Mr. Justice Peckham,
after making the foregoing statement, delivered the opinion of the court.
The defendant in error, at the outset, objects to the jurisdiction of this court on the ground that the plaintiff should have brought the case here by appeal instead of by writ of error, because the case was tried without a jury, and, therefore, the writ of error was improper. There is nothing in this objection, as in actions at law coming from the Territory of Oklahoma it has been held that the proper way to review the judgments of the Supreme Court of that Territory was by writ of error.
Comstock
v.
Eagleton,
196 U. S. 99;
Oklahoma City
v.
McMaster,
196 U. S. 529;
Guss
v.
Nelson,
200 U. S. 298.
Further objection-is. made that the-court below found no facts upon which a review can be had in this court. The foregoing statement disposes of this objection.also, and shows it to be untenable.
On the merits, the question arises which of these two parties shall sustain the loss occasioned by the improper act of the president of the Live Stock Commission Company in signing this pretended release, and acknowledging the payment of the eleven thousand dollar note, as above stated? The plaintiff in error contends that the defendant bank should bear the loss because of its failure to record or file the assignment to it of the first mortgage, securing the eleven thousand dollar note. The defendant opposes this view and insists that, beipg the holder and the owner of the eleven thousand dollar '-note, secured by a first mortgage duly executed on the twenty-seventh of June, 1900, and duly filed in. the. register’s office, it has the prior right to the cattle, and that the statutes of Kansas do not require that it shoúld file or record the assignment to it of the note and mortgage,, and its claim should not, therefore, be postponed.
The note executed by Grimes for eleven thousand and some odd dollars was negotiable, and the chattel mortgage was given at that time to secure the payment of the note. The indorsement of the note and its delivery before maturity to the defendant by the payee of the note transferred its ownership to the defendant bank. This transfer also transferred, -by operation of law, the ownership of the mortgage which was collateral to the note. Such a mortgage has no separate existence, and when the note is paid the mortgage expires, as it cannot survive the debt which the note represents.
Carpenter
v.
Longan,
16 Wall. 271;
Burhans
v.
Hutcheson,
25 Kansas, 625;
The Mutual Benefit Life Insurance Company
v.
Huntington,
57 Kansas, 744;
Swift
v.
Bank of Washington,
114 Fed. Rep. 643.
The mortgage, therefore, is a prior lien upon the cattle, as security for the payment of the note, unless defendant has lost it by its failure to record an assignment of the mortgage. Whether it has or not is to be determined by the law of Kansas.
There is no express provision in the statutes of Kansas for the filing or recording of assignments of chattel mortgages. Paragraph 36, section 4251, General Statutes of Kansas for 1901, by Dassler, may be found in the margin.
It is said this statute by implication provides for the recording of an assignment of a chattel mortgage.
Assuming that the statute makes provision' for such recording, it is then argued that it is the duty of the assignee to-do
so, and his failure takes away a right of priority of lien which he might otherwise have. This reasoning is not satisfactory. We cannot make the assumption that the statute cited does make provision for the recording of the assignment, and we fail, therefore, to find its necessity That necessity depends upon statute, and without some statutory provision therefor the necessity does not exist. Uncertain and doubtful implications arising from portions of a statute not requiring the recording of an instrument aye not to be regarded as furnishing a rule upon the subject. There are statutory provisions for recording assignments of real estate mortgages to be found in the Kansas statutes. See-paragraph 19, section 4234,- and paragraph 26, section 4241, General Statutes of Kansas for 1901, by Dassler., Paragraph 19, above, provides for the acknowledgment of assignments of real estate mortgages by the assignor, and paragraph 26 provides that on presentation of such assignment for record it shall be entered upon the margin of the record of the mortgage by the register of deeds, who'is to attest the same, as therein provided. Now, in relation to chattel mortgages and the assignment thereof, there is no such provision or anything similar to it. Provision is made for the satisfaction of a chattel mortgage when paid by the mortgagee, assignee, etc., but that does not make it necessary to record or file the assignment of a chattel mortgage in order to protect the assignee.
The Supreme Court of Kansas has held that there is no statute making it necessary to record an assignment of a chattel mortgage, in order to protect the rights of such assignee, and that it need not be recorded or filed.
Burhans
v.
Hutcheson, 25
Kansas, 625;
Wiscomb
v.
Cubberly,
51 Kansas, 580;
Mutual Benefit Life Insurance Company
v.
Huntington,
57 Kansas, 744. It is true that these cases refer to real estate mortgages, but the reasoning sustains the statement as to chattel mortgages.
The first of the above cases
(Burhans
v.
Hutcheson)
holds that where a mortgage upon real estate is given to secure payment of a negotiable note, and before its maturity the note
and mortgage are transferred by indorsement of the note to a
bona fide
holder, the assignment, if there be a written one, need not be recorded. This is held even where there was" an express statute as to the record of such an assignment. The statute was held not to apply to the case of a mortgage given as collateral to a negotiable note.
The second case
(Wiscomb
v.
