (AR 401-402.) However, in February Plaintiff sought to obtain a 11 prescription for Norco, and his physician declined. (AR 403-404.) “Impairments 12 that can be controlled effectively with medication are not disabling for the purpose 13 of determining eligibility” for benefits. Warre v. Comm'r of Soc. Sec. Admin., 439 14 F.3d 1001, 1006 (9th Cir. 2006). Furthermore, as to Plaintiff’s back pain, the ALJ 15 afforded “great deference” to Plaintiff’s claim that he requires the use of a cane. (AR 16 22.) However, there was no evidence that Plaintiff was ever prescribed a cane. 17 Because Plaintiff’s treatment consisted of a conservative treatment plan consisting of 18 medication, the ALJ permissibly discounted Plaintiff’s credibility with respect to his 19 back pain. 20 Regarding headaches, Plaintiff consulted with a neurologist in May 2016 and 21 reported that he has had headaches since the date of the accident. (AR 283.) The 22 ALJ noted that Plaintiff had not complained of severe headaches until May 2016. 23 (AR 20; see AR 233 (reporting pain only in right shoulder in October 2015), 235 24 (reporting pain only in right shoulder and back in September 2015), 264-68 (reporting 25 pain in right shoulder and head hurting in December 2015 with doctor prescribing 26 Tylenol).) Between 2017 and 2018, after the DLI, Plaintiff sought medical treatment 27 for headaches and was routinely prescribed medication. (AR 307-11, 313-18.) On 28 each of the occasions, Plaintiff was reminded to follow up with a neurosurgeon, but 1 it is unclear if Plaintiff followed up. (AR 307-11, 313-18.) Instead Plaintiff reported 2 some improvement. (AR 315, 318.) When a claimant complains of disabling pain 3 but does not seek treatment, the ALJ may determine that the claimant’s complaint is 4 unjustified or exaggerated. Orn, 495 F.3d at 638. Because Plaintiff did not seek 5 treatment for his severe headaches until more than a year after the alleged onset date, 6 the ALJ permissibly discounted Plaintiff’s credibility with respect to this described 7 symptom. 8 Plaintiff testified that the dizziness, along with the headaches and backpain, 9 forces him to have to lay down. (AR 42.) In October 2015, Plaintiff went on to 10 report feeling light headed and dizzy. (AR 20, 255-56.) Plaintiff’s doctor directed 11 Plaintiff to obtain an audiogram after which he was informed that he had hearing loss 12 which could be corrected with surgery, but Plaintiff opted for a hearing aid instead. 13 (AR 275-77.) It is permissible for the ALJ to infer that Plaintiff’s decision not to 14 seek an aggressive treatment program suggests that Plaintiff’s account of his 15 symptom is not as all-disabling as described. Tommasetti v. Astrue, 533 F.3d 1035, 16 1039 (9th Cir. 2008). 17 The Court finds that this reason is a clear and convincing reason, supported by 18 substantial evidence, to discount Plaintiff’s subjective testimony. 19 b. Reason No. 2: Lack of Supporting Objective Medical 20 Evidence 21 The ALJ found that the symptoms described by Plaintiff “are not entirely 22 consistent with the medical evidence . . . in the record.” (AR 21.) The lack of 23 supporting objective medical evidence cannot form the sole basis for discounting 24 testimony, but it is a factor that the ALJ may consider in making a credibility 25 determination. Burch, 400 F.3d at 681; Rollins v. Massanari, 261 F.3d 853, 857 (9th 26 Cir. 2001) (citing 20 C.F.R. § 404.1529(c)(2)). 