National Products Inc v. Innovative Intelligent Products LLC

Opinion

1 2 3 4 5

6 7 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 8 WESTERN DISTRICT OF WASHINGTON AT SEATTLE 9 10 NATIONAL PRODUCTS INC, CASE NO. 2:20-cv-00428-DGE 11 Plaintiff, ORDER ON CROSS MOTIONS 12 v. FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT (DKT. NOS. 207, 249) PRODUCTS LLC d/b/a GPS LOCKBOX, 14 Defendant. 15 16 This matter comes before the Court on cross motions for summary judgment filed by 17 Plaintiff National Products Inc. (“NPI”) and Defendant GPS Lockbox (“GPS”). For the reasons 18 explained below, Plaintiff’s motion for summary judgment (Dkt. No. 207) is GRANTED in part 19 and DENIED in part. Defendant’s motion for partial summary judgment (Dkt. No. 249) is 20 DENIED. 21

2 The Court assumes familiarity with the factual and procedural background of this case. 3 On December 22, 2023, Plaintiff filed a motion for summary judgment. (Dkt. No. 207.) 4 Plaintiff asks the Court to find Defendant infringed claim 11 of the ’026 patent and claims 10, 5 and 14–16 of the ’334 patent. (Id. at 7–16.) Plaintiff also asks the Court to find Defendant 6 engaged in indirect infringement. (Id. at 16–17.) Finally, Plaintiff contends that findings of 1) 7 no invalidity, 2) no inequitable conduct, and 3) no antitrust violation are warranted. (Id. at 17– 8 36.) 9 On December 22, 2023, Defendant filed two motions for summary judgment. (Dkt. Nos. 10 211, 215.) On May 23, 2024, the Court issued an order striking these motions for failure to 11 comply with the local rules, and directed Defendant to file a new dispositive motion no later than 12 June 3, 2024. (Dkt. No. 248.) On June 3, 2024, Defendant filed a new motion for partial 13 summary judgment. (Dkt. No. 249.) Defendant argues the Court should find all the Patents-in- 14 Suit are unenforceable due to inequitable conduct—specifically, Plaintiff’s alleged submission of

15 false inventor oaths. (Id. at 5–18.) Defendant also asks the Court to find that certain claim terms 16 are not entitled to the February 24, 2014, priority date of the predecessor ‘936 application. (Id. at 17 18–28.)

19 Summary judgment is proper if the pleadings, the discovery and disclosure materials on 20 file, and any affidavits show that there is “no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the 21 moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c). A fact is 22 material if it “might affect the outcome of the suit under the governing law.” Anderson v. 23 Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986). A dispute of material fact is genuine if there is 24 1 sufficient evidence on the record for a reasonable trier of fact to return a verdict for the 2 nonmoving party. Id. The party moving for summary judgement bears the initial burden of 3 identifying the portions of the pleadings, discovery, and affidavits that show the absence of a 4 genuine dispute of material fact. Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323 (1985). The 5 moving party may meet this burden by showing the non-moving party has failed to provide

6 evidence in support of their case. Id. at 325; see also Fairbank v. Wunderman Cato Johnson, 7 212 F.3d 528, 531 (9th Cir. 2000). 8 If the moving party meets its initial burden, the nonmoving party must point to specific 9 evidence in the record showing that there is a genuine issue for trial. Anderson, 477 U.S. at 250; 10 T.W. Elec. Service Inc. v. Pacific Elec. Contractors Ass’n, 809 F.2d 626, 630 (9th Cir. 1987) 11 (“[T]he nonmoving party may not rely on the mere allegations in the pleadings in order to 12 preclude summary judgement.”). If the nonmoving party fails to put forth such evidence, then 13 the moving party is entitled to judgement as a matter of law. Celotex, 477 U.S. at 323. In 14 determining whether a genuine dispute of material fact exists, “[t]he deciding court must view

15 the evidence, including all reasonable inferences, in favor of the non-moving party.” Reed v. 16 Lieurance, 863 F.3d 1196, 1204 (9th Cir. 2017). Disputed facts “that might affect the outcome 17 of the suit under the governing law will properly preclude the entry of summary judgment,” but 18 irrelevant or inconsequential disputes will not preclude summary judgment. Anderson, 477 U.S. 19 at 248.

21 A. Plaintiff’s Motion for Summary Judgment (Dkt. No. 207)

22 1. Infringement

23 24 1 Plaintiff argues that if the Court grants its motion to strike the untimely infringement 2 theories of Defendant’s technical expert, Dr. Kimberly Cameron, there is no dispute that claim 3 limitations are present in the Accused Products. (Dkt. No. 207 at 7.) Plaintiff argues that its 4 technical expert, James Babcock, opined that each limitation of every Asserted Claim is present 5 in the Accused Products. (Id.) Plaintiff argues that if Dr. Cameron’s noninfringement theories

6 are stricken, Babcock’s opinion will be undisputed and summary judgment of infringement 7 would be appropriate. (Id.) Defendant argues that even if the Court strikes Dr. Cameron’s 8 noninfringement theories, there still remains a factual dispute between the parties concerning 9 infringement. Defendant contends noninfringement “has also been shown by GPS and NPI fact 10 witnesses, such as for example, Mr. Dovey and Mr. Carnevali.” (Dkt. No. 239 at 4 n.2.) 11 The Court has stricken Dr. Cameron’s noninfringement theories with respect to several of 12 the claim terms at issue because they were not disclosed in Defendant’s noninfringement and 13 invalidity contentions, specifically: (a) base receiver, (b) female connector, and (c) docking or 14 female connector disposed within a docking support surface. (Dkt. No. 254 at 16–22.) To the

15 extent Dr. Cameron’s reports assert noninfringement theories not previously disclosed, 16 Defendant may not rely upon these theories to oppose Plaintiff’s motion for summary judgment. 17 Further, if the party moving for summary judgment meets its initial burden of identifying 18 for the court the portions of the materials on file that it believes demonstrate the absence of any 19 genuine issue of material fact, the nonmoving party “may not rely on the mere allegations in the 20 pleadings in order to preclude summary judgment.” TW Elec. Serv., Inc. v. Pac. Elec. 21 Contractors Ass’n, 809 F.2d 626, 630 (9th Cir. 1987). “Instead, it must produce at least some 22 “significant probative evidence tending to support the complaint.” Id. A “party may not rely on 23 mere speculation or conjecture as to the true nature of the facts to overcome a motion for 24 1 summary judgment,” because “[m]ere conclusory allegations or denials . . . cannot by themselves 2 create a genuine issue of material fact where none would otherwise exist.” Hicks v. Baines, 593 3 F.3d 159, 166 (2d Cir. 2010) (internal citation omitted). 4 In his expert reports, Babcock opined that the Accused Products practice all the Asserted 5 Claims. (Dkt. Nos. 208-11 at 143–338; 208-13 at 18–51.) Defendant’s conclusory assertion

6 concerning certain unidentified statements by Dovey and Carnevali is not sufficient to create a 7 genuine dispute of material fact regarding infringement. A party asserting that a fact cannot be 8 or is genuinely disputed must support the assertion by citing to “particular parts of materials in 9 the record, [such as] depositions, documents, electronically stored information, affidavits or 10 declarations, stipulations [], admissions, interrogatory answers, or other materials.” Fed. R. Civ. 11 P 56(c)(1)(A). Defendant has not provided any citations to the record to support its assertion, 12 and “[i]t is not the court’s job to sift through the record in order to determine whether a party's 13 conclusory argument has factual support.” Rogozinski v. Hartford Life and Acc. Ins. Co., Case 14 No. 04 C 6947, 2007 WL 2409810, at *7 (N.D. Ill. Aug. 21, 2007); United States v. Dunkel, 927

15 F.2d 955, 956 (7th Cir. 1991) (“Judges are not like pigs, hunting for truffles buried in [the 16 record].”). 17 Accordingly, the Court finds that to the extent Defendant’s position regarding 18 noninfringement rests upon theories stricken from Dr. Cameron’s report, Defendant may not rely 19 upon these theories to oppose Plaintiff’s motion for summary judgment. To the extent 20 Defendant’s position relies upon unspecified testimony from Dovey and Carnevali, this is not 21 sufficient to raise a genuine issue of material fact regarding noninfringement. 22 a. Claim 11 of the ‘026 Patent

