Navarrette v. 5 - Keys Charter School

Opinion

1 2 3

Case No. 20-cv-02579-PJH 8 Plaintiff,

9 v. ORDER RE: DEFENDANTS’ MOTIONS TO DISMISS AND/OR 10 5 - KEYS CHARTER SCHOOL, et al., TRANSFER 11 Defendants. Dkt. Nos. 36, 37 12

13 14 Before the court are (1) defendant Five Keys Schools and Programs’ motion to 15 dismiss (Dkt. 37-1) and (2) defendant Butte County’s motion to dismiss, or in the 16 alternative, transfer for improper venue, or in the alternative, transfer for convenience 17 (Dkt. 36-1). The motions are fully briefed and suitable for decision without oral argument. 18 Having read the parties’ papers and carefully considered their arguments and the 19 relevant legal authority, and good cause appearing, the court hereby rules as follows. 20 I. Background 21 A. Parties 22 Plaintiff Tomas Navarrette (aka Mr. T. Navarrette El), proceeding pro se, is 23 currently incarcerated at Santa Rita Jail. This lawsuit is unrelated to the conditions of or 24 reasons for his incarceration. Defendant Five Keys Schools and Programs (erroneously 25 named by plaintiff as “5-Keys Charter School,” and hereafter “Five Keys”) is a San 26 Francisco-based nonprofit corporation and charter school that formerly employed Mr. 27 Navarrette. Defendant County of Butte, California (“Butte County”) is a local California 1 capacities, were plaintiff’s supervisors during his employment at Five Keys. Garcia and 2 Bates (“individual defendants”) are named on page five of the amended complaint, but 3 summonses were not issued for them and they have not otherwise appeared in this 4 action. California Department of Transportation (erroneously sued and served as “State 5 of California (Caltrans)”) was originally named as a defendant but as already been 6 dismissed from this case. Dkt. 55. 7 B. Factual Narrative 8 Mr. Navarrette was employed by Five Keys from July 2, 2019, until December 18, 9 2019, as a supervisor for Cal-Crew, a program established to perform road and highway 10 cleanup and maintenance. FAC (Dkt. 30) at 3-4, ¶ 2, 4. The program was a new venture 11 for Five Keys to perform roadside maintenance work on behalf of Caltrans. Dkt. 30 at 6. 12 Mr. Navarrette’s supervisors at Five Keys were Oscar Garcia and Dave Bates. Dkt. 30 at 13 5. 14 Mr. Navarrette’s regular work hours were 6:45 am to 3:15 pm, Monday through 15 Friday. Dkt. 30 at 7. Supervisors Garcia and Bates strictly enforced the work hours. Dkt. 16 30 at 11 (“My clock out was 3:15 pm explicitly. Which was absolutely and positively 17 enforced by A) Oscar Garcia and B) David Bates.”). 18 Mr. Navarrette had difficulty performing all the work required for his position within 19 the designated workday, and he worked many hours beyond the time he was supposed 20 to clock out. Dkt. 30 at 11-15. After his first three weeks of work, Mr. Navarrette told 21 Garcia and Bates that he regularly worked after hours to complete his work, and Bates 22 instructed him to clock out at 3:15 pm because there was no money in the budget for 23 overtime. Dkt. 30 at 15. When Mr. Navarrette and his colleague proposed “banking” 24 overtime hours to take time off later, they were told that the only solution was “to increase 25 [their] efficiency.” Dkt. 30 at 16-17. Mr. Navarrette protested, stating that he did not want 26 to work overtime unpaid and that he did not have the time to do so because of personal 27 obligations. Dkt. 30 at 17. Mr. Navarrette states that “no solution” was offered to his 1 Navarrette states that “every 3-4 weeks” he would discuss the overtime issue with 2 Garcia, and he was told “to be more efficient.” Dkt. 30 at 20. 3 Mr. Navarrette alleges that during the time of his employment, defendant Butte 4 County contracted with Five Keys and its subdivision Cal-Crew in an official capacity.1 5 Dkt. 30 at 5. Moreover, Mr. Navarrette generally alleges that defendant Butte County 6 was directly involved in the scheduling, regulations, functions, and day to day operations 7 of the Cal-Crew division. Dkt. 30 at 5. Aside from these allegations, Mr. Navarrette does 8 not allege any specific involvement of Butte County in the alleged denial of overtime pay 9 for hours worked. 10 Mr. Navarrette was terminated on December 18, 2019. Dkt. 30 at 4. Soon after 11 his termination, he demanded payment for unpaid overtime hours worked and provided 12 Five Keys with a schedule of the hours worked. Dkt. 30 at 21. Five Keys compensated 13 Mr. Navarrette for 20 hours at a rate of $36 per hour, or 1.5 times his standard hourly rate 14 of $24 per hour, for a total of $720. Dkt. 30 at 21. In his prayer for relief, Mr. Navarrette 15 seeks payment for the additional overtime hours he worked, some 418 hours beyond the 16 20 already compensated, plus $35,052 in “pain and suffering.” Dkt. 30 at 33. Mr. 17 Navarrette seeks $10,000 in punitive damages and declaratory relief as well. Dkt. 30 at 18 33. 