27 Regarding body pain, Plaintiff sought medical attention in September 2015 28 noting shoulder and back pain. (AR 235.) Subsequently, Plaintiff complained of 1 only shoulder pain in October 2015. (AR 233.) The ALJ noted that on both occasions 2 no significant physical findings were made, and Plaintiff was prescribed Tylenol and 3 another medication. (AR 233, 235.) In August 2016, an MRI was taken of Plaintiff’s 4 cervical spine after he reported back and neck pain. (AR 20-21, 393-94.) The MRI 5 showed “no focal bone marrow edema or loss of vertebral body height” and “no 6 evidence of cord edema,” but did show “mild degenerative disc disease” as well as 7 “mild degenerative endplate changes in the cervical spine with small osteophyte 8 formation and small posterior bone spurring.” (AR 409.) The ALJ noted that there 9 was “no evidence of nerve root encroachment, impingement or compromise.” (AR 10 21.) Plaintiff did not complain of body pain again until January 20, 2017. (AR 21, 11 401-02.) Additionally, the ALJ noted, and afforded great deference to, Plaintiff’s use 12 of a cane to alleviate his back pain, although the medical evidence demonstrated a 13 “normal gait” as well as “grossly normal tone and muscle strength in all 4 14 extremities.” (AR 20-21, 255-56, 308, 310, 314.) 15 Regarding headaches and dizziness, a September 2015 consultation found 16 Plaintiff had a normal gait and resulted in a negative Romberg test suggesting normal 17 balance. (AR 255-56.) An audiogram was ordered. (Id.) The audiogram showed 18 that Plaintiff suffered from hearing loss. (AR 270.) In December, Plaintiff reported 19 that he did not have dizziness. (AR 277.) Plaintiff’s doctor diagnosed Plaintiff with 20 ossicular chain disruption and informed Plaintiff it could be corrected with surgery. 21 (AR 276.) Plaintiff declined surgery and opted for a hearing aid. (Id.) Plaintiff 22 testified that he never received the hearing aid. (AR 46.) In May and August 2016, 23 Plaintiff complained of headaches and dizziness, but the medical examinations did 24 not note any significant physical or neurological findings. (AR 283.) Similarly, 25 Plaintiff’s neurologist did not note any significant physical or neurological findings 26 in March 2017 when Plaintiff complained of daily dizziness and headaches. (AR 27 307-08.) Plaintiff’s neurologist ordered an MRI. (Id.) 28 /// 1 Plaintiff underwent an MRI scan in October 2017. (AR 21, 311.) The MRI 2 showed a “moderate lateral and third ventriculomegaly suggesting underlying 3 noncommunicating hydrocephalus.” (Id.) The ALJ noted that while the MRI showed 4 a significant disorder, there was no evidence to suggest that the disorder occurred 5 prior to the DLI. (AR 21.) The MRI and subsequent diagnosis did not occur until 6 more than sixteen months after the DLI. (AR 21, 311.) “In some cases, it may be 7 possible, based on the medical evidence to reasonably infer that the onset date of a 8 disabling impairment occurred sometime prior to the date of the first recorded 9 medical examination.” Armstrong v. Comm'r of Soc. Sec. Admin, 160 F.3d 587, 589- 10 90 (9th Cir. 1998). Here, the medical evidence does not allow for a reasonable 11 inference to be made that the disorder occurred prior to the DLI. Specifically, the 12 ALJ noted that Plaintiff’s “record showed consistently unremarkable neurological 13 findings” and his symptoms were managed with medication. (AR 21; see AR 255- 14 56, 276-77, 283-84.) Furthermore, absent a finding by the ALJ that Plaintiff “was 15 disabled at some point after the date last insured,” the ALJ need not make a 16 determination as to the onset date of disability. Sam v. Astrue, 550 F.3d 808, 809 17 (9th Cir. 3008) 18 The ALJ thoroughly considered Plaintiff’s medical records and found that they 19 did not support Plaintiff’s allegations of disabling symptoms and limitations. See 20 Reddick, 157 F.3d at 725. The ALJ was permitted to rely on the normal examination 21 results and lack of significant medical findings in assessing the credibility of 22 Plaintiff’s testimony. See Garza v. Astrue, 380 F. App’x 672, 674 (9th Cir. 2010) 23 (finding that an ALJ properly considered a claimant’s normal exam findings when 24 noting a lack of objective medical evidence to support the claimant’s allegations). 25 The Court finds that this is a clear and convincing reason, supported by 26 substantial evidence, for discounting Plaintiff’s credibility. 