23 i. Base Receiver

24 1 “A determination of infringement generally requires a two-step analysis—the court first 2 determines the scope and meaning of the claims asserted, and then the properly construed claims 3 are compared to the allegedly infringing device (for an apparatus claim) or allegedly infringing 4 act (for a method claim).” Niazi Licensing Corp. v. St. Jude Med. S.C., Inc., 30 F.4th 1339, 1350 5 (Fed. Cir. 2022). “An infringement issue is properly decided upon summary judgment when no

6 reasonable jury could find every limitation recited in the properly construed claim is or is not 7 found in the accused device either literally or under the doctrine of equivalents.” Gart v. 8 Logitech, Inc., 254 F.3d 1334, 1339 (Fed. Cir. 2001). 9 The term “base receiver” appears in claims 1, 8, and 10 of the ‘026 patent and claims 1, 10 5, and 8 of the ‘309 patent. In its order regarding claim construction, the Court construed the 11 term as “a portion of a docking cradle adapted to receive the electronic device cover.” (Dkt. No. 12 124 at 17.) 13 Plaintiff contends there is no dispute that the Accused Product is comprised of a docking 14 cradle and an electronic device cover. (Dkt. No. 207 at 8.) Plaintiff contends the only question

15 remaining is whether a portion of the accused docking cradle receives the protective cover. (Id.) 16 Plaintiff argues Defendant’s own documents, which describe the purpose of its docking cradle as 17 “[l]ock[ing] in [the] [t]ablet for a [s]ecure and [t]ight [f]it,” leave no doubt that the accused 18 cradle has a base receiver. (Id.) Plaintiff argues the presence of hooks in the docking cradle that 19 help hold the protective cover does not mean that the docking cradle lacks “a portion . . . adapted 20 to receive the electronic device cover.” (Id. at 9.) 21 Defendant argues Babcock “cannot attest without factual dispute that these elements are 22 met or not, because he cannot determine whether GPS’s prior art products such as the UP7 have 23 them.” (Dkt. No. 239 at 4.) Defendant cites deposition testimony, during which Babcock was 24 1 asked whether Defendant’s UltraPro7 product had a base receiver. (Dkt. No. 240-1 at 6.) 2 Babcock responded that his task with respect to the devices in question was to rebut Dr. 3 Cameron’s opinions that they were prior art and acceptable non-infringing alternatives, not to 4 perform “an element-by-element analysis” of the device. (Id.) 5 The Court agrees with Plaintiff that the relevant question with respect to infringement is

6 whether a “portion” of the accused docking cradle is “adapted to receive” the protective cover. 7 In its preliminary non-infringement contentions, Defendant asserted a base receiver was “a lower 8 lip extending upward from the tray of the cradle that envelopes (sic) the lower edge and lower 9 side portions of the cover holding the electronic device.” (Dkt. No. 208-15 at 8.) Defendant 10 argued the Accused Products do not infringe Plaintiff’s patents because they “do[] not have any 11 such a (sic) lower lip . . . but instead ha[ve] two prongs that hold the bottom of the case.”1 (Id. at 12 9.) 13 In his initial expert report, Babcock opined that each of the Accused Products includes “a 14 docking cradle configured to receive the cover and comprising a base receiver to receive the

15 cover.” (Dkt. No. 208-11 at 200.) Babcock stated that “[e]ach accused docking cradle includes a 16 docking cradle, which comprises a base receiver configured to receive the cover for an electronic 17 device.” (Id.) Babcock further opined that each accused docking cradle comprises a base 18 receiver as construed by the Court in its claims construction order “because it is a docking cradle 19 with a portion adapted to receive the electronic device cover.” (Id. at 202.) 20

21 1 In her expert report, Dr. Cameron opined that Defendant’s products do not infringe because “[i]n the accused products, it is the case that receives claws of the cradle, not the base of the 22 cradle that receives the case as in the asserted claims.” (Dkt. No. 208-4 at 55.) Because this opinion was new and different from Defendant’s preliminary noninfringement contentions, the 23 Court has stricken this portion of Dr. Cameron’s opinion. (Dkt. No. 254 at 16–18.) The Court noted that its construction of the term “base receiver” did not include any reference to a lower 24 lip. (Id. at 17.) 1 Based on the evidence presented, there does not appear to be a genuine factual dispute 2 concerning whether some portion of the docking cradle is adapted to receive the electronic 3 device cover. Defendant’s own promotional materials describe a docking cradle with “[c]radle 4 [h]ooks” that “[l]ock in [the] [t]ablet for a [s]ecure and [t]ight [f]it”. (Dkt. No. 209-8 at 10.) The 5 presence of additional components that hold the electronic device cover in place, variously

6 referred to in the pleadings as “prongs,” “claws,” or “cradle hooks” is not an element of the 7 Court’s construction of the term and does not preclude the Accused Products from having a base 8 receiver. A.B. Dick Co. v. Burroughs Corp., 713 F.2d 700, 703 (Fed. Cir. 1983) (“It is 9 fundamental that one cannot avoid infringement merely by adding elements if each element 10 recited in the claims is found in the accused device.”); Vulcan Eng. Co., Inc. v. Fata Aluminium, 11 Inc., 278 F.3d 1366, 1375–1376 (Fed. Cir. 2002) (“when all of the claimed features are present in 12 the accused system, the use of additional features does not avoid infringement.”). Accordingly, 13 based on the Court’s claim construction, the Court finds there is no genuine dispute of fact that 14 the Accused Products have a base receiver.

15 ii. Rim to Guide Proper Mating

16 The term “a rim guide to proper mating” appears in claims 1, 8, and 10 of the ‘026 patent, 17 claims 1 and 11 of the ‘515 patent, and claims 1 and 10 of the ‘334 patent. Plaintiff argues there 18 is no dispute that the docking connector on the Accused Products has a rim and that the rim 19 guides mating of the complementary shaped connector on the protective cover to the docking 20 connector. (Dkt. No. 207 at 10.) Plaintiff cites Babcock’s expert report, in which he opined that 21 “the rim on the docking connector of each accused docking cradle guides proper mating of the 22 contactor to the docking connector of the docking cradle . . . [t]his is evident from the 23 complementary structure of the male and female connectors.” (Dkt. No. 208-11 at 209–210.) In 24 1 response, Defendant cites Dr. Cameron’s rebuttal report, which “shows that the edges (sic) 2 Magtron magnetic connector are not male-female rims” and “completely dismantles” the 3 argument that the edges “guide” mating of the connector “by showing that the device works fine 4 without those edges.” (Dkt. No. 239 at 5.) 5 In construing the term “rim,” the Court adopted the plain and ordinary meaning of this

6 term. (Dkt. No. 124 at 17.) In her report, Dr. Cameron asserts the Accused Products do not have 7 a rim based on the plain and ordinary meaning of the term because “[n]either what Mr. Babcock 8 points to as a female connector, nor what he points to as a male positioning interface has a rim, 9 nor what he points to as a docking connector has a rim.” (Dkt. No. 208-4 at 64.) Dr. Cameron 10 explains there is no rim on the docking connector because “[i]n the context of the asserted 11 patents, a ‘rim to guide proper mating’ is not simply a straight line at the edge of a part.” (Id. at 12 64–65.) Dr. Cameron argues that each side of the MAGTRON system has a surface with 13 contacts and that the two surfaces contact when the case of electronic device is held by the claws 14 of the cradle. (Id. at 65.) Dr. Cameron asserts that the “edges” labeled by Babcock “are not rims

15 but just straight edges that do not even encompass the contactor surface.” (Id.) Dr. Cameron 16 claims that if the features of the MAGTRON system were considered rims then the term would 17 lose all meaning “because every edge of any contacting surface would then be a rim.” (Id.) 18 To demonstrate the lack of guidance provided by the structures Babcock alleged were 19 critical to guide proper mating, Cameron removed the structures from the MAGTRON charging 20 wire. (Id. at 65–66.) Cameron argues this “shaved-off” device worked well because “the 21 contacts were held together, just holding the two pieces near each other in open air and letting 22 the magnets pull them together.” (Id. at 66.) Cameron contends that in this modified device, 23 “the lack of edges is unnoticeable, demonstrating their lack of function in such devices.” (Id.) 24 1 Based on the Court’s construction, the Court finds there is no genuine dispute of material 2 fact that the Accused Products have a “rim” that “guides” proper mating. During the Markman 3 hearing, the Court explained its understanding of the term, citing examples of rims including a 4 basketball rim, a rim of a cup, the rim of a tub, and the rim of a cutting board, where “[t]he outer 5 portion is the rim.” (Dkt. No. 208-28 at 3.) The Court also cited the example of a sink with a