19 C. Procedural History 20 Mr. Navarrette filed his original complaint on April 14, 2020. Dkt. 1. The original 21 complaint named in the caption defendants Five Keys (as his former employer), along 22 with Butte County and Caltrans (as entities contracting with Five Keys for Caltrans 23 maintenance projects). Dkt. 1. The phrase “et al.” is also included in the list of 24 1 Butte County notes the following discrepancy in a footnote: “[Butte] County would 25 further note that, on March 11, 2021 it obtained a copy of the alleged contract between Butte County and Five Keys. In reality, Five Keys contracted with the Butte County Office 26 of Education, which is a state agency governed by the Butte County Board of Education. See, Cal. Educ. Code § 1000. As such, Butte County does not believe that it has 27 properly been named in this action.” Dkt. 42 at 4 n.1. Because the court dismisses Butte 1 defendants, but it is unclear from the complaint who might be included within the “and 2 others” designation. Following some delay, defendants Five Keys, Butte County, and 3 Caltrans were eventually served. In response to a motion to dismiss, Mr. Navarrette filed 4 a first amended complaint (“FAC”), the currently operative complaint, on February 5, 5 2021. Dkt. 30. 6 Butte County moved to dismiss or transfer on March 1, 2021. Dkt. 36. Five Keys 7 moved to dismiss the FAC on March 2, 2021. Dkt. 37. These two are the motions now 8 under consideration. 9 Five Keys opposed Butte County’s motion to transfer by brief filed March 15. Dkt. 10 40. Butte County replied in support of transfer on March 18. Dkt. 42. 11 Five Keys filed a “reply” on March 23 in support of its motion to dismiss, arguing 12 that the motion to dismiss should be granted because plaintiff had missed the deadline to 13 file a response. Dkt. 44. 14 Mr. Navarrette then filed motions for extensions of time to respond to the motions 15 of both Butte County and Five Keys. The court granted the extensions. Dkt. 47. Mr. 16 Navarrette filed his oppositions within the extension period on April 7, 2021 (they were 17 not entered by the clerk until April 16). Dkt. 50 & 51. 18 Separately on April 7, 2021, Caltrans filed its own motion to dismiss. Dkt. 48. This 19 response from Caltrans followed months of confusion and protests of imperfect service 20 by the U.S. Marshals Service. See Dkt. 29, 35, & 39. Mr. Navarrette filed a response to 21 the motion from Caltrans on April 22, stating that he did not object to the removal of 22 Caltrans from the lawsuit. Dkt. 52. The court dismissed Caltrans by order entered April 23 23. Dkt. 55. 24 Finally, on April 23, Five Keys filed a reply for its motion to dismiss (Dkt. 53), but 25 Butte County did not file a reply. Mr. Navarrette filed an additional “reply” in response to 26 Five Keys’ reply brief, entered by the clerk on May 13, 2021 (Dkt. 56).2 27 1 No summonses were issued for defendants Garcia and Bates. Five Keys says 2 about them in a footnote, “Garcia and Bates have not appeared, and it is unclear whether 3 Garcia and Bates are even aware of the complaint. Nonetheless, Five Keys believes that 4 the Court should dismiss all claims, including those against Garcia and Bates, at least on 5 the grounds discussed herein.” Five Keys MTD at 7, n.1 (Dkt. 37-1 at 7). 6 In sum, this order addresses (1) the motions to dismiss of defendants Five Keys 7 and Butte County, and (2) the court’s sua sponte dismissal of defendants Garcia and 8 Bates. Because Butte County is dismissed, the court does not address its alternative 9 requests for transfer of venue. 10 II. Motions to Dismiss 11 Both Five Keys and Butte County move to dismiss the FAC for failure to state a 12 claim under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6). 13 Mr. Navarrette advances the following claims in his FAC: violation of Title 42 14 U.S.C. § 1983 (Equal Protection); violation of the Fair Labor Standards Act (“FLSA”) (29 15 U.S.C. § 203(1)); violation of California Labor Code section 510; and violation of rights as 16 an “internationally protected person” under Title 18 U.S.C.A. § 1116. Unpaid overtime 17 hours serve as the foundation for all the claims. Mr. Navarrette advances the following 18 theories: 19 • First cause of action: Mr. Navarrette alleges his Equal Protection rights 20 were violated by defendants’ failure to compensate his overtime hours or 21 allow for a flexible work schedule, unlike other Five Keys employees; 22 • Second and third causes of action: Mr. Navarrette alleges that he is owed 23 for the three hours of overtime he worked every single day of the six 24 months he worked for the Cal-Crew program; and 25 • Fourth cause of action: Mr. Navarrette alleges that his dignity as an 26