Cubberly)
has reference also to a mortgage on real estate, and involves much the .same principle.
In the third case
(Mutual Life Insurance Benefit Co.
v.
Huntington)
it was again held that after the assignment and delivery by the payee of a negotiable promissory note, before maturity, together with the mortgage on real estate given as collateral security for its payment, the original mortgagee had no power to release or discharge the hen of the mortgage, and a release madé by him without authority, even though the assignment was not recorded, would not affect the rights of the assignee.
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Mr. Justice Peckham,
after making the foregoing statement, delivered the opinion of the court.
The defendant in error, at the outset, objects to the jurisdiction of this court on the ground that the plaintiff should have brought the case here by appeal instead of by writ of error, because the case was tried without a jury, and, therefore, the writ of error was improper. There is nothing in this objection, as in actions at law coming from the Territory of Oklahoma it has been held that the proper way to review the judgments of the Supreme Court of that Territory was by writ of error.
Comstock
v.
Eagleton,
196 U. S. 99;
Oklahoma City
v.
McMaster,
196 U. S. 529;
Guss
v.
Nelson,
200 U. S. 298.
Further objection-is. made that the-court below found no facts upon which a review can be had in this court. The foregoing statement disposes of this objection.also, and shows it to be untenable.
On the merits, the question arises which of these two parties shall sustain the loss occasioned by the improper act of the president of the Live Stock Commission Company in signing this pretended release, and acknowledging the payment of the eleven thousand dollar note, as above stated? The plaintiff in error contends that the defendant bank should bear the loss because of its failure to record or file the assignment to it of the first mortgage, securing the eleven thousand dollar note. The defendant opposes this view and insists that, beipg the holder and the owner of the eleven thousand dollar '-note, secured by a first mortgage duly executed on the twenty-seventh of June, 1900, and duly filed in. the. register’s office, it has the prior right to the cattle, and that the statutes of Kansas do not require that it shoúld file or record the assignment to it of the note and mortgage,, and its claim should not, therefore, be postponed.
The note executed by Grimes for eleven thousand and some odd dollars was negotiable, and the chattel mortgage was given at that time to secure the payment of the note. The indorsement of the note and its delivery before maturity to the defendant by the payee of the note transferred its ownership to the defendant bank. This transfer also transferred, -by operation of law, the ownership of the mortgage which was collateral to the note. Such a mortgage has no separate existence, and when the note is paid the mortgage expires, as it cannot survive the debt which the note represents.
Carpenter
v.
Longan,
16 Wall. 271;
Burhans
v.
Hutcheson,
25 Kansas, 625;
The Mutual Benefit Life Insurance Company
v.
Huntington,
57 Kansas, 744;
Swift
v.
Bank of Washington,
114 Fed. Rep. 643.
The mortgage, therefore, is a prior lien upon the cattle, as security for the payment of the note, unless defendant has lost it by its failure to record an assignment of the mortgage. Whether it has or not is to be determined by the law of Kansas.
There is no express provision in the statutes of Kansas for the filing or recording of assignments of chattel mortgages. Paragraph 36, section 4251, General Statutes of Kansas for 1901, by Dassler, may be found in the margin.
It is said this statute by implication provides for the recording of an assignment of a chattel mortgage.
Assuming that the statute makes provision' for such recording, it is then argued that it is the duty of the assignee to-do
so, and his failure takes away a right of priority of lien which he might otherwise have. This reasoning is not satisfactory. We cannot make the assumption that the statute cited does make provision for the recording of the assignment, and we fail, therefore, to find its necessity That necessity depends upon statute, and without some statutory provision therefor the necessity does not exist. Uncertain and doubtful implications arising from portions of a statute not requiring the recording of an instrument aye not to be regarded as furnishing a rule upon the subject. There are statutory provisions for recording assignments of real estate mortgages to be found in the Kansas statutes. See-paragraph 19, section 4234,- and paragraph 26, section 4241, General Statutes of Kansas for 1901, by Dassler., Paragraph 19, above, provides for the acknowledgment of assignments of real estate mortgages by the assignor, and paragraph 26 provides that on presentation of such assignment for record it shall be entered upon the margin of the record of the mortgage by the register of deeds, who'is to attest the same, as therein provided. Now, in relation to chattel mortgages and the assignment thereof, there is no such provision or anything similar to it. Provision is made for the satisfaction of a chattel mortgage when paid by the mortgagee, assignee, etc., but that does not make it necessary to record or file the assignment of a chattel mortgage in order to protect the assignee.
The Supreme Court of Kansas has held that there is no statute making it necessary to record an assignment of a chattel mortgage, in order to protect the rights of such assignee, and that it need not be recorded or filed.
Burhans
v.
Hutcheson, 25
Kansas, 625;
Wiscomb
v.
Cubberly,
51 Kansas, 580;
Mutual Benefit Life Insurance Company
v.
Huntington,
57 Kansas, 744. It is true that these cases refer to real estate mortgages, but the reasoning sustains the statement as to chattel mortgages.
The first of the above cases
(Burhans
v.