6 cover that fits over the sink and which can be used as a cutting board. (Id. at 4.) The Court 7 noted that the sink had a rim and that “the portion that you put into the sink to cover it, to make it 8 all flat, that has an outer rim.” (Id.) The Court further noted that in this example, the sink’s rim 9 is “like a female rim versus the portion that you put over the sink to make it all flat has a [male] 10 rim.” (Id.) Based on this understanding and the evidence presented, it is clear that the Accused 11 Products have a rim. 12 Dr. Cameron’s argument concerning a modified version of the MAGTRON system is 13 unpersuasive and insufficient to raise a genuine issue of material fact concerning whether the 14 Accused Products have a rim that “guides” proper mating. This is because the removal of a rim

15 in the Accused Products does not negate the rim’s purpose. As Babcock identifies, “[t]he fact 16 that the two connectors can be forced together mechanically without the rim does not mean that 17 the rim, when present, plays no role in guiding the two connectors together.” (Dkt. No. 208-13 18 at 43–44.) The rim in the Accused Products still serves a guiding purpose and to the extent the 19 magnets play any role in mating between the connectors, that role would be complimentary and 20 would not subsume the rim’s purpose. (See id. at 48) (“such role is minimal or negligible”). 21 Accordingly, based on the Court’s claim construction, the Court finds there is no genuine 22 dispute of fact that the Accused Products have a rim to guide proper mating. 23 iii. Male and Female Connectors (Portions)

24 1 The terms “male portion” and “female portion” appear in claim 11 of the ‘026 patent. 2 The Court construed “male portion” as being consistent with its plain and ordinary meaning. 3 However, to assist the trier of fact, the Court construed “male connector” and “male portion” as 4 “a connector that protrudes from the surrounding area for mating with a connector 5 having a complementary shaped inward recess.” (Dkt. No. 124 at 17.) The Court similarly

6 construed “female portion” as being consistent with its plain and ordinary meaning. To assist the 7 trier of fact, the Court construed “female connector,” “female portion,” and “female receptacle” 8 as “an inwardly recessed connector for mating with a complementary shaped protruding 9 connector.” (Id.) 10 Plaintiff argues Defendant’s Rule 30(b)(6) witness confirmed that the connector on the 11 protective cover “sticks out” from the surrounding area and that the female connector is 12 complementary in shape to the male connector. (Dkt. No. 207 at 12.) Plaintiff further contends 13 Defendant admitted that the docking connector in the Accused Products has a “recess.” (Id.) In 14 response, Defendant again cites Babcock’s deposition testimony, in which he was asked whether,

15 prior to reading Claim 1 of the ‘309 patent, he had ever looked at a Samsung mobile phone and 16 thought that the phone had a male connector. (Dkt. No. 240-1 at 2–3.) Babcock responded that 17 he was unable to answer because the male connector at issue was part of the claim language 18 Defendant was preventing him from using in his answer, and ultimately concluded that the 19 question “ma[de] no sense.” (Id. at 3.) The Court fails to see how this exchange raises a genuine 20 issue of material fact with respect to the presence of these claim elements in the Accused 21 Products. 22 In her report, Dr. Cameron argued that, based on the Court’s construction, the 23 MAGTRON system is not a male and female connector. (Dkt. No. 208-4 at 62.) Dr. Cameron 24 1 references an image of the case and charging cord used with the S3/S4 product to argue the 2 MAGTRON system is not a male and female connector because “[t]here is no receptacle or 3 recess on the charging cord” the charging cord “is simply held in place by magnets.” (Dkt. No. 4 208-4 at 61–62.) Dr. Cameron further states that the “slight curvature of the contact face in the 5 MAGTRON system does not turn the end of the charging cord into a female connector or

6 receptacle” and argues the MAGTRON system “does not suddenly become a male and female 7 connector simply by incorporation into the accused products as none of the surrounding 8 structures are used.” (Id. at 62.) 9 Plaintiff argues Dr. Cameron analyzed non-accused products, concluded those products 10 did not have male or female connectors under the Court’s construction, and then asserted that 11 those products were identical to the Accused Products. (Dkt. No. 207 at 13.) Plaintiff asserts 12 that Dr. Cameron’s analysis focused on the case and charging cord used with the S3/S4 product, 13 which are prior art products not accused of infringement, and contends Dr. Cameron is setting 14 forth an improper “practicing the prior art” defense to infringement. (Id.)

15 Plaintiff cites Dr. Cameron’s deposition testimony, during which she stated the 16 MAGTRON electrical connector was “part of the system that’s accused” of patent infringement, 17 but acknowledged that the case and charging cord used with the S3/S4 product were not accused 18 of infringement. (Dkt. No. 208-6 at 9.) Elsewhere in her deposition, Dr. Cameron argued that 19 while there were “minor differences” between prior art products such as the S3/S4, Mega, and 20 UP7 and the Accused Products, all the products were “basically the same” for purposes of claims 21 analysis. (Id. at 11.) 22 A “practicing the prior art” defense typically refers to the situation where an accused 23 infringer “compares the accused infringing behavior to the prior art in an attempt to prove that its 24 1 conduct is either noninfringing or the patent is invalid as anticipated because the accused conduct 2 is simply “practicing the prior art.” Cordance Corp. v. Amazon.com, Inc., 658 F.3d 1330, 1337 3 (Fed. Cir. 2011). “[S]uch a defense . . . conflate[s] the infringement and invalidity inquiries. In 4 essence, an accused infringer forsakes any comparison between the asserted claims and the 5 accused product, relying instead upon purported similarities between the accused product and the

6 prior art.” 01 Communique Lab’y, Inc. v. Citrix Sys., Inc., 889 F.3d 735, 742 (Fed. Cir. 2018). 7 Defendant does not respond to Plaintiff’s contention that Dr. Cameron’s report presents a 8 “practicing the prior art” defense. In her report, Dr. Cameron analyzed non-accused products 9 with certain components included in the Accused Products, concluded these non-accused 10 products did not have male and female connectors, and based her conclusion on the assumption 11 that the non-accused prior art products were “basically the same” as the Accused Products for 12 purposes of claims analysis. In so doing, Dr. Cameron has set forth an improper “practicing the 13 prior art” defense to infringement which cannot be relied upon at the summary judgment stage. 14 Plaintiff further contends Dr. Cameron’s opinion is at odds with admissions made

15 elsewhere by GPS. Plaintiff argues the alleged prior art products materially differ from the 16 Accused Products because the case of the S3/S4 product lacks a male connector. (Dkt. No. 207 17 at 14.) In support of its argument, Plaintiff cites documents submitted in support of Defendant’s 18 invalidity contentions, in which Defendant argues one of the Accused Products lacks a male 19 connector. (Dkt. Nos. 208-13 at 34; 208-18 at 13.) Plaintiff also argues that Dr. Cameron’s 20 opinion that the accused docking connector lacks a “recess” contradicts GPS’s contentions. 21 (Dkt. No. 207 at 14.) Plaintiff contrasts Dr. Cameron’s opinion with GPS’s infringement and 22 invalidity contentions, in which it asserts the magnetic connector does have a recess. (Dkt. No. 23 208-15 at 34, 57, 64.) Plaintiff contends that Dr. Cameron’s suggestion that the connectors must 24 1 “hold” each other conflicts with the Court’s claim construction, which contains no such 2 requirement. (Dkt. No. 207 at 14.) Defendant does not respond to any of these arguments. 3 Accordingly, the Court finds there is no genuine dispute of material fact that these claim 4 elements are present in the Accused Products. 5 b. Claims 10 and 14–16 of the ‘334 Patent

6 Plaintiff contends Defendant admitted, in an inter partes review petition filed with the 7 United States Patent and Trademark Office (“PTO”), that the Accused Products contain every 8 limitation of claims 10, and 14–16 of the ’334 patent. (Dkt. No. 207 at 15.) Plaintiff cites 9 annotated descriptions of an accused “Flex” product submitted to the PTO by Defendant. (Id. at 10 15–16.) Plaintiff argues Defendant’s Rule 30(b)(6) witness, GPS founder Jack Dovey, 11 confirmed these annotations accurately depicted various features of the Accused Products. (Id. 12 at 16.) Plaintiff argues summary judgment is appropriate based on GPS’s admissions. (Id.) 13 Defendant argues the inter partes review was a different proceeding with a different burden of 14 proof. (Dkt. No. 239 at 6.) Defendant contends the inter partes review petition was based on the

