Bowie, J.,
delivered the opinion of the Court.
The appellee instituted suit in the Superior Court of Baltimore City, in June, 1866, against the appellant and filed its [16]*16narr. containing the. common counts in assumpsit. The object of the suit was to recover the sum of $25,000, the amount of an order issued on the 23d of April, 1866, by the appellee in favor of the appellant, in the following words:
The Nat. Bank op Baltimore,
April 23, 1866.
Clearing House will transfer to the Mechanics’ National Bank, twenty-five thousand dollars of balance due us.
$25,000. (Signed,) J. Thos. Smith, Teller.
The parties to the suit were both members of the Baltimore Clearing House Association. The Constitution, and resolution of April 25, 1864, altering the eighth section of the Constitution, and also the form of Clearing House certificates, were given in evidence.
Prom these it appears the object of the Association was “the effecting at one place, and at one time, of the daily exchanges between the several associated banks, and the payment at the same place, of the balances resulting from such exchanges.”'
Sec. 6 provides: “The association shall appoint one of their members to be a depository of such coin (or greenbacks) derived from the exchanges as any of the associated banks may desire shall remain on special deposit for safe keeping; and the depository shall issue therefor, in proper form, certificates in convenient amounts, signed by the cashier or paying teller, which shall be received in payment of balances and shall be negotiable only among the associated banhs.”
By the 8th section of the Constitution, as amended by resolution of the 25th of April, 1864, it is declared, “the hour for making exchanges at the Clearing House shall be half past eight o’clock, A. M. The debtor banks shall pay at the Clearing House daily, by 11 o’clock, the balances due from them respectively, either in legal tender currency or certificates, and the creditor banks may receive the respective [17]*17balances clue to them by 12 o’clock, provided all the balances due from the debtor banks shall then have been paid.”
Sec. 9. “Should any one of the associated banks fail to pay the balance due from it by 11 o’clock, the depository bank shall notify such delinquent bank, and if, after such notice, the money is not paid by 12 o’clock, such bank shall be considered as ruled out by such default, and notice thereof given immediately by the depository to the respective banks, who shall forthwith furnish to the depository, the amount of such balance, in proportion to their respective balances against the defaulting bank, resulting from the exchanges of that day; and the amount so furnished to the depository shall constitute claims on the part of the responding banks respectively, against the defaulting bank.”
The appellee delivered the Clearing House transfer order on the morning of its date, about 10.30 A. M., to L. P. Bayne, who, at the time of its delivery, left his memorandum check for the same amount drawn on the appellee, with whom he kept no account and where he had no funds, and L. P. Bayne soon afterwards delivered the transfer order to the appellant, who placed the same to the credit of Bayne’s account with it, which was then largely overdrawn.
The transfer order not having been presented at the Clearing House, until after the balances due the appellee on that day had been paid, and the appellant having settled its balances at the Clearing House with other funds, demanded payment of the same of the appellee, who refused to pay it, unless the appellant would give its check for it.
In the meantime Bayne had failed. Several days after-wards, (after some correspondence between the parties as to the right of the appellant to retain or use the transfer order,) the appellant sent the order to the Clearing House, where" it was settled from balances due the appellee, and returned to it in a sealed package, in liquidation of its balances.
The appellee then instituted suit, and the verdict and judgment being in its favor, an appeal was prayed.
[18]*18Three bills of exception were taken by the appellant. The first and second to the admission of testimony tending to prove that Bayne, or Bayne & Co. were the agents of the appellant, in purchasing the transfer order on the Clearing House; the third to the granting of the first, second, and fifth prayers of the appellee as presented, and to the granting of its third and ninth prayers with modifications.
The first and second bills of exception, and the first and second prayers 'of the appellee, included in the third bill of exception, present questions as to the order, admissibility and competency of the evidence to charge the appellant as principal, for the acts of its supposed agents. Although varying in form, these are almost identical in substance, and will therefore be considered and disposed of together.
It was admitted, that at a former trial of this cause, in which the same issues were joined, the jury not being able to agree were discharged without giving any verdict, and that at that trial, Patrick Gibson, late cashier of the appellee had been examined and cross-examined as a witness, and since died. By agreement, the testimony of Mr. Gibson as taken by a stenographer at the former trial, was admitted to be read to the jury, subject to exceptions.
