Mr. Justice Cartwright
delivered the opinion of the court :
Frank L. Trutter, administrator of the estate of Frank Gricis, deceased, applied to the Industrial Commission for compensation for the death of his intestate from an injury sustained in the service of the National Zinc Company! There was a hearing before an arbitrator, resulting in an award on August 7, 1917, and on a review by the Industrial Commission the award was confirmed on December 31, 1917. A writ of certiorari was sued out of the circuit court of Sangamon county, and the decision of the Industrial Commission was reversed and the award set aside. by the court. A certificate was made that the cause was one proper to be reviewed by this court, and by virtue of that certificate the administrator sued out a writ of error.
It was agreed that Frank Gricis and the-National Zinc. Company were operating under the provisions of the Workmen’s Compensation act of 1913, and on February 19, 1915, Gricis received an injury arising out of and in the course of his employment, which resulted in his death.
The evidence was, in substance, as follows: Frank Gricis was unmarried and about twenty-two years old at the time of his death. He was a Lithuanian, born in Russian Poland, near Kovno, and lived there with his parents on a small farm worth from $300 to $400, until July 19, 1914, when he left for America, reaching Springfield, Illinois, in August and beginning work for the National Zinc Company. While he lived in Russian Poland he worked a part of the time for his father and a part of the time cultivating land for others, receiving a part of the produce for his pay. The produce thus earned was received by his father or himself, and was used, according to the custom of the country, for the support of his father and mother and their family.' His father and niother and other members of his family survived him, and the award was based on a finding of that fact and that he had contributed to the support of his father and mother within four years prior to the date of his injury and death. The objections to an award of compensation were upon the grounds that the administrator was not a proper party to make a claim for compensation, and that the evidence did not show there were persons living at the time of the hearing who were beneficiaries under the Workmen’s Compensation act.
Either an administrator, a beneficiary or an employer may file a petition for the adjustment of a claim for compensation. (Hammond Co. v. Industrial Com. 288 Ill. 262; Mississippi River Power Co. v. Industrial Com. 289 id. 353.) If an award is made to an administrator the compensation is to be' distributed pursuant to an order of the court appointing him. . In either case the existence of a beneficiary at the time of the hearing furnishes the sole basis of a claim for compensation, and an award can only be made upon affirmative proof of that fact. (Keystone Steel and Wire Co. v. Industrial Com. 289 Ill. 587.) The administrator having the burden of proving that there were beneficiaries living at the time of the hearing, offered evidence that when Frank Grids left Russian Poland he left there his father, Staponas Grids, sixty years of age, his mother, Agota Gricis, forty years of age, and brothers and sisters constituting the family. A Lithuanian who lived near Kovno testified that he saw the father and mother and a minor sister on August 15, 1915, when he left that place and started for America, coming by way of Russia, Siberia and China. He did not see the brothers, who had gone to the army, and he testified that the Germans came and took the country the last day he was there, but as he did not see the Germans that statement was stricken out by the arbitrator. Plowever, it is a matter of universal knowledge that Russian Poland was overrun by the German armies with all'the attendant consequences, and testimony of that fact was not required. There was no further evidence tending to show whether the father or mother was alive or dead after the German invasion on August 15, 1915, and the fact that they were living at that time is relied upon solely as evidence that they were living on October 24, 1917, at the time of the hearing before the commission.
As the application for compensation may be made either by a beneficiary or an administrator, the requirement of proof must necessarily be the same, and no advantage can be gained with respect to the existence of a beneficiary by an application of an administrator. In this case the application was made by the administrator on October 6, 1916, and he did not claim to have heard from the father or mother or to represent them in any way or to know anything about them, except that they were living on August 15, 1915. He depends only on the presumption of fact that the father and mother were living at the time of the hearing.