27 /// 28 /// 1 4. Conclusion 2 The Court finds that each of the ALJ’s reasons for discounting Plaintiff’s 3 credibility, is a clear and convincing reason, supported by substantial evidence, for 4 discounting Plaintiff’s credibility. As such, the ALJ properly evaluated Plaintiff’s 5 subjective complaints. 6 B. The ALJ Properly Considered the Relevant Medical Evidence in 7 Assessing Plaintiff’s RFC 8 Plaintiff contends that the ALJ failed to properly consider the relevant medical 9 evidence in assessing Plaintiff’s RFC. (See JS 4-6.) The Commissioner contends 10 that the ALJ properly considered all of the evidence. (See JS 7-11.) 11 Plaintiff contends that the ALJ’s RFC determination “is not supported by or 12 consistent with any medical evidence or medical opinions of record.” (JS 4-5.) 13 However, it is unclear what Plaintiff’s argument is here. Plaintiff fails to cite to any 14 case law or statutory authorities in support of his assertions. Instead, Plaintiff simply 15 recounts his medical history without providing any correlation to the RFC 16 determination. 17 The Court reviews “only issues which are argued specifically and distinctly.” 18 Greenwood v. F.A.A., 28 F.3d 971, 977 (9th Cir. 1994); see United States v. Graf, 19 610 F.3d 1148, 1166 (9th Cir. 2010) (“Arguments made in passing and not supported 20 by citations to the record or to case authority are generally deemed waived”); 21 Townsend v. Monster Beverage Corp., 303 F. Supp. 3d 1010, 1036 (C.D. Cal. 2018) 22 (“The Court’s role is not to make or develop arguments on behalf of the parties, and 23 . . . failure to present cogent arguments is enough to deny these objections”). While 24 Plaintiff must make his own arguments for reversal, the Court has a duty to undergo 25 a “full review of the facts” and make “an independent determination as to whether 26 the [ALJ’s] findings are supported by substantial evidence.” Stone v. Heckler, 761 27 F.2d 530, 532 (9th Cir. 1985.). Thus, the Court reviews whether the ALJ properly 28 considered the relevant medical evidence in assessing Plaintiff’s RFC. 1 In determining Plaintiff’s RFC, the ALJ took “into account the objective 2 findings but also generously consider[ed] the claimant’s subjective complaints,” in 3 accordance with social security regulations. (AR 22.) The ALJ considered but “did 4 not give great weight to the determinations of the State agency physical medical 5 consultants.” (Id.) 6 The ALJ is responsible for assessing a claimant’s RFC “based on all of the 7 relevant medical and other evidence.” 20 CFR § 404.1545(a)(3), 404.1546(c); see 8 Robbins, 466 F.3d at 883 (citing Soc. Sec. Ruling 96-8p (July 2, 1996), 1996 WL 9 374184, at *5). In doing so, the ALJ may consider any statements provided by 10 medical sources, including statements that are not based on formal medical 11 examinations. See 20 CFR § 404.1513(a), 404.1545(a)(3). An ALJ’s determination 12 of a claimant’s RFC must be affirmed “if the ALJ applied the proper legal standard 13 and his decision is supported by substantial evidence.” Bayliss v. Barnhart, 427 F.3d 14 1211, 1217 (9th Cir. 2005); accord Morgan v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec. Admin., 169 F.3d 15 595, 599 (9th Cir. 1999). 16 1. Opinion Evidence 17 Plaintiff suggests, without arguing, that the ALJ erred in rejecting the opinions 18 of the state agency consultants and by failing to order an examination by a 19 consultative examiner or medical expert at the hearing. (See JS 5.) 20 a. Legal Standards 21 Courts give varying degrees of deference to medical opinions based on the 22 provider: (1) treating physicians who examine and treat; (2) examining physicians 23 who examine, but do not treat; and (3) non-examining physicians who do not examine 24 or treat. Valentine v. Comm’r, Soc. Sec. Admin., 574 F.3d 685, 692 (9th Cir. 2009). 25 Most often, the opinion of a treating physician is given greater weight than the 26 opinion of a non-treating physician, and the opinion of an examining physician is 27 given greater weight than the opinion of a non-examining physician. See Garrison 28 v. Colvin, 759 F.3d 995, 1012 (9th Cir. 2014). 