Hutcheson)
holds that where a mortgage upon real estate is given to secure payment of a negotiable note, and before its maturity the note
and mortgage are transferred by indorsement of the note to a
bona fide
holder, the assignment, if there be a written one, need not be recorded. This is held even where there was" an express statute as to the record of such an assignment. The statute was held not to apply to the case of a mortgage given as collateral to a negotiable note.
The second case
(Wiscomb
v.
Cubberly)
has reference also to a mortgage on real estate, and involves much the .same principle.
In the third case
(Mutual Life Insurance Benefit Co.
v.
Huntington)
it was again held that after the assignment and delivery by the payee of a negotiable promissory note, before maturity, together with the mortgage on real estate given as collateral security for its payment, the original mortgagee had no power to release or discharge the hen of the mortgage, and a release madé by him without authority, even though the assignment was not recorded, would not affect the rights of the assignee.
These cases would seem to establish the rule in Kansas that it is not necessary to record the assignment of a mortgage even upon real estate, when given to secure payment of negotiable notes, although there is a statute which in general terms provides for the recording of assignments of real estate mortgages. Still stronger, if possible, is the case of a chattel mortgage given to secure the payment of negotiable notes, when there is no statutory provision for the recording of the assignment of such mortgage. It is probable that in the large majority of cases the only evidence of an assignment of a negotiable note and a chattel mortgage given to secure its payment is .the indorsement of the note and delivery thereof to the, purchaser. In such a case there would be no assignment tp record, and there is no provision in the statute for filing a copy of the note with its indorsement, together with a statement that it had been delivered to a third party,, as the purchaser or assignee thereof.
The policy of. the State of Kansas seems to be.not alone to
give to a negotiable promissory note all the qualities that pertain to commercial paper, but also to clothe mortgages given as collateral security for the payment of such notes, with the same facility of transfer as the note itself, to which it is only an incident.
The plaintiff, however, 'contends for the opposite doctrine, and cites, among others,
Lewis
v.
Kirk,
28 Kansas, 497, as its authority. In that case the question was which' should suffer, a
bona fide
purchaser of the real estate which had been mortgaged, or the
bona fide
purchaser of the mortgage who had failed to have his assignment recorded. The court held in favor of the purchaser of the real estate, and distinguished
Burhans
v.
Hutcheson, supra,
though not assuming to overrule it. The mortgage in the
Lewis case
was upon real estate, and would not, therefore, necessarily affect the case of a chattel mortgage, where there is no statute for recording an assignment of the mortgage.
But in
Insurance Company
v.
Huntington,
57 Kansas,
supra,
the case of
Burhans
v.
Hutcheson,
25 Kansas,
supra,
was cited, and the doctrine that a
bona fide
holder of negotiable paper, transferred by. him by indorsement thereon before maturity, an,d secured by a real estate mortgage, need not record the assignment of mortgage, was again approved.
In
Thomas
v.
Reynolds,
29 Kansas, 304, cited by plaintiff, it was held that an action to recover the penalty provided for by the statute for refusal to enter satisfaction of a chattel mortgage when it had been paid, could not be sustained against the assignee of the mortgage without proof of the assignment of record, as the purpose of the statute was to clear .the record, and, therefore, the defaulting party must have record title or his satisfaction would apparently be an impertinent interference by a stranger. That action did not raise the question herein presented, and the court made no reference to the case of
Burhans
v.
Hutcheson, supra.
It is quite clear that it did not intend to overrule that case. In any event, as already mentioned, the
Burhans case
has been approved in 57 Kansas, 744,
above cited. We cannot treat the rule which we have stated above as having been at all shaken by the two cases from 28 and 29 Kansas,
supra.
The counsel for plaintiff contends that, assuming there was no statute providing for the recording of an assignment of a chattel mortgage in the State of Kansas, yet there was no law of that State which prohibited the Geneseo Bank from recording its assignment. It is not necessary that there should be a law to prohibit the recording of such assignments. There must be a law which provides for their record, either in express terms or by plain and necessary implication from the words stated. Where the statute does not so provide, it is not necessary nor is it the duty of the assignee to record or file his assignment. There must be some legal duty imposed upon the assignee before the necessity arises for the recording of the assignment.
Counsel have cited many cases from States other than Kansas, in which the rights of assignees of mortgagees as against subsequent mortgages or conveyances have been discussed and decided. In many cases the question has arisen in regard to the recording of assignments of mortgages upon real estate, where the States had provided for the recording of such assignments, and where, in the absense of such recording, the assignee has failed in obtaining priority of rights under his mortgage, which he would have had if the assignment had been recorded. But as the owner of the cattle mentioned herein resided in Kansas at the time- the mortgages were given, and the cattle were then in that State, and the mortgages were filed there, the transactions are to be judged of with reference to the law of that State, and we .decide this question with reference to such law.' Under that law the assignee of the first mortgage of June, 1900, has a superior lien to the assignee of the,second mortgage of April, 1901, although such assignee of the first mortgage did not have his assignment recorded.
Judgment is
Affirmed.