27 additional reply filed after a motion has been fully briefed. Mr. Navarrette did not request, 1 “internationally protected person” was violated by defendants’ failure to 2 compensate him for overtime hours worked. 3 These arguments are discussed in turn. 4 A. Legal Standard 5 A motion to dismiss under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) tests for the 6 legal sufficiency of the claims alleged in the complaint. Ileto v. Glock, 349 F.3d 1191, 7 1199-1200 (9th Cir. 2003). Under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8, which requires that 8 a complaint include a “short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is 9 entitled to relief,” Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2), a complaint may be dismissed under Rule 10 12(b)(6) if the plaintiff fails to state a cognizable legal theory, or has not alleged sufficient 11 facts to support a cognizable legal theory. Somers v. Apple, Inc., 729 F.3d 953, 959 (9th 12 Cir. 2013). 13 While the court is to accept as true all the factual allegations in the complaint, 14 legally conclusory statements, not supported by actual factual allegations, need not be 15 accepted. Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678-79 (2009). The complaint must proffer 16 sufficient facts to state a claim for relief that is plausible on its face. Bell Atl. Corp. v. 17 Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555, 558-59 (2007) (citations and quotations omitted). 18 “A claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows 19 the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct 20 alleged.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678 (citation omitted). “[W]here the well-pleaded facts do not 21 permit the court to infer more than the mere possibility of misconduct, the complaint has 22 alleged—but it has not ‘show[n]’—that the pleader is entitled to relief.” Id. at 679. Where 23 dismissal is warranted, it is generally without prejudice, unless it is clear the complaint 24 cannot be saved by any amendment. Sparling v. Daou, 411 F.3d 1006, 1013 (9th Cir. 25 2005). 26 Although pro se pleadings are to be liberally construed, a plaintiff must present 27 factual allegations sufficient to state a plausible claim for relief. Hebbe v. Pliler, 627 F.3d 1 plaintiff’s opposition to a defendant’s motion to dismiss because a memorandum is not a 2 pleading under Rule 7(a). See Schneider v. Cal. Dep’t of Corr., 151 F.3d 1194, 1197 n.1 3 (9th Cir. 1998) (“In determining the propriety of a Rule 12(b)(6) dismissal, a court may not 4 look beyond the complaint to a plaintiff’s moving papers, such as a memorandum in 5 opposition to a defendant’s motion to dismiss.”). 6 B. First Cause of Action: Section 1983 (Equal Protection) 7 Mr. Navarrette’s claim for violation of Title 42 U.S.C. § 1983 is based on a theory 8 that defendants have violated his right to equal protection of the law as guaranteed by the 9 14th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. In relevant part, § 1983 provides that:

10 Every person who, under color of any statute . . . of any State or Territory or the District of Columbia, subjects . . . any citizen 11 of the United States or other person within the jurisdiction thereof to the deprivation of any rights, privileges, or immunities 12 secured by the Constitution and laws, shall be liable to the party injured.... 13 14 42 U.S.C. § 1983. 15 Section 1983 “is not itself a source of substantive rights, but merely provides a 16 method for vindicating federal rights elsewhere conferred.” Graham v. Connor, 490 U.S. 17 386, 393-94 (1989). “To establish § 1983 liability, a plaintiff must show both 18 (1) deprivation of a right secured by the Constitution and laws of the United States, and 19 (2) that the deprivation was committed by a person acting under color of state law.” Tsao 20 v. Desert Palace, Inc., 698 F.3d 1128, 1138 (9th Cir. 2012); see also West v. Atkins, 487 21 U.S. 42, 48 (1988). 22 1. Section 1983 and Deprivation of Rights 23 To state a claim under § 1983 for violation of the Equal Protection Clause, plaintiff 24 must first show that “defendants acted with an intent or purpose to discriminate against 25 the plaintiff based upon membership in a protected class, and that plaintiff was treated 26 differently from persons similarly situated.” Lam v. City and Cty. of San Francisco, 868 27 F.Supp.2d 928, 951 (N.D. Cal. 2012), aff’d 565 F.App’x 741 (9th Cir. 2014) (citation and 1 the plaintiff was treated differently from others similarly situated; (2) this unequal 2 treatment was based on an impermissible classification; (3) that defendant acted with 3 discriminatory intent in applying this classification; and (4) the plaintiff suffered injury as a 4 result of the discriminatory classification.” Id. at 951. 