1 The ALJ must provide “clear and convincing” reasons to reject the ultimate 2 conclusions of a treating or examining physician. Embrey v. Bowen, 849 F.2d 418, 3 422 (9th Cir. 1988); Lester, 81 F.3d at 830-31. When a treating or examining 4 physician’s opinion is contradicted by another opinion, the ALJ may reject it only by 5 providing specific and legitimate reasons supported by substantial evidence in the 6 record. Orn, 495 F.3d at 633; Lester, 81 F.3d at 830; Carmickle v. Comm’r, Soc. Sec. 7 Admin., 533 F.3d 1155, 1164 (9th Cir. 2008). “An ALJ can satisfy the ‘substantial 8 evidence’ requirement by ‘setting out a detailed and thorough summary of the facts 9 and conflicting evidence, stating his interpretation thereof, and making findings.’” 10 Garrison, 759 F.3d at 1012 (citation omitted). 11 b. State Agency Consultants 12 State agency consultant D. Subin, M.D. reviewed Plaintiff’s application (see 13 AR 56-64) and S. Lee, M.D. reviewed the application upon reconsideration (see AR 14 66-74). Dr. Subin found that Plaintiff could perform light work but found that 15 Plaintiff must avoid concentrated exposure to hazards. (AR 63-64.) Dr. Lee agreed. 16 (AR 72-73.) The ALJ did “not give great weight to the determinations of the State 17 agency . . . consultants.” (AR 22.) The ALJ reasoned that the state agency 18 consultants “did not have the benefit of considering the additional evidence that was 19 available only after the reconsideration determination.” (Id.) 20 While both state agency consultants determined that Plaintiff could perform 21 light work, they did not have an opportunity to review records after February 10, 22 2016. (See AR 56-64, 66-74.) However, the ALJ properly reviewed the entire record 23 and found that Plaintiff could perform “sedentary work . . . except he is restricted 24 from climbing ladders, ropes, and scaffolds.” (AR 19.) As state agency consultants, 25 Drs. Subin and Lee are non-treating physicians. See Ramirez v. Shalala, 8 F.3d 1449, 26 1454 n.8 (9th Cir. 1993) (finding plaintiff’s physician’s assessment should be 27 awarded more weight than the assessment by non-treating physician state agency 28 doctors). As such the ALJ may properly afford less weight to their opinions. 1 Additionally, the ALJ found that Drs. Subin and Lee “did not adequately consider 2 [Plaintiff’s] subjective complaints.” (AR 22.) Further, the ALJ’s review of the entire 3 record yielded an assessment of sedentary work, which is more restrictive than the 4 light work assessment that the state agency consultants rendered. See 20 CFR 5 § 404.1567. 6 In sum, while the ALJ afforded the opinions of the Drs. Subin and Lee less 7 weight, the ALJ did not reject their opinions as Plaintiff suggests. (See JS 5.) The 8 Court finds that the ALJ did not err in affording less weight to the opinions of state 9 agency consultants Drs. Subin and Lee. 10 c. Medical Expert Testimony 11 On February 8, 2018, a hearing was held before the ALJ. (AR 30-55.) At the 12 hearing, the ALJ heard testimony from Plaintiff and a vocational expert. (Id.) There 13 was no testimony from a medical expert. (See id.) Plaintiff suggests, but provides 14 no argument, that the lack of a medical expert constitutes error. (See JS 5.) 15 The decision not to call a medical expert is analyzed under the ALJ’s duty to 16 develop a record. See Armstrong, 160 F.3d at 589-91. “[T]he ALJ has a special duty 17 to develop the record fully and fairly and to ensure that the claimant’s interests are 18 considered, even when the claimant is represented by counsel.” Mayes, 276 F.3d at 19 459; Laura G. v. Berryhill, 357 F. Supp. 3d 1023, 1029 (C.D. Cal. 2019). However, 20 the burden of producing evidence in support of his disability claim remains with the 21 Plaintiff. See Mayes, 276 F.3d at 459. Plaintiff “must . . . submit all evidence known 22 to [Plaintiff] that relates to whether or not [Plaintiff is ] blind or disabled. This duty 23 is ongoing and . . . applies at each level of the administrative review process.” 