Presumptions are either of law or fact and either conclusive or rebuttable. In McCagg v. Heacock, 34 Ill. 476, it was said that legal presumptions are rules established by the common law or. by statute, founded upon the first principles of justice or the laws of nature or the experienced course of human conduct and affairs and the connection usually found to exist between certain things; that where one fact is proved or ascertained, another which uniformly exists in connection with it is presumed without proof, and many of these presumptions are conclusive and all opposing evidence is forbidden. In Sutphen v. Cushman, 35 Ill. 186, it was said that presumptions of fact are conclusions drawn from particular circumstances and are such as are formed by experience, and either do not arise or are rebutted if they do not correspond with or are not adequate to the circumstances actually proved, or, if other circumstances are proved which are inconsistent with the hypothesis, the presumption is at once rebutted. If a person is absent from his usual place of abode and no word has been received from him within seven years and no account can be given of him, these facts, on grounds of public policy, raise a rebuttable presumption that he is dead, but there is no presumption of continuance of life during the seven years or at what time during the period the death occurred. There is a general presumption of fact against a change under established and settled conditions, and where human life is once shown to exist, it will, as a matter of fact, be presumed to continue under the same conditions for a reasonable time. The presumption is based on common experience as to the continuance of life, and is of greater or less force, according to the circumstances. In Chicago and Alton Railroad Co. v. Keegan, 185 Ill. 70, it was presumed, as an inference of fact, that a man who was living on April 3, i860, was living on June 15, 1865, and it was held that such a presumption would be warranted unless the contrary was proved or was to be inferred from the nature and circumstances of the case. In Donovan v. Major, 253 Ill. 179, it was considered that all the circumstances were to be taken into account in determining the existence and force of the presumption.
When the presumption of death after seven years is applied, not only is there no presumption when the death occurred during that period, but the application of an alleged rule that continuance of life is presumed until overcome by presumption-of death would be most unreasonable in a case like this, where the right to any compensation depends upon continued existence.
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Mr. Justice Cartwright
delivered the opinion of the court :
Frank L. Trutter, administrator of the estate of Frank Gricis, deceased, applied to the Industrial Commission for compensation for the death of his intestate from an injury sustained in the service of the National Zinc Company! There was a hearing before an arbitrator, resulting in an award on August 7, 1917, and on a review by the Industrial Commission the award was confirmed on December 31, 1917. A writ of certiorari was sued out of the circuit court of Sangamon county, and the decision of the Industrial Commission was reversed and the award set aside. by the court. A certificate was made that the cause was one proper to be reviewed by this court, and by virtue of that certificate the administrator sued out a writ of error.
It was agreed that Frank Gricis and the-National Zinc. Company were operating under the provisions of the Workmen’s Compensation act of 1913, and on February 19, 1915, Gricis received an injury arising out of and in the course of his employment, which resulted in his death.
The evidence was, in substance, as follows: Frank Gricis was unmarried and about twenty-two years old at the time of his death. He was a Lithuanian, born in Russian Poland, near Kovno, and lived there with his parents on a small farm worth from $300 to $400, until July 19, 1914, when he left for America, reaching Springfield, Illinois, in August and beginning work for the National Zinc Company. While he lived in Russian Poland he worked a part of the time for his father and a part of the time cultivating land for others, receiving a part of the produce for his pay. The produce thus earned was received by his father or himself, and was used, according to the custom of the country, for the support of his father and mother and their family.' His father and niother and other members of his family survived him, and the award was based on a finding of that fact and that he had contributed to the support of his father and mother within four years prior to the date of his injury and death. The objections to an award of compensation were upon the grounds that the administrator was not a proper party to make a claim for compensation, and that the evidence did not show there were persons living at the time of the hearing who were beneficiaries under the Workmen’s Compensation act.
Either an administrator, a beneficiary or an employer may file a petition for the adjustment of a claim for compensation. (Hammond Co. v. Industrial Com. 288 Ill. 262; Mississippi River Power Co. v. Industrial Com. 289 id. 353.) If an award is made to an administrator the compensation is to be' distributed pursuant to an order of the court appointing him. . In either case the existence of a beneficiary at the time of the hearing furnishes the sole basis of a claim for compensation, and an award can only be made upon affirmative proof of that fact. (Keystone Steel and Wire Co. v. Industrial Com. 289 Ill. 587.) The administrator having the burden of proving that there were beneficiaries living at the time of the hearing, offered evidence that when Frank Grids left Russian Poland he left there his father, Staponas Grids, sixty years of age, his mother, Agota Gricis, forty years of age, and brothers and sisters constituting the family. A Lithuanian who lived near Kovno testified that he saw the father and mother and a minor sister on August 15, 1915, when he left that place and started for America, coming by way of Russia, Siberia and China. He did not see the brothers, who had gone to the army, and he testified that the Germans came and took the country the last day he was there, but as he did not see the Germans that statement was stricken out by the arbitrator. Plowever, it is a matter of universal knowledge that Russian Poland was overrun by the German armies with all'the attendant consequences, and testimony of that fact was not required. There was no further evidence tending to show whether the father or mother was alive or dead after the German invasion on August 15, 1915, and the fact that they were living at that time is relied upon solely as evidence that they were living on October 24, 1917, at the time of the hearing before the commission.