5 Five Keys argues that the FAC does not “allege how Plaintiff’s constitutional rights 6 to equal protection under the laws were violated, how such treatment was based on 7 arbitrary classification within an identifiable group, or the role of each Defendant therein.” 8 Dkt. 37-1 at 10. Mr. Navarrette argues in response that he was denied equal protection 9 where, unlike other Five Keys employees, he was not paid for overtime hours worked nor 10 was he allowed to “bank” hours and work an alternative schedule. 11 Here, the FAC fails to state a claim for violation of the Equal Protection Clause. 12 The FAC does not allege how Mr. Navarrette’s constitutional rights to equal protection 13 under the laws were violated. The FAC does not allege facts showing that defendants 14 acted with an intent or purpose to discriminate against him based upon his membership 15 in a protected class. Regardless how Five Keys permitted other staff to structure their 16 work hours, the FAC does not state how Mr. Navarrette was treated differently by either 17 defendant based on his membership in a protected class. The only potential protected 18 class mentioned by Mr. Navarrette is his religion (Islam) and membership in the Moorish 19 Science Temple of America, but at no point does he suggest that he was discriminated 20 against on this basis.3 Mr. Navarrette has not stated an actionable deprivation of his 21 constitutional rights under the Equal Protection Clause. The court does not consider the 22 second prong of § 1983 analysis, whether Five Keys or Butte County deprived Mr. 23 Navarrette of his rights while rights acting under color of state law, because the first 24 prong is not satisfied. The first cause of action under § 1983 is dismissed. 25 2. Section 1983 and Displacement by Other Claims 26 Section 1983 itself does not confer substantive rights but rather “provides a cause 27 1 of action for violations of federal statutes as well as the Constitution.” Buckley v. City of 2 Redding, 66 F.3d 188, 190 (9th Cir. 1995) (quoting Wilder v. Va. Hosp. Ass’n, 496 U.S. 3 498, 508 (1990)). An alleged violation of federal law thus may not be vindicated under 4 § 1983 if “(1) the statute does not create an enforceable right, privilege, or immunity, or 5 (2) Congress has foreclosed citizen enforcement in the enactment itself, either explicitly, 6 or implicitly by imbuing it with its own comprehensive remedial scheme.” Buckley, 66 7 F.3d at 190. “When the remedial devices provided in a particular Act are sufficiently 8 comprehensive, they may suffice to demonstrate congressional intent to preclude the 9 remedy of suits under § 1983.” Middlesex Co. Sewerage Auth. v. National Sea 10 Clammers Ass’n, 453 U.S. 1, 20 (1981); see also Vinson v. Thomas, 288 F.3d 1145, 11 1155 (9th Cir. 2002). Said another way, a § 1983 claim cannot stand on top of a statute 12 that has its own defined scheme for legal relief—the § 1983 claim may be foreclosed. 13 The Ninth Circuit cases considering the foreclosure of a § 1983 claim primarily 14 involve the Americans with Disabilities Act and Rehabilitation Act, both of which provide 15 comprehensive remedial schemes that obviate the need for § 1983 enforcement. See 16 Vinson, 288 F.3d at 1156. The Ninth Circuit has not considered whether the FLSA 17 similarly serves as the exclusive mechanism for enforcement of FLSA rights, but other 18 circuits to consider the issue have found that the FLSA’s remedial scheme forecloses 19 lawsuits under § 1983. See, e.g., Kendall v. City of Chesapeake, Va., 174 F.3d 437, 439 20 (4th Cir.1999) (“We hold that the elaborate remedial scheme provided in the FLSA 21 demonstrates a congressional intent to prohibit § 1983 actions to enforce such FLSA 22 rights.”); Levin v. Madigan, 692 F.3d 607, 620 (7th Cir. 2012) (“We have no quarrel with 23 the notion that the FLSA is the sole remedy for the enforcement of FLSA rights . . .”). 24 The FLSA provides a robust scheme for wronged employees. See Torres v. 25 Vitale, 954 F.3d 866, 872 (6th Cir. 2020), reh’g denied (Apr. 24, 2020). Among its 26 guarantees, it requires overtime pay at a rate of one and one-half times the normal rate 27 for hours worked in excess of 40 within a given week. 29 U.S.C. § 207(a)(1). The FLSA 1 action for aggrieved employees (29 U.S.C. § 216(b)) along with criminal penalties for 2 willful violations (29 U.S.C. § 217(a)). 