On the third interrogatory being read, viz:
“Can you state any conversation that took place between L. P. Bayne and yourself, on the 23d of April, 1866, with regard to a transfer order ? ” the defendant’s counsel objected to the admissibility in evidence of any statements of L. P. Bayne, so as to aifect the defendant, on the ground that the declarations of Bayne were not evidence to prove his agency for the defendant, and that, as part of the “res ' gestee” they were not admissible, until the agency had been established by other evidence. Which objection was sustained by the Court.
The appellee then proceeded to examine Messrs. Carter and Smith; the former, paying teller of the appellee for ten or twelve years prior to April, 1865, and the latter, paying teller since.
[19]*19Mr. Carter testified that, as paying teller of the appellee, he had repeatedly issued Clearing House transfer orders to the appellant, through Mr. Bayne, who was the first person who applied for such orders in favor of the appellant, in payment of which, Bayne always at first, brought checks of the cashier of the appellant on their bank, at the time he obtained the transfer orders; and during the latter part of his service, Bayne would sometimes leave his own memorandum check, and would shortly afterwards, in a few minutes return and take it up with a check of the appellants on their bank. He had no recollection of Bayne having paid for the Clearing House transfer orders, in any other way. He took Bayne’s memorandum check, until he could bring the cashier’s check of the appellant. Bayne never brought his own certified check to the appellee for transfer orders whilst witness was there. It was a common thing for Bayne to obtain transfer orders for the appellant.
Mr. Smith testified that he succeeded Carter as teller of the appellee; that he had as teller in April, 1866, issued Clearing House transfer orders to the appellant; he thinks Bayne usually applied for them, and that he gave them by the order of the cashier. Bayne, during witness’ period of service, paid for them by his (Bayne’s) certified checks on the appellant’s bank. Bayne usually, when he got the transfer orders, left his memorandum checks on the appellee’s bank, in which he kept no account; that Bayne kept his account in the appellant’s bank. Having testified that the transfer order of April 23d, 1866, for $25,000, drawn by the appellee in favor of the appellant, on the Clearing House, was in his hand writing, he was requested to state the circumstances under which it was given; he stated, that on the 23d of April, 1866, Mr. Gibson, the cashier of the Bank of Baltimore came to his desk accompanied by Mr. Bayne, and said, while Bayne was standing by, “Mr. Smith, the Mechanics’ Bank wants a transfer order for $25,000, give Mr. Bayne an order for that amount, in favor of the Mechanics’ Bank.”
[20]*20The appellant objected to what Gibson said to the witness, being given in evidence to the jury, upon the same ground on which the declarations of Bayne, had been hereinbefore objected to; but the Court overruled the objection, and allowed the evidence, on the ground that there was some evidence in the case, the weight of which the Court was not called upon to determine, which tended to prove that Bayne had acted as the agent of the defendant, in the matter of obtaining .transfer orders from the plaintiff, in favor of the defendant for its use, — the Court reserving to itself the right to modify this ruling, if it should deem it proper in the progress of the cause to do so.
The declarations of Gibson, in the presence of Bayne, admitted under the ruling of the Court, (which constitutes the subject of the first exception,) were offered under very different circumstances from those which accompanied the declarations of Bayne, previously excluded.
These were not preceded by any evidence tending to show a previous course of dealing by Bayne, in the name and on behalf of the appellant, with the appellee, for Clearing House transfer orders, or any previous transactions between the parties, in their corporate capacities; but were an isolated occurrence as far as the record shows, in which Bayne, for the first time, represented himself as acting for the appellant. On the contrary, the testimony of Carter and Smith, tended to show continuous antecedent dealings, in which the checks of the appellant were used to procure transfer orders, and other facts were developed, from which privity between the appellant and Bayne, as principal and agent, might have been inferred.
Declarations of a broker or agent are not “per se” evidence of agency : but when evidence of facts “in pais” tending to show the relation of principal and agent existed, has been offered directly or circumstantially, it is then the province of the jury to determine whether there is such proof of agency, as to make the declarations of the supposed agent, binding on the principal.