15 “PO’s [Patent Owner’s] theories of infringement” which it never agreed with or endorsed. (Id.) 16 In its inter partes review petition filed with the PTO, Defendant argued that all the 17 challenged claims in the ‘334 patent were “each separately, independently anticipated by AP 18 Publications”2 based on a priority date of December 27, 2018. (Dkt. No. 208-23 at 3.) 19 Defendant argued that the publications cited in its petition disclosed all the limitations contained 20 in claims 10, 14, 15, and 16 of the ‘334 patent. (Id. at 15–18.) 21 22

23 2 “AP Publications” refers to several webpages and YouTube videos which allegedly featured Defendant’s Accused Products prior to December 27, 2018. (Dkt. No. 208-23 at 4.) 24 1 In her expert report, Dr. Cameron opined that the “connector” referenced in claim 10 of 2 the ‘334 patent “is encased in essentially unremovable plastic held by hex screws, which would 3 not be available for the ordinary person.” (Dkt. No. 208-4 at 70.) Plaintiff argues Dr. Cameron’s 4 analysis conflicts with Dovey’s admissions and is not credible. (Dkt. No. 207 at 16.) In 5 response, Defendant offers an incomplete sentence, stating the “the adapter in the case is not at

6 all detachable in the S3/S4 and MEGA3, but is more easily (sic)”. (Dkt. No. 239 at 6.) 7 It is unclear what product Dr. Cameron references when she uses the phrase “[d]etachable 8 connector.” (See Dkt. No. 208-4 at 70.) This term does not appear in claim 10 of the ‘334 9 patent. Rather, the claim addresses an “adapter” which “is detachable from the hard shell.” 10 (Dkt. No. 70-4 at 54.) Presumably, Dr. Cameron is referring to the loose cord MAGRTON 11 connector used in the S3, S4, and MEGA cases (see Dkt. No. 208-12 at 31–35), which do appear 12 to be encased in essentially unremovable plastic held by screws and which are not in dispute. 13 The annotated image provided by Defendant in connection with its inter partes review 14 petition shows a disassembled version of GPS’s “Flex” product in which the adapter has been

15 detached from the hard shell. (Dkt. No. 208-23 at 7.) During his Rule 30(b)(6) deposition, 16 Dovey confirmed that these annotations accurately described the components of GPS Lockbox’s 17 product. (Dkt. No. 208-21 at 13.) In a declaration submitted with GPS’s petition for inter partes 18 review, Dovey stated that “[l]ike several versions of our products, the adapter of the Flex product 19 shown [above] was detachable from the hard shell.” (Dkt. No. 208-24 at 8.) 20 In its order regarding claims construction, the Court questioned Defendant’s assertion 21 that the adapter was “essentially unremovable” from the hard shell, finding that a person of 22

23 3 Plaintiff concedes these alleged prior art products lack a detachable adapter. (Dkt. Nos. 208-12 at 70–73; 244 at 9.) 24 1 ordinary skill in the art or a layperson would understand a user’s ability to “detach” the adapter 2 from the hard shell without destroying the cover. (Dkt. No. 124 at 7.) The image provided by 3 Defendant in connection with its petition for inter partes review indicates that the adapter is 4 detachable from the hard shell, and contrary to Dr. Cameron’s purported opinion, does not 5 appear to be affixed in position by hex screws. Accordingly, the Court finds there is no genuine

6 dispute of material fact concerning whether the Accused Product has an adapter that is 7 detachable from the hard shell. 8 The term “a rim guide to proper mating” also appears in claims 1 and 10 of the ‘334 9 patent. For the reasons discussed above, the Court finds there is no genuine dispute of material 10 fact concerning whether this claim element is found in the Accused Products. 11 Defendant also argues, briefly, that several other claim terms of the ‘334 patent are 12 disputed between the parties including a) “male positioning interface/male plug”, b) “female 13 socket”, and c) “hard shell”.4 (Dkt. No. 239 at 6.) Defendant re-asserts its arguments concerning 14 male and female connectors, which the Court finds unpersuasive for the reasons discussed above.

15 With respect to hard shell, Defendant argues Babcock has taken the “non-sensical position” that 16 a skilled artisan reading claim 10 in light of the disclosure of the ’334 patent would not 17 understand the term hard shell limited to being used with a “soft cover.” (Dkt. Nos. 208-11 at 18 246; 239 at 6.) The parties did not dispute the construction of the term “hard shell” in isolation 19 at the claims construction stage. The parties did dispute the construction of the term “the adapter 20 is detachable from the hard shell by a user,” but focused their arguments on whether the adapter 21

22 4 Plaintiff notes that Defendant disclosed its arguments concerning these claim terms for the first time in its opposition. (Dkt. No. 244 at 9.) Plaintiff also argues, persuasively, that several of 23 Defendant’s arguments concerning these terms are at odds with GPS’s own admissions and descriptions of its products. (Id.) 24 1 was “detachable” not whether the shell was “hard.” Since the Court has not construed this term, 2 it cannot evaluate whether this claim element is present in the Accused Products. 3 Accordingly, the Court finds there is no genuine dispute of material fact that all the 4 limitations of claims 10 and 14–16 of the ’334 patent are present in the Accused Products. 5 All told, Plaintiff’s motion for summary judgement of infringement is GRANTED as to

6 claim 11 of the ‘026 patent and claims 10 and 14–16 of the ‘334 patent. 7 c. Indirect Infringement

8 Plaintiff argues that for any claim Defendant directly infringes, the Court may enter 9 judgment that Defendant induces infringement of that claim by third parties. (Dkt. No. 207 at 10 16–17.) Plaintiff further asserts that Defendant contributes to the infringement of any system 11 claim comprising both a cover and a docking cradle by providing those component parts, “e.g., 12 claim 11 of the ‘026 patent and claim 16 of the ‘334 patent.” (Id.) 13 Liability for indirect infringement—whether inducement or contributory infringement— 14 may arise only if the claim is predicated on direct infringement. Limelight Networks, Inc. v. 15 Akamai Technologies, Inc. 572 U.S. 915, 921 (2014) (citing Aro Mfg. Co. v. Convertible Top 16 Replacement Co., 365 U.S. 336, 341 (1961)). The Court has found supra that there is no genuine 17 dispute of material fact that the ‘026 and ‘334 patents are infringed. However, Plaintiff never 18 claimed indirect infringement of the ‘026 and ‘334 patents, only the ‘515 and ‘309 patents. (Dkt. 19 No. 43 at 6–18). Indirect infringement therefore cannot be granted on these two patents; indirect 20 infringement claims for these two patents were never plead. And Plaintiff did not move for 21 22 23 24 1 summary judgement on claims 1 or 3 of the ‘309 patent,5 which means the Court has not made a 2 finding of direct infringement. 3 Accordingly, Plaintiff’s motion for summary judgment of induced and contributory 4 infringement is DENIED. 5 2. Invalidity

6 Patents enjoy a “presumption of validity” that “can be overcome only through clear and 7 convincing evidence.” Eli Lily and Co. V. Barr Laboratories, Inc., 251 F.3d 955, 962 (Fed. Cir. 8 2001) (citing 35 U.S.C. § 282). Accordingly, “a moving party seeking to have a patent held not 9 invalid at summary judgement must show that the nonmoving party, who bears the burden of 10 proof at trial, failed to produce clear and convincing evidence on an essential element of a 11 defense upon which a reasonable jury could invalidate the patent.” Id. 12 a. Anticipation 13 Under 35 U.S.C. § 102, a patent may be found invalid as anticipated if clear and 14 convincing evidence demonstrates that “every element and limitation of the claim was previously

15 described in a single prior art reference, either expressly or inherently, so as to place a person of 16 ordinary skill in possession of the invention.” Sanofi-Synthelabo v. Apotex, Inc., 550 F.3d 1075, 17 1082 (Fed. Cir. 2000). Anticipating prior art must also be enabling, meaning that “a person of 18 ordinary skill in the field of the invention can practice the subject matter based on the [prior art], 19 without undue experimentation.” Id. The Federal Circuit has emphasized that “mere proof that 20 the prior art is identical, in all material respects, to an allegedly infringing product cannot 21 constitute clear and convincing evidence of invalidity.” Zenith Electronics Corp. v. PDI 22

23 5 Eight claims remain live: claims 1 and 11 of the ’026 patent; claims 10 and 14–16 of the ’334 patent; and claims 1 and 3 of the ’309 patent. (Dkt. No. 252 at 16.) 24 1 Commc’n Sys., 522 F.3d 1348, 1363 (Fed. Cir. 2008). Instead, “testimony concerning 2 anticipation must be testimony from one skilled in the art and must identify each claim element, 3 state the witnesses’ interpretation of the claim element, and explain in detail how each claim 4 element is disclosed in the prior art reference.” Schumer v. Laboratory Comput. Sys., Inc. 308 5 F.3d 1304, 1315 (Fed. Cir. 2002).