20 24 CFR § 404.1512(a) (internal citations omitted). 25 “The ALJ’s duty to develop the record further is triggered only when there is 26 ambiguous evidence or when the record is inadequate to allow for proper evaluation.” 27 Mayes, 276 F.3d at 459. An ALJ has broad discretion to order a consultative 28 examination. Reed v. Massanari, 270 F.3d 838, 842 (9th Cir. 2001). The Ninth 1 Circuit has found that ambiguous or inadequate evidence can be found when, inter 2 alia, an ALJ expresses that a consultative examination would have been appropriate, 3 see Reed, 270 F.3d at 842-44, an ALJ substantially relies on the testimony of a 4 medical expert that expresses the need for more medical evidence to reach a 5 conclusion, see Tonapetyan v. Halter, 242 F.3d 1144, 1150-51 (9th Cir. 2001), or 6 where medical inferences need to be made in order to make a determination as to the 7 disability onset date, see Armstrong, 160 F.3d at 589-91. However, when the record 8 is neither ambiguous nor inadequate, the ALJ fulfills her duty by “engag[ing] in an 9 in-depth analysis of whether, based on the medical evidence of record,” Plaintiff is 10 entitled to the benefit he seeks. Crane v. Barnhart, 247 Fed. App’x 574, 578-79 (9th 11 Cir. 2007). 12 Here, the ALJ engaged in an in-depth review of Plaintiff’s medical records in 13 determining Plaintiff’s RFC. (See AR 15-24.) The ALJ reviewed Plaintiff’s medical 14 treatment history as well as the determinations of the state agency consultants. (Id.) 15 Plaintiff’s medical records consist of Plaintiff’s treatment after his March 24, 2015 16 accident and after Plaintiff’s DLI. (See AR 227-406.) The medical records document 17 complaints of headaches, dizziness, loss of hearing, body pain, including back, 18 shoulder, and neck pain. (Id.) While Plaintiff testified that the combination of these 19 ailments made it so he had to lay down frequently (AR 42, 46), the ALJ properly 20 discounted Plaintiff’s credibility due to the lack of objective medical evidence in 21 support of these complaints and the use of conservative care (AR 19-22). When the 22 ALJ evaluated the medical records showing a significant cognitive disorder 23 discovered after the DLI, the ALJ found that Plaintiff failed to establish that the 24 disorder occurred prior to the DLI. (AR 21.) The ALJ made no medical 25 determination as to when the disorder occurred, but instead found that the resulting 26 “symptoms appear well managed with medication and conservative care.” (Id.) 27 /// 28 /// l Because the medical evidence regarding Plaintiff's impairments is neither 2 || ambiguous nor inadequate, the ALJ had no duty to develop the record further by 3 || ordering the testimony of a medical expert. 4 2. Objective Medical Evidence 5 As discussed above in connection with Plaintiff's subjective complaints, the 6 || ALJ thoroughly reviewed the medical records presented by Plaintiff. The ALJ’s RFC 7 || determination was based on a review of the records provided to the state agency g || consultants, as well as medical records obtained after the state agency consultants’ 9 || review. (See AR 16-22.) 10 3. Conclusion 11 In sum, the Court finds that the ALJ considered the relevant medical evidence 12 || in assessing Plaintiff's RFC. 13 | Vv. CONCLUSION 14 IT IS ORDERED that Judgment shall be entered AFFIRMING the decision of 15 || the Commissioner denying benefits. 16 IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that the Clerk of the Court serve copies of this 17 || Order and the Judgment on counsel for both parties. 18 Rayetis a. 19 | DATED: October 9, 2019 ST 20 ROZELLA A. OLIVER UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE 21 22 23 NOTICE 24 THIS DECISION IS NOT INTENDED FOR PUBLICATION IN WESTLAW, 95 || LEXIS/NEXIS, OR ANY OTHER LEGAL DATABASE. 26 27 28 16