[21]*21It is not the province of the Court to determine the question of agency “vel non ,” more than any other fact involved in the issue; but, to decide whether there is any evidence tending to prove agency. Whether there be any evidence -or not is a question for the judge, whether it is sufficient evidence is a question for the jury. 1 Greenleaf’s Ev., sec. 49.
“The preliminary question is to be tried by the judge, though he may in his discretion, take the opinion of the jury upon the facts, on which the primary question depends.” 1 Greenleaf’s Ev., sec. 49.
In Rosenstock vs. Tormey, 32 Md., 182, this Court alluding' to the practice of allowing parties to introduce evidence which was irrelevant “per se,” upon the assurance of counsel, it would be followed up by evidence which would make it relevant, remarked: “We are not aware of any decision that has applied the rule to a case where declarations or acts of agents are offered for the purpose of binding principals. On the contrary, it is plainly said in Marshall vs. Haney, 4 Md., 511, that the declarations of an agent are not admissible to bind the principal under any circumstances until the agency is first clearly established, and the language of the Court in Atwell, vs. Miller, 11 Md., 359, is to the same effect. It is conceded of course, that to entitle the plaintiff to recover in this action, there must be proof that Hoflin was duly authorized to give the order and direct the purchase on the joint account of the defendants.”
“This authority or agency, need not be proved by writing; it may be inferred from facts and circumstances, from the permission and acceptance of his services, and subsequent, adoption and ratification of his acts will suffice. But before his admissions, declarations or acts were admitted to bind the defendants, we think the Court, should have required the production of some proof tending to show the existence of such agency or authority.”
“ The failure however to do so, is not in this instance an error requiring a reversal of the judgment, because we are of [22]*22opinion there was some evidence adduced tending to show the agency, and fully sustaining the refusal of the Court — which is the subject of the fourth exception — to exclude Hoflin’s statement, on the ground that no such proof had been given, and the defendants were not therefore in fact, prejudiced by the ruling in the second exception.”
It is clear from the context, in which the citation from Marshall and Haney and Atwell and Miller, is embodied, this Court did not intend to decide that full proof of agency should be required, before the acts and declarations of the supposed agent, were submitted to the jury. In Marshall vs. Haney, it does not appear there was any preliminary evidence offered of the agency of Kinkle, whose declarations were proposed to be offered in evidence to the jury to bind the defendant. In passing upon the exception to these declarations, the Court said: “ The declarations of an agent are not admissible to bind his principal under any circumstances, until the agency is first clearly established, which has not been done in this instance.” 4 Md., 511.
So in Atwell, etc. vs. Miller, it was proposed to ask a witness, whether he had heard certain conversations between a man named Johns and the appellants, or either of them, which was objected tó. The Court said, the question was asked upon the ground that Johns was a partner, or an agent of the parties, and there was not sufficient evidence of either. “ Until one of these propositions was first settled to the satisfaction of the Court, the testimony was inadmissible.” 11 Md., 359.
These decisions are strictly conformable with the rules of evidence, having regard to the respective provinces of the Court and jury.
If full proof of agency must be given before the acts of the supposed agent can be submitted to the jury, the Court would become judges of the fact as well as of the law.
The Judge only decides whether there is prima facie any reason for sending it at all to the jury. 1 Greenl. Ev., sec. 49.
[23]*23This position is, we think, fully supported by the authorities cited by the appellee on this point. York Co. Bank vs. Stein, 24 Md., 466 ; Henderson vs. Mayhew, 2 Gill, 409; Morrison vs. Whiteside, 17 Md., 459: from which it may be collected, that where there is evidence of agency, although not full and satisfactory, yet such evidence should he submitted to the jury, who are the exclusive judges of its weight. The appellant argues, that as the Court below never afterwards modified its ruling in the first exception, but in the second instruction granted at the instance of the appellee, directed the jury that they were “at liberty to find the agency from all the facts and circumstances in evidence,” that although the jury may have thought that the evidence in the cause, other than this direction of Gibson, and these conversations of Bayne, utterly failed to establish the agency, they may yet have found the agency from this direction and these conversations. They say, “to let the case go to the jury in such a form, was clearly to permit the agency to be established by the declarations of the agent.” The answer to this is, the second instruction, of course, was not given until all the evidence in the cause was in; the argument assumes, that in all that evidence, there was none tending to establish agency, except the items objected to; and that all the evidence, combined with the directions and conversations of Gibson and Bayne, produced no fuller proof of agency, than the directions and conversations alone; any chain of testimony however strong, may be destroyed by separating the links in this way.