6 Plaintiff asserts that the court may grant summary judgement of no anticipation as to all 7 the Asserted Claims because Defendant’s expert “fails to perform an element-by-element 8 analysis comparing the limitations of any Asserted Claim to the three alleged prior art products.” 9 (Dkt. No. 207 at 18) (emphasis in original).6 Defendant responds that “there is no need to do an 10 element-by-element comparison between the claims-in-suit and the S3/S4, MEGA, and UP7 11 because those products, in terms of whether they infringe and/or anticipate, are the same as the 12 accused products.” (Dkt. No. 239 at 6.) To support this argument, Defendant cites a classic rule: 13 “[t]hat which would literally infringe if later in time anticipates if earlier than the date of 14 invention.” Id. (citing Lewmar Marine, Inc. v. Barinet, Inc. 827 F.2d 744, 747 (1987)).

15 However, the S3/S4, MEGA, and UP7 products are not themselves accused of infringement. 16 Unless the allegedly anticipating products are also the products accused of infringement—in 17 which case there is a narrow exception to the required element-by-element anticipation 18 analysis—the caselaw is clear that a defendant must compare each element of the patentee’s 19 claims with the alleged prior art reference to produce clear and convincing evidence of 20 anticipation. See Vanmoor v. Wal–Mart Stores, Inc., 201 F.3d 1363, 1366 (Fed. Cir. 2000); 21

22 6 In the alternative, Plaintiff argues that the court can grant summary judgement of no anticipation or obviousness as to all Asserted Claims based on the S3/S4 and Mega products and 23 summary judgement of no anticipation or obviousness for the ‘026 and ‘309 patents based on the UP7. (Dkt. No. 207 at 20–22.) 24 1 Bennet Regulator Guards, Inc. v. Canadian Meter Co. Inc. 184 Fed. Appx. 977, 978 n.1 (Fed. 2 Cir. 2006). Indeed, Lewmar, the case Defendant cites to support its theory, affirms the rule that a 3 Defendant claiming anticipation must prove “the presence in a single prior art disclosure of each 4 and every element of a claimed invention.” Lewar, 827 F.2d at 747. 5 Thus, Defendant cannot survive a summary judgement motion for no invalidity by

6 anticipation without providing evidence that compares each of the claims to the alleged prior art 7 items. See Schumer, 308 F.3d at 1315; Motorola, Inc. v. Interdigital Tech. Corp., 121 F.3d 1461, 8 1473 (Fed. Cir. 1997) (finding that “[a]n expert’s conclusory testimony, unsupported by the 9 documentary evidence” is not sufficient to satisfy the “rigors of [showing] anticipation”); Nextec 10 Applications v. Brookwood Companies, Inc., 703 F.Supp.2d 390, 423 (S.D. N.Y. 2010) (finding 11 that expert testimony stating the accused products were “the same in all material respects to 12 those practiced and disclosed in prior art” was insufficient and that Defendant “must introduce 13 facts sufficient to enable a jury to find by clear and convincing evidence that one or more of 14 these items of prior art discloses every element” of the asserted claims”); Metaswitch Networks

15 Ltd. v. Genband US LLC, Case No. 2:14-cv-744-JRG-RSP, 2016 WL 3618831, at *7 (E.D. Tex. 16 Mar. 1, 2016) (finding that “proof that the accused product and the prior art are similar, 17 comparable, or even materially identical, is not sufficient” to prove anticipation); Inline 18 Connection Corp. v. Earthlink, 684 F.Supp.2d 496, 513 (D. Del. 2010). As Plaintiff points out, 19 Defendant, citing nothing, simply suggests that Dr. Cameron’s conclusory statement is sufficient 20 to create a genuine dispute of material fact as to whether the alleged prior art anticipates the 21 Asserted Claims. (See Dkt. No. 239 at 6–7) (referencing Dkt. No. 208-2 at 38). In the context of 22 anticipation analysis, “[i]t is not . . . the task of the district court[] to attempt to interpret 23 24 1 confusing or general testimony to determine whether a case of invalidity has been made out, 2 particularly at the summary judgment stage.”7 Schumer, 308 F.3d at 1316. 3 Accordingly, because Defendant fails to identify each claim element and clearly explain 4 how it is disclosed in the alleged prior art references, the Court GRANTS Plaintiff’s motion for 5 no invalidity by anticipation on summary judgement.

6 b. Obviousness 7 35 U.S.C § 103 establishes that a patent is invalid “if the differences between the claimed 8 invention and the prior art are such that the claimed invention as a whole would have been 9 obvious before the effective filing date of the claimed invention to a person having ordinary skill 10 in the art to which the claimed invention pertains.” “Obviousness is a question of law based on 11 underlying factual determinations, including: (1) the scope and content of prior art; (2) 12 differences between prior art and claims; (3) the level of ordinary skill in the art; and (4) 13 objective indicia of nonobviousness.” PAR Pharm., Inc. v. TWI Pharms., Inc., 773 F.3d 1186, 14 1193 (Fed. Cir. 2014) (citing Graham v. John Deere Co., 383 U.S. 1, 17–18 (1966)). A party

15 arguing that a patent is invalid for obviousness “must demonstrate by clear and convincing 16

17 7 The Federal Circuit further instructed that “to accept confusing or generalized testimony as evidence of invalidity is improper. The risk is great that the confusion or generality is the result, 18 not of an inarticulate witness or complex subject matter, but of a witness who is unable to provide the essential testimony.” Schumer, 308 F.3d at 1316. By failing to provide the court 19 with claim charts, Plaintiff has provided both “confusing” and “generalized” testimony as evidence of invalidity. Indeed, other trial courts have found this failure sufficient to render the 20 expert report in question inadmissible. See e.g., Adasa Inc. v. Avery Dennison Corp., Case No. 6:17-cv-01685-MK, 2023 WL 3775332 at *6 (D. Or. 2023) (“To be admissible under Rule 702 21 and Daubert, the expert's report must perform an element-by-element comparison of each claim to each prior art reference . . . . A bare side-by-side chart of the elements of the claim and the 22 prior art references, without analysis, is “wholly and irretrievably inadequate. . . . But [the expert’s] report offers nothing more than an ultimate conclusion on anticipation devoid of 23 analysis or reasoning. Without such an analysis, the report provides nothing additional that would help the jury draw that conclusion for itself.”) (Internal citations and quotations omitted.). 24 1 evidence that a skilled artisan would have had reason to combine the teaching of the prior art 2 references to achieve the claimed invention, and that the skilled artisan would have had a 3 reasonable expectation of success from doing so.” In re Cyclobenzaprine Hydrochloride 4 Extended–Release Capsule Patent Litig., 676 F.3d 1063, 1068–1069 (Fed. Cir. 2012) (internal 5 quotations removed).

6 Plaintiff argues that “Dr. Cameron asserts in a conclusory fashion that a skilled artisan 7 could modify any of the S3/S4, Mega, and UP7 to include a male connector, but fails to explain 8 how that could be accomplished for any of the three products, and she fails to explain why a 9 skilled artisan would do so.” (Dkt. No. 207 at 21) (citing Dkt. No. 208-2 at 41–42) (emphasis in 10 original). Plaintiff further suggests that Dr. Cameron’s obviousness analysis is based on 11 impermissible hindsight reasoning because it “works backward from the invention in a manner 12 the Federal Circuit has repeatedly cautioned against.” (Id.) (citing Otsuka Pharm. Co. v. Sandoz, 13 Inc., 678 F. 3d 1280, 1296 (Fed. Cir. 2012)). Defendant offers no response to Plaintiff’s 14 obviousness arguments. (See generally Dkt. No. 239.)