3 Here, the court agrees that the FLSA, given its comprehensive remedial scheme 4 for wronged employees, displaces Mr. Navarrette’s § 1983 claim. Plaintiff’s framing of his 5 § 1983 claim, as a violation of Equal Protection rights, is premised entirely on an 6 allegation of unpaid overtime that can be fully addressed and resolved through the FLSA. 7 Mr. Navarrette offers no allegations supporting an Equal Protection violation nor any 8 other violation of federal law separate from the FLSA. Rather, all the allegations pertain 9 to Mr. Navarrette’s unpaid overtime hours and defendants’ refusal to allow him greater 10 scheduling flexibility. The specific remedies available to Mr. Navarrette for unpaid 11 overtime under the FLSA preclude the more general remedies he seeks through § 1983. 12 This serves as yet another ground for dismissal of plaintiff’s first claim. 13 Because these various deficiencies cannot be cured by amendment, the first claim 14 for violation of § 1983 is dismissed with prejudice on this alternative ground, but with 15 prejudice. 16 C. Second and Third Causes of Action: Fair Labor Standards Act and 17 California Labor Code 18 The second and third causes of action are here discussed together because they 19 are both wage-and-hour claims premised on the same theory. Mr. Navarrette’s second 20 cause of action, for violation of the FLSA, and his third cause of action, for violation of the 21 California Labor Code, seek recovery where he was only partially compensated for the 22 overtime hours he worked as a member of Cal-Crew. The FLSA, particularly Title 29 23 U.S.C. § 207, “requires overtime pay of one and a half times an employee’s hourly wage 24 for every hour worked over 40 hours in a week.” Landers v. Quality Commc’ns, Inc., 771 25 F.3d 638, 640 (9th Cir. 2014), as amended (Jan. 26, 2015). California Labor Code 26 section 510 similarly requires overtime pay of one-and-a-half times an employee’s hourly 27 wage for hours worked in excess of 40 in a week. 1 provide a cause of action on its own. While Mr. Navarrette cites to Title 29 U.S.C. 2 § 203(1) in his papers, he describes the alleged violation as defendants’ failure to 3 compensate him for the time he worked in excess of 40 hours per week. His allegations 4 are more appropriately considered under Title 29 U.S.C. § 207, the section regarding 5 maximum hours and overtime pay. 6 1. Sufficiency of Pleading 7 In Landers, the Ninth Circuit considered whether the district court properly 8 dismissed plaintiff’s minimum wage and overtime claims, brought under federal law, for 9 failure to allege sufficient facts. 771 F.3d at 639. The panel in Landers described 10 plaintiff's complaint as alleging, in relevant part, the following: (1) plaintiff was employed 11 by defendant; (2) his employment was subject to FLSA’s minimum wage and overtime 12 conditions; (3) he was not paid at the minimum wage; and (4) he was subjected to a 13 “piecework no overtime” wage system, in which he worked over forty hours per week 14 without overtime compensation. Id. at 640, 645-46. 15 Before assessing the viability of these allegations, the Landers panel set forth a 16 detailed statement and explanation of the import of the Twombly/Iqbal plausibility 17 requirement to actions brought under FLSA. Id. at 641-45. After surveying the decisions 18 of other circuit courts determining the degree of detail necessary to state these claims 19 under FLSA, the Landers panel boiled down such requirements to the following rules: 20 • To state a claim for overtime, a plaintiff must allege that he or she worked more 21 than 40 hours in a given workweek without being compensated for the overtime 22 hours worked during that workweek. Id. at 644-45. 23 • To state a claim for overtime, a plaintiff may allege an estimate of the length of her 24 average workweek during the applicable period, the average rate at which she 25 was paid, the amount of overtime wages she believes she is owed, or any other 26 facts that will permit the court to find plausibility. Id. at 645. 27 • To state a claim for overtime, a plaintiff is not required to estimate the total number 1 Applying these rules to the complaint there under consideration, the Landers panel 2 held that plaintiff failed to state a claim for unpaid overtime and minimum wages. Id. 3 Critically, it reasoned that plaintiff failed to provide “any detail regarding a given 4 workweek when [he] worked in excess of forty hours and was not paid overtime for that 5 given workweek and/or was not paid minimum wages.” Id. at 646 (emphasis added). 6 The Landers court only addressed FLSA claims, but federal courts in this state 7 have held that its reasoning applies to California Labor Code claims as well. Cook v. 8 Land O’lakes, Inc., 20-cv-553-none-SAB, 2020 WL 5633045, at *8 (E.D. Cal. Sept. 21, 9 2020), report and recommendation adopted, 20-cv-553-none-SAB, 2020 WL 5983346 10 (E.D. Cal. Oct. 8, 2020); Tan v. GrubHub, Inc., 171 F.Supp.3d 998, 1006 (N.D. Cal. 11 2016); see also Boyack v. Regis Corp., 812 F.App’x 428 (9th Cir. 2020) (affirming 12 dismissal of complaint where plaintiff failed to include any factual allegations of at least 13 one workweek that would support her state law wage and hour claims). 