But it is not the province of the Court to assume that the jury found contrary to the evidence. If the appellants believed this, their remedy was a motion for a new trial.
In considering the objections to the evidence in the first and second bills of exception, we have answered those to the first and second prayers in the third bill of exception, except the general one, that they were calculated to mislead the jury, to which, being legitimate conclusions from the evidence referred to in them or previously given, they were not liable.
[24]*24The objections to the third, fifth and ninth prayers of the appellee, which constitute the remaining subjects of the third bill of exception are that they submit to the jury questions of which there was no evidence; that they involved matters of law — and that they were calculated to mislead the jury. The third prayer it is said should have been rejected, because there was no question in the case about any usage of the character described in the prayer. That the right to demand payment of it in legal tender notes depended on the construction of the order itself. The transfer order was a written instrument, and was therefore to be construed by the Court, either absolutely or conditionally, upon the finding of certain circumstances by the jury. But the qualification left the whole question of the construction of the order to the jury.
This prayer, as originally offered, affirmed there was no legally sufficient evidence in the cause, that in April 1866, there was a well established and uniform usage, which entitled the appellant as holder (of the transfer order) to demand of right, payment from the Clearing House in legal tender notes; which proposition the Court qualified by adding, “but the jury is at liberty to find from the evidence in the cause as to the origin of such transfer orders, the terms in which they were drawn, the convenience they were intended to subserve, and the fact that they were sometimes so used, that such orders represented money, which might be drawn in legal tender notes, as well as used to pay debtor balances.”
In the course of the trial below, it appeal’s from the third bill of exception, there was a struggle on the one hand, to prove that the transfer order only served the purpose of assigning so much of the balance due the creditor bank at the Clearing House, to the debtor bank named in the order, and was not negotiable; on the other, to show that it was deemed equivalent to a draft payable to bearer, and was payable on presentation in legal tender notes.
Mr. Gibson, in his cross-examination, testified, “If you mean to ask me whether the Clearing House pays transfer [25]*25drafts in greenbacks, I say no; it will be shown that the Clearing House is not in the habit of honoring transfer drafts” * * * “that it is paid in a certificate.”
Mr. Rogers, the acting teller of the Clearing House, testified, that he had occasionally paid transfer orders in money.
The appellee insists that the object of its third prayer as offered, was to obtain the Court’s interpretation of the transfer order. In their view, it was not a bill of exchange, nor a check, nor other commercial paper, but an instrument mi generis. An effort had been made on the part of the appellant, to prove a custom and usage giving to such a transfer order the attributes and character of a check for so much money payable in legal tender notes.
From the testimony above cited, it is obvious, this prayer was not subject to the exception, that there was no evidence to which it was applicable; if there had been no evidence, such objection, not being raised at the time, would not now be tenable, and the modification of the prayer being in favor of the appellant, even if erroneous, would not be ground of appeal on its part.
That the prayer submitted a question of law to the jury, (if such was the fact,) is no longer a ground of reversal, “unless it appear from the record that an objection thereto for such defect was taken at the trial; ” it does not appear to us, however, that any such question was submitted by the prayer as originally framed and submitted, or as modified by the Court.
The fifth prayer of the appellee (which is included in the appellant’s third exception) is objected to on the ground that, even if the prayer was correct in the conclusion, (which is denied,) it was calculated to mislead the jury by its long recital of various circumstances, having no bearing on that conclusion.
This prayer predicates the appellee’s right of recovery, upon the appellant’s procuring the sum of $25,000, on the transfer draft, by using it contrary to the rules 'and regula[26]*26tions of the Clearing House, with full notice that the same had been obtained of the appellee without payment.
Negativing the theory of agency, upon which the liability of the appellant was sought to be fixed in the first and second prayers, the appellee in this seeks to recover upon the implied obligation of the appellant to repay what it received without consideration; or, that the appellant, coming into possession of the sum of $25,000, belonging to the appellee, ex cequo et bono, was liable in this action for the same.