15 The Court agrees with Plaintiff that Defendant does not provide clear and convincing 16 evidence of obviousness. Although Dr. Cameron states that “it would have been obvious to 17 modify” the products and “easy to implement” the modification (Dkt. No. 208-2 at 41–42), she 18 does not “explain the reasons one of ordinary skill in the art would have been motivated to select 19 the references and to combine them to render the claimed invention obvious.” In re Kahn, 441 20 F.3d 977, 986 (Fed. Cir. 2006) (citing In re Rouffet, 149 F.3d 1350, 1357–1359 (Fed. Cir. 1998)). 21 When a defendant does not “explain the motivation, or the suggestion or teaching,” a court infers 22 an impermissible “entry of hindsight into the obviousness analysis.” Id.; see also In re Kubin, 23 561 F.3d 1351, 1359 (Fed. Cir. 2009) (“where a defendant merely throws metaphorical darts at a 24 1 board filled with combinatorial prior art possibilities, courts should not succumb to hindsight 2 claims of obviousness.”). While Dr. Cameron claims that “[i]t would have been desirable for a 3 [person of ordinary skill in the art] to use this common setup,” she provides no specific analysis 4 as to how or why, and her reasoning cuts off mid-sentence. (See Dkt. No. 208-2 at 42). 5 “‘Obvious to try’ has long been held not to constitute obviousness.” In re Deuel, 51 F.3d 1552,

6 1559 (Fed. Cir. 1995). 7 Accordingly, because Defendant does not provide clear and convincing evidence of 8 obviousness, the Court GRANTS Plaintiff’s motion for no invalidity based on obviousness on 9 summary judgement. 10 c. Written description 11 35 U.S.C. § 112 provides that a patent specification “shall contain a written description of 12 the invention, and of the manner and process of making and using it, in such full, clear, concise, 13 and exact terms as to enable any person skilled in the art to which it pertains . . . to make and use 14 the same.” The written description “requirement is satisfied only if the inventor conveys with

15 reasonable clarity to those skilled in the art that, as of the filing date sought, he or she was in 16 possession of the invention, and demonstrates that by disclosure in the specification of the 17 patent.” Biogen Int’l GMBH v. Mylan Pharms. Inc., 18 F.4th 1333, 1341–1342 (Fed. Cir. 2021) 18 (internal quotations and brackets omitted) (quoting Nuvo Pharms. (Ireland) Designated Activity 19 Co. v. Dr. Reddy’s Lab’ys Inc., 923 F.3d 1368, 1376 (Fed. Cir. 2019)). An inventor may show 20 possession “by descri[bing] the invention, with all its claimed limitations” through “such 21 descriptive means as words, structures, figures, diagrams, formulas, etc.” Lockwood v. Am. 22 Airlines, Inc., 107 F.3d 1565, 1572 (Fed. Cir. 1997). 23 24 1 “The term ‘possession’ in the context of written-description jurisprudence entails an 2 objective inquiry into the four corners of the specification from the perspective of a skilled 3 artisan.” Biogen, 18 F.4th at 1342 (internal quotations and brackets removed) (quoting Ariad 4 Pharms., Inc. v. Eli Lilly & Co., 598 F.3d 1336, 1351 (Fed. Cir. 2010) (en banc)). Depending on 5 the context, “the amount of disclosure necessary to satisfy the written-description requirement”

6 will vary according to factors that include the extent and content of prior art and the 7 predictability of the feature at issue. Ajinomoto Co. v. Int’l Trade Comm’n, 932 F.3d 1342, 1359 8 (Fed. Cir. 2019) (quoting Ariad, 398 F.3d at 1350). Thus, “[i]n some circumstances . . . a 9 patentee may rely on information that is ‘well-known in the art’ for purposes of meeting the 10 written description requirement, because the specification is viewed from the perspective of one 11 of skill in the relevant art.” Id. (internal quotations removed) (citing Bos. Sci. Corp. v. Johnson 12 & Johnson, 647 F.3d 1353, 1366 (Fed. Cir. 2011). The Federal Circuit has referred to the 13 “mechanical world,” for example, as a “fairly predictable field.” Bilstad v. Wakalopulos, 386 14 F.3d 1116, 1126 (Fed. Cir. 2004). Ultimately, “invalidating a claim requires a showing by clear

15 and convincing evidence that the written description requirement has not been satisfied.” 16 Invitrogen Corp. v. Clontech Lab’ys, Inc., 429 F.3d 1052, 1072 (Fed. Cir. 2005). 17 Dr. Cameron’s expert report identifies three claim elements that she alleges are lacking in 18 written description support: “back support surface” (appearing in claims 1 and 14 of the ‘026 19 patent); “docking support surface” (appearing in claims 1 and 14 of the ‘026 patent and claim 1 20 of the ‘309 patent); and “base receiver” (appearing in claims 1 and 14 of the ’026 patent and 21 claim 1 of the ‘309 patent). Plaintiff argues that “Dr. Cameron’s cursory analysis does not 22 compare the properly construed claims to the patents’ specifications to determine whether a 23 skilled artisan would understand the inventor to have invented what is claimed.” (Dkt. No. 207 24 1 at 23) (citing Dkt. No. 208-2 at 28). In response, Defendant offers a singular, nearly 2 indecipherable sentence: “As for written description and the claim elements ‘back support 3 surface,’ ‘docking support surface,’ or ‘base receiver,’ while there may arguably have been 4 support in an early application as they were filed, the way the terms have been twisted – to the 5 point where [Plaintiff’s expert] cannot interpret them . . . shows that there is a fact issue.” (Dkt.

6 No. 239 at 10.) Defendant cites to Dr. Cameron’s expert report in support of this argument. (Id.) 7 Having reviewed the expert report in question, the Court finds that it fails to provide clear 8 and convincing evidence that the claim elements at issue lack written description support. As 9 Plaintiff points out, Dr. Cameron does not offer any specific analysis explaining why the claims, 10 specification, and figures of each patent fail to provide a sufficient written description of the 11 claim elements at issue. (See Dkt. No. 208-2 at 28.) For Dr. Cameron’s analysis to raise a 12 genuine dispute of material fact, she would have to explain why, for example, the specification of 13 the ‘026 patent—which describes parts of an embodiment of the claimed docking cradle—fails 14 to sufficiently disclose the back support surface part of the base receiver.8 (See Dkt. No. 70-2 at

15 36–37.) Instead, she states that “If NPI’s . . . understanding of the plain and ordinary meaning of 16 ‘back support surface’ is correct, then there is no written description support.” (Dkt. No. 208-5 at 17 26). This conclusory argument does not amount to clear and convincing evidence and suggests 18 that Dr. Cameron was not using the plain and ordinary meaning of the claim elements, as 19 construed by the Court, as the basis for her written description analysis. The Court, for its part, 20

21 8 The specification states, in part: “FIG 3, FIG, 4, and FIG 5 describe by example and without limitation a docking cradle 5 of a type useful with protective cover 100. For example, docking 22 cradle 5 has a tray 7. . . . The tray 7 includes a back support surface 101 to support a back of the cover 100 and a docking support surface 103 extending away from the back support surface. 23 The back support surface 101 and docking support surface 103 may form an angle in a range of 90 to 130 degrees or more.” (Dkt. No. 70-2 at 50.) 24 1 reminds Defendants that judges are not responsible for hunting through the thousand-page 2 record. 3 Accordingly, because Defendant fails to provide evidence to support its arguments that 4 the claim elements in question lack written description support, the court GRANTS Plaintiff’s 5 motion for no invalidity based on lack of written description on summary judgement.

6 d. Effective filing dates of asserted claims of the ‘026 patent and ‘309 patent 7 Plaintiff moved for summary judgement that claims 1 and 11 of the ‘026 patent and 8 claims 1 and 3 of the ‘309 patent are entitled to an effective filing date of February 24, 2014— 9 the filing date of the application from which the ‘986 patent issued.9 (Dkt. No. 207 at 24.) “In 10 order to gain the benefit of the filing date of an earlier application under 35 U.S.C. § 120, each 11 application in the chain leading back to the earlier application must comply with the written 12 description requirement of 35 U.S.C. § 112.” Lockwood v. Am. Airlines, Inc., 107 F.3d 1565, 13 1571 (Fed. Cir. 1997). This means that a skilled artisan must be able to find that the inventor had 14 possession of the claimed subject matter based on the specification in the parent application.