14 Five Keys cites Landers to argue that Mr. Navarrette’s overtime claims should be 15 dismissed because he does not provide a reasonable estimate of overtime hours worked. 16 Five Keys adds that Mr. Navarrette’s pleading of such specificity—that he worked 17 overtime every weekday, in every week, with additional hours on weekends—shows that 18 the allegations are not plausible. Five Keys remarks, “While Plaintiff cannot be expected 19 to state his claim with ‘mathematical precision,’ in this instance such precision—at odds 20 with his own account—indicates a fabrication.” Dkt. 37-1 at 16. In response to Five 21 Keys’ argument that the FAC does not provide a reasonable estimate of overtime hours 22 worked, Mr. Navarrette contests that the FAC “defined a precise account of overtime 23 hours worked on an overtime basis producing 3 hours of overtime daily including 24 weekends.” Dkt. 51 at 11. 25 Here, the FAC does not plead with sufficient specificity a given workweek when 26 Mr. Navarrette worked in excess of 40 hours and was not paid overtime for that given 27 workweek. The pleading does not meet the standard set out in Landers. The blanket 1 day, every week, for the entirety of his six-month employment not only lacks specificity, it 2 becomes implausible considering his other allegations. Namely, this work schedule is 3 implausible where the FAC admits that he was instructed every few weeks to work more 4 efficiently to complete his work without exceeding 40 hours per week. Therefore, the 5 court dismisses Mr. Navarrette’s claims for violation of the FLSA and the California Labor 6 Code. 7 2. Definition of Employer 8 The FLSA defines an “employee” as “any individual employed by an employer,” 9 and defines an “employer” as “any person [or entity] acting directly or indirectly in the 10 interest of an employer in relation to an employee.” 29 U.S.C. § 203(d), (e)(1). Courts in 11 the Ninth Circuit apply an “economic reality” test to determine whether an individual was 12 an employee under the FLSA. That test assesses the following four factors: “whether the 13 alleged employer (1) had the power to hire and fire the employees, (2) supervised and 14 controlled employee work schedules or conditions of employment, (3) determined the 15 rate and method of payment, and (4) maintained employment records.” Dawson v. Nat’l 16 Collegiate Athletic Ass’n/Pac-12 Conference, 932 F.3d 905, 910-11 (9th Cir. 2019) 17 (citation omitted). 18 Similarly, for purposes of California Labor Code violations, to “employ” a worker 19 means: “(a) to exercise control over the wages, hours, or working conditions, or (b) to 20 suffer or permit to work, or (c) to engage, thereby creating a common law employment 21 relationship.” Martinez v. Combs, 49 Cal.4th 35, 64 (2010), as modified (June 9, 2010). 22 Butte County argues that it cannot be held liable for unpaid overtime—it did not 23 have a “right to control or direct any of the activities that made up the alleged 24 employment,” so it was not Mr. Navarrette’s employer. Further, even if Butte County was 25 involved in coordinating and scheduling the Cal-Crew program, it cannot be held liable for 26 unpaid overtime where it was unaware of the overtime hours worked. 27 Mr. Navarrette’s brief opposing Butte County’s motion is filled with additional facts 1 developed and oversaw the Cal-Crew program. But none of these additional allegations 2 point toward Butte County having any control over Mr. Navarrette’s work schedule or any 3 other type of employer control. 4 Here, Butte County was not Mr. Navarrette’s employer. The FAC and the 5 supplemental allegations (which the court need not consider) identify Butte County as a 6 contracting entity with Five Keys. None of the allegations, however, tend to demonstrate 7 that Butte County had responsibility for compensating Mr. Navarrette or that Butte County 8 controlled Mr. Navarrette’s work schedule. All the facts show that Five Keys was his 9 employer. Mr. Navarrette nowhere advances a theory of “joint employment,” where he 10 functionally worked for both Five Keys and Butte County.4 Despite the alleged contract 11 between Butte County and Five Keys related to the Cal-Crew program in which Mr. 12 Navarrette worked, Butte County did not control the terms of Mr. Navarrette’s 13 employment and therefore cannot here be held liable for any alleged violations of federal 14 or state labor laws. Butte County, because it was not Mr. Navarrette’s employer, is 15 dismissed with prejudice. 