Much as the detail of immaterial facts in the formation of prayers is to be condemned and avoided, we cannot in this instance perceive that any of those enumerated have no relation to the conclusion, or are calculated to confuse or mislead the jury. The prayer might perhaps have been condensed, but as an epitome of the evidence on which the appellee based the proposition of law with which it concludes, it is not, in our opinion, justly subject to exception. The lav/ of the prayer is, we think, thoroughly sustained b}r the decisions of this Court, as well as the authorities cited by the appellee. Kennedy vs. The Balto. Ins. Co., 3 H. & J., 367; Vrooman vs. McKaig, 4 Md., 450. The action was an equitable action, in which the plaintiff might prove all equitable circumstances incident to his case, and recover any money in the hands of the defendant which, “ex aequo et bono,” belonged to the plaintiff.
The ninth prayer of the appellee, the granting of which, as modified by the Court, forms the last ground of the appellant’s third exception, it is said, as originally drawn, referred to transfer orders paid for by the appellant by its cashier’s check, as contradistinguished from those purchased by Bayne with his own certified check; and therefore introduced a new and immaterial issue, and could not properly be granted in that form; that the Court, whilst properly rejecting it, modified it so as to make it obnoxious to the objection, that it confounded the distinction between the different operations, and allowed the jury to draw conclusions as to the latter, which were only applicable to the former.
[27]*27Much stress was laid in the argument by the counsel for the appellant on this branch of the case, to establish the position, that whilst purchases by means of the cashier’s check of the apellant, might tend to prove agency in Bayne, pro hac vice, they had no such tendency, in relation to the tranfer order, the subject of the present suit.
Such an argument might be addressed to the jury, whose province it was to determine the question of agency vel non from all the circumstances; whether the change in the mode of dealing indicated a real change in the relation of the parties, was a question for the jury.
The Court could not assume to disconnect these transactions, merely from the difference in the details, and decide that those purchased with the cashier’s check were on account of the appellant, and those otherwise purchased were not, but were on individual account.
Bayne testified, “my arrangement at that time with the Mechanics’ Bank was, that they were to certify Bayne & Co’s checks to be good to an amount any day of $30,000 of over draft, to be made good by 3 o’clock of the same day.” * * * “That he was not instructed by the Mechanics’ Bank on that day to get Clearing House funds. They did not know of it, but knew that he had to raise the Clearing House funds and would do it; it was his business to get what ■was needed.”
The question was asked by the defendant’s counsel, “Did the Mechanics’ Bank ever authorize you to go out and get transfer orders on their account, for -which they were to be liable?” To which he replied, “Yes, several times; sometimes, when witness went to get Clearing House funds, certain of the banks would not lend to brokers — would not give him the transfer orders, except the cashier’s check of the Mechanics’ Bank was left with them at the time; in such cases he would report the fact to the Mechanics’ Bank, and that bank would then send its own cashier’s check in payment. Other banks would take the certified check of Bayne & Co.” He further testified, “that no officer of the Mechanics’ Bank knew that [28]*28he was going to get the $25,000 transfer order from Gibson; that Bayne <& Co. were over $83,000 at the Mechanics’ Bank, and they had to malee their account good.”
(Decided 8th May, 1872.)
The ninth prayer of the appellee, as originally offered, applied to cases of this kind, in which the agent, although duly authorized to purchase for the Bank, could not accomplish his object without pledging the bank’s credit; but the Court perceiving, it may be, that the case at bar was not included in that category, added the proviso, enlarging the application of the principle, that ratification is equivalent to previous authority, and emphatically declared that to “enable the jury to find a ratification under this instruction, they must find that Bayne bought this draft in the name and on the credit of the defendant, notwithstanding he may have had no instruction to do so, and that the defendant, with full knowledge of all the facts, adopted and ratified his act.”
The maxim, “ omnis ratihabitio mandato cequiparatur,” could scarcely have been applied with more caution. The qualification by the Court of the appellee’s ninth prayer was made for the benefit and protection of the appellant “ex abundanti cautela.” As we have before remarked of other prayers, it is not to be presumed after verdict, there was no evidence to warrant the. instruction, not being specially excepted to on that account.
Finding no error in the several rulings of the Court below, the judgement will be affirmed.
Judgment affirmed.
Stewart, J., dissented from some of the conclusions of the majority of the Court.