15 Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp. v. Microspherix LLC, 814 F. App’x 575, 579–580 (Fed. Cir. 16 2020). Plaintiff’s motion cites to the record to explain how each disputed element of claims 1 17 and 3 of the ‘309 patent and claims 1 and 11 of the ‘026 patent is disclosed in the ‘986 18 application. (Dkt. No. 207 at 24–29.) Defendant does not respond. The Federal Rules of Civil 19 Procedure are clear that “[i]f a party fails to properly support an assertion of fact or fails to 20 properly address another party’s assertion of fact” a court may “consider the fact undisputed for 21 22

23 9 This remains a live issue because Plaintiffs argue that the Accused Products violate the on-sale bar. (Dkt. No. 207 at 24 n.17.) 24 1 the purposes of the motion.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(e)(2). Accordingly, the Court finds the effective 2 filing dates unchallenged. 3 Furthermore, if the court were to evaluate the argument on the merits, the evidence on the 4 record supports the finding that there is no genuine dispute of material fact as to whether the 5 ‘986 application discloses the four disputed elements: a “rim guide to proper mating,” a “base

6 receiver,” a “back support surface,” and a “docking support surface.” Citing to Figures 3–5 of 7 the ‘986 Application—which are identical to those in the ‘026 patent—Babcock explains that 8 “[a] skilled artisan would understand that the rim of the female docking connector disclosed in 9 the ’986 application guides mating of the male connector of the protective cover by looking at 10 structures disclosed by the figures in the ’986 application.” (Dkt. No. 208-11 at 99.) Dr. 11 Cameron’s analysis of whether a rim guide to proper mating is disclosed in the ‘986 application 12 is conclusory and devoid of citations to the relevant patents. (Dkt. No. 208-2 at 29.) She does 13 not refute Babcock’s analysis, but simply states that “[t]here is no written description support for 14 a ‘rim guide to proper making’ in applications prior to the ‘026 patent.” (Id.) To raise a genuine

15 issue of material fact, Defendant would need to explain why the detailed description of the 16 preferred embodiment in the ‘986 application fails to disclose a rim guide to proper mating to a 17 skilled artisan. (See Dkt. No. 37-2 at 46.) As for the “base receiver,” “back support surface,” 18 and “docking support surface,” Dr. Cameron’s effective filing date analysis is both conclusory 19 and intermingled with her written description analysis discussed supra. (Dkt. No. 208-2 at 27– 20 28) (“Based on NPI’s interpretation of ‘back support surface,’ there is no written description 21 support anywhere for a ‘back support surface.’ In addition, this claim term does not appear in 22 any NPI patent application leading to the Patents-In-Suit prior to [the ‘515 patent application].”). 23 24 1 Conclusory statements devoid of analysis do not rise to the level of clear and convincing 2 evidence. 3 Accordingly, the Court GRANTS Plaintiff’s motion for summary judgement that claims 4 1 and 11 of the ‘026 patent and claims 1 and 3 of the ‘309 patent have an effective filing date of 5 February 24, 2014.

6 3. Inequitable Conduct

7 “To hold a patent unenforceable due to inequitable conduct, there must be clear and 8 convincing evidence that the applicant (1) made an affirmative misrepresentation of material 9 fact, failed to disclose material information, or submitted false material information, and (2) 10 intended to deceive the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (“PTO”).” Cargill, Inc. v. Canbra 11 Foods, Ltd., 476 F.3d 1359,1363 (Fed. Cir. 2007). The mens rea requirement is substantial: 12 To prevail on a claim of inequitable conduct, the accused infringer must prove that the patentee acted with the specific intent to deceive the PTO. A 13 finding that the misrepresentation or omission amounts to gross negligence or negligence under a ‘should have known’ standard does not satisfy this 14 intent requirement. In a case involving nondisclosure of information, clear and convincing evidence must show that the applicant made a deliberate 15 decision to withhold a known material reference. In other words, the accused infringer must prove by clear and convincing evidence that the 16 applicant knew of the reference, knew that it was material, and made a deliberate decision to withhold it. 17 Therasense, Inc. v. Becton, Dickinson & Co., 649 F.3d 1276, 1290 (Fed. Cir. 2011) (internal 18 quotations and citations omitted). Moreover, “even if this elevated evidentiary burden is met as 19 to both elements, the district court must still balance the equities to determine whether the 20 applicant’s conduct before the PTO was egregious enough to warrant holding the entire patent 21 unenforceable.” Star Sci., Inc. v. R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co., 537 F.3d 1357, 1365 (Fed. Cir. 22 2008) (citing Monsanto Co. v. Bayer Bioscience N.V., 363 F.3d 1235, 1239 (Fed. Cir. 2004)). 23 The Federal Circuit has emphasized that “[t]he need to strictly enforce the burden of proof and 24 1 elevated standard of proof in the inequitable conduct context is paramount because the penalty 2 for inequitable conduct is so severe.” Star Sci., 537 F.3d at 1365. Summary judgement is 3 properly granted against a party that fails to establish inequitable conduct by clear and 4 convincing evidence. Astrazeneca Pharms. LP v. Teva Pharms. USA, Inc., 583 F.3d 766, 777 5 (Fed. Cir. 2009).

6 Defendant argues that its principals visited NPI’s headquarters in March or April of 2014 7 and showed the UP7—with its magnetic connection system—to NPI. (Dkt. No 239 at 10.) It 8 asserts that NPI then incorporated “a copycat magnetic connection system” into its application 9 for the patents in suit but withheld from the PTO that the claimed magnets originated with 10 Defendant. (Id. at 11.) Plaintiff alleges that “the UP7 did not exist in March or April of 2014” 11 and there is no evidence that “Mr. Carnevali knew of the UP7 at the time [of filing], knew it was 12 material prior art, and intentionally withheld it to deceive the PTO.” (Dkt. No. 207 at 34.) To 13 support its contention about when the UP7 was invented, Plaintiff points to the deposition 14 testimony of the UP7’s designer, Kristopher Gebow, and the contemporaneous email

15 correspondence of its now-deceased inventor, Joseph Todrzak. (Id. at 30–32.) In his deposition, 16 Gebow stated that as of early April 2014, the magnetic charging element was still in drawing 17 form and that no physical product had been created yet. (Dkt. No. 209-1 at 15.) Plaintiff also 18 asserts that Defendant’s inequitable conduct claim does not stand up to scrutiny because the 19 building in which NPI and GPS principals allegedly met was closed for demolition prior to 20 March 2014. (Dkt. No. 207 at 34.) The record confirms that employees were instructed to 21 prepare their items to move out of the building in late October 2013. (Dkt. No. 209-25 at 3.) 22 Defendant devotes its reply briefing to arguing that the meeting did take place during 23 March or April of 2014 and contesting Plaintiff’s assertion that the building in question was 24 1 unoccupied and/or being demolished at that time. (See Dkt. 239 at 7–11.) Yet, even if the UP7 2 did exist and the alleged meeting did take place, Defendant has provided no evidence on the 3 record of knowledge or specific intent to deceive the PTO. (See generally Dkt. 239.) Thus, 4 Defendant has not made the required showing of “clear and convincing evidence that the 5 applicant knew of the reference, knew that it was material, and made a deliberate decision to

6 withhold it.” Therasense, 649 F.3d at 1290. The Federal Circuit is clear that “to meet the clear 7 and convincing evidence standard, the specific intent to deceive must be ‘the single most 8 reasonable inference able to be drawn from the evidence.’” Id. at 1290–1291 (“when there are 9 multiple reasonable inferences that may be drawn, intent to deceive cannot be found.”). 10 Defendant is far from meeting this burden. 11 As Defendant did not defend its other theories of inequitable conduct in its reply brief, 12 the Court finds them unchallenged. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(e)(2). Without direction to any 13 evidence on the record that might support Defendant’s theory that Plaintiff “misrepresented facts 14 to the PTO by allegedly removing a statement that biasing contacts were commonly used in

15 docking cradles, [] and then later asserting that a certain prior art reference did not contain 16 biasing contacts,” the Court concludes that Defendant has not put forth clear and convincing 17 evidence of inequitable conduct based on this theory. (Dkt. No. 207 at 35.) Likewise, Defendant 18 does not offer any evidence to support its inequitable conduct theories based on failure to 19 disclose the S3/S34 or Mega products to the PTO. (See generally Dkt. No. 239.) 20 Accordingly, the Court GRANTS summary judgement of no inequitable conduct. 21 4. Antitrust Violation

22 Plaintiff argues that if the Court grants its motion to strike Defendant’s previously 23 undisclosed damages theories, then Defendant’s antitrust counterclaims fail for lack of antitrust 24 1 injury. (Dkt. No. 207 at 36.) In its previous order, the Court granted Plaintiff’s motion to strike 2 the opinion of Frank Bernatowicz concerning antitrust damages. (Dkt. No. 254 at 8.) The Court 3 also granted Plaintiff’s alternative motion to exclude Bernatowicz’s market share opinion. (Id. at 4 9.) In its order, the Court acknowledged the likely dispositive nature of these findings, noting 5 that precluding Defendant from presenting evidence of damages stemming from its antitrust