16 3. Suffer or Permit to Work 17 As defined in Title 29 U.S.C. § 203(g), “‘employ’ includes to suffer or permit to 18 work.” “[T]he words ‘suffer’ and ‘permit’ as used in the statute mean ‘with the knowledge 19 of the employer.’” Forrester v. Roth’s I.G.A. Foodliner, Inc., 646 F.2d 413, 414 (9th Cir. 20 1981) (quoting Fox v. Summit King Mines, 143 F.2d 926 (9th Cir. 1944)). An employer 21 may still be held liable for unpaid overtime based on constructive knowledge. Forrester, 22 646 F.2d at 414 (employer liable when it “knows or should have known that an employee 23 is or was working overtime”). Section 207 creates an affirmative obligation to pay 24 overtime even if a worker does not ask to be compensated. See id. at 414-15 (“employer 25 who is armed with this knowledge cannot stand idly by and allow an employee to perform 26

27 4 See Torres-Lopez v. May, 111 F.3d 633, 638 (9th Cir. 1997); see also 29 C.F.R. § 1 overtime work without proper compensation, even if the employee does not make a claim 2 for the overtime compensation”); see also 29 C.F.R. § 785.11 (“Work not requested but 3 suffered or permitted is work time”). 4 Five Keys argues that Mr. Navarrette’s overtime claims should both be dismissed 5 because he admits that his supervisors never instructed him to perform overtime work 6 without being paid. Finding select quotes from the FAC, Five Keys highlights that 7 (1) Five Keys supervisors clearly limited working hours between 6:45am and 3:15 on 8 weekdays; (2) Five Keys supervisors rejected Mr. Navarrette’s suggestion to “bank” 9 overtime hours or be paid for working overtime; (3) Five Keys supervisors instructed Mr. 10 Navarrette to work more efficiently within the designated work day in response to his 11 complaints about uncompensated overtime; and (4) Five Keys supervisors repeated this 12 instruction every three to four weeks when Mr. Navarrette requested paid overtime hours. 13 Because an employer cannot be held liable where it is not aware of the overtime hours 14 worked by an employee, Five Keys reasons, Mr. Navarrette cannot sustain a claim for 15 overtime hours not encouraged, approved, or allowed. 16 Mr. Navarrette lists five points in opposition. First, Mr. Navarrette’s supervisors 17 were aware of the hours he worked outside of normal hours because they reviewed daily 18 the “Google Sheets” documents Mr. Navarrette used for his job responsibilities, and they 19 could see the timestamp of his after-hours edits to the documents. Second, Oscar 20 Garcia (Mr. Navarrette’s direct supervisor), when he would fill in for Mr. Navarrette or his 21 colleague, would comment that the job entailed a great deal of daily work and that he 22 could not finish each required task himself within the allotted hours. Third, when Mr. 23 Navarrette raised with his supervisors the issue of unpaid overtime every three to four 24 weeks, they only responded by promising laptops for use in the field and by shifting 25 responsibilities away from Mr. Navarrette. Fourth, Mr. Navarrette recounts that on 26 multiple occasions his supervisor said that working off the clock was a part of the “culture 27 of being a supervisor” for Five Keys. Fifth, Mr. Navarrette describes that he was required 1 resource night and a Friday afternoon supervisors’ meeting). 2 Here, Mr. Navarrette’s pleading shows that Five Keys had both actual and 3 constructive knowledge of his overtime hours. It shows that Mr. Navarrette repeatedly 4 (every three to four weeks) informed his supervisors that he was working after the time 5 he was supposed to log off daily and on weekends, all in excess of 40 hours in a week. 6 Despite the supervisors’ entreaties for Mr. Navarrette to work more efficiently and to 7 complete his work within the allotted time, they still owed him for the hours suffered if 8 they were aware that he regularly worked overtime and they had constructive knowledge 9 of the overtime hours via timestamps in documents. Under both federal and state law, 10 Mr. Navarrette is entitled to the unpaid overtime wages for which he can substantiate a 11 claim. 12 Five Keys may not automatically escape liability because Mr. Navarrette was 13 discouraged from incurring the overtime hours. The deficient pleading of these overtime 14 claims warrants dismissal, but the factual allegations in the FAC do not require dismissal 15 as inconsistent or contrary to law—Mr. Navarrette advances a plausible set of facts that 16 Five Keys was aware of the overtime hours worked. Therefore, while the second and 17 third claims for overtime pay violations are dismissed as insufficiently pleaded, the court 18 finds that amendment may not prove futile, and thus, leave to amend will be afforded. 