As the application for compensation may be made either by a beneficiary or an administrator, the requirement of proof must necessarily be the same, and no advantage can be gained with respect to the existence of a beneficiary by an application of an administrator. In this case the application was made by the administrator on October 6, 1916, and he did not claim to have heard from the father or mother or to represent them in any way or to know anything about them, except that they were living on August 15, 1915. He depends only on the presumption of fact that the father and mother were living at the time of the hearing.
Presumptions are either of law or fact and either conclusive or rebuttable. In McCagg v. Heacock, 34 Ill. 476, it was said that legal presumptions are rules established by the common law or. by statute, founded upon the first principles of justice or the laws of nature or the experienced course of human conduct and affairs and the connection usually found to exist between certain things; that where one fact is proved or ascertained, another which uniformly exists in connection with it is presumed without proof, and many of these presumptions are conclusive and all opposing evidence is forbidden. In Sutphen v. Cushman, 35 Ill. 186, it was said that presumptions of fact are conclusions drawn from particular circumstances and are such as are formed by experience, and either do not arise or are rebutted if they do not correspond with or are not adequate to the circumstances actually proved, or, if other circumstances are proved which are inconsistent with the hypothesis, the presumption is at once rebutted. If a person is absent from his usual place of abode and no word has been received from him within seven years and no account can be given of him, these facts, on grounds of public policy, raise a rebuttable presumption that he is dead, but there is no presumption of continuance of life during the seven years or at what time during the period the death occurred. There is a general presumption of fact against a change under established and settled conditions, and where human life is once shown to exist, it will, as a matter of fact, be presumed to continue under the same conditions for a reasonable time. The presumption is based on common experience as to the continuance of life, and is of greater or less force, according to the circumstances. In Chicago and Alton Railroad Co. v. Keegan, 185 Ill. 70, it was presumed, as an inference of fact, that a man who was living on April 3, i860, was living on June 15, 1865, and it was held that such a presumption would be warranted unless the contrary was proved or was to be inferred from the nature and circumstances of the case. In Donovan v. Major, 253 Ill. 179, it was considered that all the circumstances were to be taken into account in determining the existence and force of the presumption.
When the presumption of death after seven years is applied, not only is there no presumption when the death occurred during that period, but the application of an alleged rule that continuance of life is presumed until overcome by presumption-of death would be most unreasonable in a case like this, where the right to any compensation depends upon continued existence. By such a rule an application by an administrator for compensation to á person not heard from for any period within the seven years, and of whom no account could be given, would be sustained on the basis of •presumption. It is true that the fact of a country being overrun with hostile armies, devastated and robbed of the means of subsistence does not prove the death of any particular individual, but it does very materially affect the chances of existence of all the individuals. So far as there is any presumption of the continuance of life it is subject to be controlled by facts and circumstances and can only be said to exist with any particular force where conditions are not changed. The burden of proving that Staponas Grids and Agota Grids were still living at the time of the hearing rested upon the administrator and not on the employer, and this court has considered that there ought to be satisfactory evidence in such a case of the existence of beneficiaries, which lies at the foundation of any claim for compensation. (Keystone Steel and Wire Co. v. Industrial Com. supra.) It would hardly be regarded, as sufficient if someone applied, in the names of the father and mother, for compensation and could only show that they were living more than two years before the hearing, and the same rule must be applied to the administrator. If the commission is to act on a presumption of continued life until overcome by a presumption of death, six-years would sustain the presumption as well as two, and an age of ninety years of a beneficiary as well as sixty. It is a fair rule for all parties that the existence of a beneficiary, should be proved, rather than that an award should be made to an administrator without proof and later an inquiry whether there is anyone to whom pajunent can be made. The circuit court was right in the conclusion that the existence of the alleged beneficiaries was not sufficiently proved to justify an award.
'Upon the decision being made by the court the administrator moved to amend the proceedings by substituting Staponas Gricis and Agota Gricis as applicants for compensation and to remand the cause to the Industrial Commission for a further hearing. The court denied the motion on the ground that Staponas Gricis and Agota Gricis were hot present in court in person or by an authorized attorney or within the jurisdiction of the court and that there was no evidence that they were still living. The petition for the adjustment of the claim was filed after the amendment of 1915, and the procedure was therefore governed by that act. (Suburban Ice Co. v. Industrial Board, 274 Ill. 630.) Section 19/ provided that the court might remand the cause to the Industrial Board for further proceedings and might state the questions requiring further hearing. There being merely an insufficiency of proof as to the existence of the alleged beneficiaries, the application should have been remanded to the Industrial Commission for the purpose of permitting further proof as to that fact.
Accordingly the judgment of the circuit court is reversed and the cause remanded, with directions to remand the cause to the Industrial Commission.
Reversed and remanded, with directiom.