6 counterclaims would undermine those claims and otherwise bar them from proceeding. (Id. at 7 7.) Accordingly, Plaintiff’s motion for summary judgment as to Defendant’s antitrust 8 counterclaims is GRANTED. 9 B. Defendant’s Motion for Partial Summary Judgment (Dkt. No. 249)

10 1. Inequitable Conduct

11 Defendant argues Plaintiff engaged in inequitable conduct by submitting false inventor 12 oaths, rendering the Patents-in-Suit unenforceable. (Dkt. No. 249 at 5.) In its prior order, the 13 Court explicitly denied Defendant’s motion to amend its complaint to include this new 14 counterclaim, finding that Defendant possessed the facts necessary to make its new inequitable 15 conduct claim, but demonstrated a lack of diligence by failing to inform Plaintiff or the Court 16 that it intended to seek leave to add an inequitable conduct claim before the discovery deadline 17 passed. (Dkt. No. 248 at 3–4.) The Court also struck Defendant’s first two motions for partial 18 summary judgment, including one based on Defendant’s new inequitable conduct theory. (Id. at 19 2.) The Court granted Defendant leave to file a new dispositive motion, but cautioned Defendant 20 that its new motion should “only address claims contained in the operative pleadings.” (Id.) 21 The Court denied Defendant’s motion to amend its complaint to include the previously 22 undisclosed inequitable conduct counterclaim based on false inventor oaths, which is not a part 23 of the operative pleadings in this case and which is different from the inequitable conduct 24 1 defense and counterclaims raised in Defendant’s Amended Answer. Courts have “repeatedly” 2 declined to allow a defendant to assert a new theory of inequitable conduct “if the answer and 3 counterclaims asserted a different theory of inequitable conduct than that relied upon in summary 4 judgment proceedings.” Cal. Inst. of Tech. v. Broadcom Ltd., Case No. 16-cv-3714-GW 5 (AGRx), 2019 WL 8807748, at *3 (C.D. Cal. July 1, 2019) (collecting cases).

6 Accordingly, Defendant’s motion for summary judgment regarding inequitable conduct is 8 2. Priority Dates

9 Defendant moves for summary judgement that claims reciting the terms 1) “magnetic 10 coupling element”; 2) “contactor surface is disposed further than any other portion of the adapter 11 from the portable electronic device”; and 3) “hard shell” lack written description support and are 12 therefore not entitled to the priority date of the ‘986 application. (Dkt. No. 249 at 18.) 13 a. Claims reciting “magnetic coupling element” and “contactor surface is disposed further than any other portion of the adapter from the portable 14 electronic device”

15 As Plaintiff points out, of the eight claims that remain live, none recite a “magnetic 16 coupling element” or “contactor surface is disposed further than any other portion of the adapter 17 from the portable electronic device.”10 (Dkt. No. 252 at 12.) Accordingly, Plaintiff argues that 18 “the effective filing date of any claim containing these terms [is] irrelevant to the issues here, and 19 any ruling as to those claims would be an impermissible advisory opinion.” (Id. at 13.) 20

10 Only claims 1 and 11 of the ‘026 patent, claims 10 and 14–16 of the ‘334 patent, and claims 1 21 and 3 of the ‘309 patent remain live. As Plaintiff describes, “[t]he claim element “magnetic coupling element” is recited in claims 8 and 20 of the ’026 patent, claims 6, 10, 16, and 20 of the 22 ’515 patent, claims 9 and 18 of the ’334 patent, and claims 2, 5, and 9 of the ’309 patent, none of which are still in dispute.” (Dkt. No. 252 at 12 n.15.) And the term “contactor surface is 23 disposed further than any other portion of the adapter from the portable electronic device,” appears only in claim 1 of the ’515 patent. (Id.) 24 1 Defendant responds that the issue remains live because the priority date of the elements in 2 question is relevant to its invalidity and inequitable conduct arguments. (Dkt. No. 249 at 18.) 3 However, Defendant’s argument that “any claim having such elements is invalid” is moot, as 4 none of the claims with “magnetic coupling element” or “contactor surface…” remain in dispute 5 in this case. (Dkt. No. 249 at 18.) Defendant’s argument that determining these priority dates is

6 live because it is relevant to Defendant’s inequitable conduct theory—which is addressed supra 7 Section III.A.3—also fails, as the Court has granted summary judgement of no inequitable 8 conduct and that claim is no longer in dispute. As such, Defendant’s motion for summary 9 judgment on the priority dates of claims containing “magnetic coupling element” or “contactor 10 surface…” is moot because there is no longer a live case or controversy regarding the invalidity 11 or inequitable conduct theories. 12 b. Claim reciting “hard shell” 13 Claim 10 of the ‘334 patent recites a “hard shell.” Defendant argues that there is no 14 genuine dispute of material fact that the ‘986 application fails to disclose a “hard shell” and thus

15 that claim 10 is not entitled to the February 24, 2014, effective filing date of the ‘986 application. 16 (Dkt. No. 249 at 25.) The crux of Defendant’s argument is that the “shell” in the ‘986 17 application is described as a “flexible protective shell” and that “flexible” is an antonym of 18 “hard.” (Id. at 25–28) (See Dkt. No. 233-10 at 6) (“[T]he protective cover includes a flexible 15 19 protective shell that is complimentary in shape to the target electronic device[.]”). Thus, 20 Defendant argues that a skilled artisan would not conclude that the ‘986 inventor had possession 21 of the “hard shell” element based on the ‘986 application. See Merck, 814 F. App’x at 579–580. 22 To support this proposition, Defendant cites Dr. Cameron’s expert reports, which state that a 23 skilled artisan would not understand the ‘986 application to disclose a “hard shell.” (See Dkt. No. 24 1 239 at 18) (citing Dkt. No. 208-5 at 28) (“[H]ard shell is used to convey the rigid exterior as 2 contrasted with a soft shell which is flexible and not rigid.”) 3 In response, Plaintiff cites Dr. Babcock’s expert opinion that “[a] skilled artisan would 4 understand that the protective cover disclosed in the ’986 application could be a hard shell.” 5 (Dkt. No. 252 at 17) (citing Dkt. No. 233-11 at 12.) In other words, since a skilled artisan would

6 “be aware of all the prior covers that been out there” that skilled artisan “would understand that 7 the disclosed cover could be soft, hard, flexible, or some combination.” (Dkt. No 525 at 21) 8 (citing Dkt. No. 233-12 at 3; Dkt. N0. 208-12 at 26.) Dr. Babcock further explains it is 9 “common knowledge for people in engineering that hard things [] can be flexible,” because they 10 describe different properties—namely, that flexibility is a function of geometry and hardness is a 11 function of the material. (Dkt. No. 233-12 at 4.) Plaintiff concludes that Defendant is 12 “advancing [] an untimely claim construction argument.” (Dkt. No. 252 at 17.) 13 The Court concludes that Plaintiff has carried its burden of establishing a genuine dispute 14 of material fact regarding the priority date of claim 10 of the ‘334 patent. Accordingly, the Court

15 DENIES Defendant’s motion for summary judgement that claim 10 of the ‘334 patent is entitled 16 to a priority date no earlier than November 9, 2015.

18 Plaintiff’s motion for summary judgment (Dkt. No. 207) is GRANTED in part and 19 DENIED in part. Defendant’s motion for partial summary judgment (Dkt. No. 249) is DENIED. 20 As for Plaintiff’s motion: 21 1. Plaintiff’s motion for summary judgement of infringement as to claim 11 of the ‘026 patent and claims 10 and 14–16 of the ‘334 patent is GRANTED; 22 2. Plaintiff’s motion for summary judgement of no invalidity based on anticipation, 23 obviousness, or lack of written description is GRANTED;

24 1 3. Plaintiff’s motion for summary judgement that claims 1 and 11 of the ‘026 patent and 2 claims 1 and 3 of the ‘309 patent have an effective filing date of February 24, 2014 is GRANTED; 3 4. Plaintiff’s motion for summary judgement of no inequitable conduct is GRANTED; 4 and

5 5. Plaintiff’s motion for summary judgement as to Defendant’s antitrust counterclaims is GRANTED. 6 The parties shall, within 10 days of this order, confer and submit a joint status report 7 setting forth a proposed trial date. 8 Dated this 17th day of September, 2024. 9 10 a 11 David G. Estudillo United States District Judge 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24