19 D. Fourth Cause of Action: Title 18 U.S.C.A. § 1116 20 Title 18 U.S.C.A. § 1116 provides, “Whoever kills or attempts to kill a foreign 21 official, official guest, or internationally protected person shall be punished as provided 22 under sections 1111, 1112, and 1113 of this title.” 18 U.S.C.A. § 1116(a). Subsection (b) 23 defines the terms used in this section, subsection (c) allows for the U.S. to exercise 24 jurisdiction over the offense if the victim is outside the United States in certain 25 circumstances, and subsection (d) allows the Attorney General to request assistance 26 from other agencies to enforce this section. Id. 27 Mr. Navarrette advances a claim for violation of § 1116 on the theory that 1 compensate him for overtime hours worked. Such a theory misses that this section is 2 narrowly tailored to punish the killing of a person. And despite Mr. Navarrette’s 3 membership in the Moorish Science Temple of America, he does not adequately allege 4 that he is an “internationally protected person” under U.S. law who was the victim of a 5 killing or attempted killing. This statute is not implicated where Mr. Navarrette alleges no 6 facts regarding an attempt to kill him. 7 In any event, courts reject any argument that one’s status as a Moor gives him or 8 her any special status as a sovereign citizen or internationally recognized person. Bey v. 9 State, 847 F.3d 559, 561 (7th Cir. 2017) (“Nor is there any basis for his contention that he 10 is not required to pay any taxes because being a Moor makes him a sovereign citizen; he 11 may be a Moor but—we emphasize, in the hope of staving off future such frivolous 12 litigation—he is not a sovereign citizen. He is a U.S. citizen and therefore unlike foreign 13 diplomats has no immunity from U.S. law.”) (emphasis in the original); United States v. 14 Coleman, 871 F.3d 470, 476 (6th Cir. 2017) (rejecting argument similar to the “meritless 15 rhetoric frequently espoused by tax protesters, sovereign citizens, and self-proclaimed 16 Moorish-Americans.”); Bey v. Gascon, 2019 WL 5191012, at *5 (N.D. Cal. Oct. 15, 2019) 17 (rejecting argument that a court lacked jurisdiction under a “‘sovereign citizen’ theory 18 because [the party] considers himself a ‘Moorish-American National.’”); Bey v. Peltier, 19 2018 WL 1858189, at *3 (C.D. Cal. Jan. 25, 2018), report and recommendation adopted, 20 2018 WL 851291 (C.D. Cal. Feb. 12, 2018) (“Because all of Plaintiff’s claims stem from 21 her frivolous assertions regarding her sovereign status and amendment would therefore 22 be futile, the Complaint must be dismissed with prejudice.”). 23 Mr. Navarrette is not an internationally protected person. Therefore, Mr. 24 Navarrette’s fourth claim for violation of § 1116 is dismissed. 25 III. Dismissal of Individual Defendants 26 Rule 4(m) requires a plaintiff to serve all defendants in an action within 90 days of 27 its filing. Fed. R. Civ. Pro. 4(m). If a plaintiff fails to do so, the court “must dismiss the 1 within a specified time.” Id. The court must extend the time for service if plaintiff shows 2 good cause for the failure to serve. Id. 3 Mr. Navarrette filed this action on April 14, 2020. Dkt. 1. Thus, he was required to 4 ensure all defendants were served by August 12, 2020. No summonses were issued for 5 the individual defendants, and they have not otherwise appeared in this lawsuit. 6 Therefore, the court dismisses defendants Garcia and Bates. 7 IV. Conclusion 8 For the above reasons, the court GRANTS defendants’ motions to dismiss. The 9 court orders the following with respect to the motions to dismiss. 10 • The § 1983 claim for violation of plaintiff's due process rights is 12 • The § 1116 claim for murder or manslaughter of a foreign official is 14 • Defendant Butte County was not plaintiff’s employer and is therefore 16 • The second and third claims for unpaid overtime (29 U.S.C. § 203(1) and 17 California Labor Code section 510) are DISMISSED WITHOUT 18 PREJUDICE. These two claims are insufficiently pleaded, but the court is 19 not convinced that amendment would prove futile. 20 • Defendants Garcia and Bates were not served within 90 days of the 21 initiation of this lawsuit as required by Rule 4(m) and are thus DISMISSED 23 Going forward, plaintiff may not seek to litigate any claims dismissed with prejudice. 24 Plaintiff may amend his complaint with respect to only the two overtime claims dismissed 25 without prejudice (bulleted immediately above) and as specified in this order. The court 26 allows plaintiff 28 days from the date of this order to file a second amended complaint 27 correcting all deficiencies in those two claims. No new claims or parties may be added 2 Dated: June 10, 2021 3 /s/ Phyllis J. Hamilton PHYLLIS J. HAMILTON 4 United States District Judge

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