Third District Court of Appeal State of Florida
Opinion filed April 21, 2021. Not final until disposition of timely filed motion for rehearing.
________________
No. 3D21-0120 Lower Tribunal No. 20-20577 ________________
National Fire & Marine Insurance Company, et al., Petitioners,
vs.
Infinity Biscayne Myrtle Members, LLC, Respondent.
On Petition for Writ of Certiorari from the Circuit Court for Miami-Dade County, Veronica Diaz, Judge.
Butler Weihmuller Katz Craig LLP, and Mihaela Cabulea, John V. Garaffa, and William R. Lewis (Tampa), for petitioners.
Zarco Einhorn Salkowski & Brito, P.A., and Colby G. Conforti, Robert F. Salkowski, and Robert Zarco, for respondent.
Before MILLER, GORDO, and BOKOR, JJ.
MILLER, J. Petitioners, National Fire & Marine Insurance Company and Certain
Underwriters at Lloyd’s London Participating in Policy Number 09-
7590091654-S-03, seek certiorari review of an order denying their joint
motion to dismiss three counts of a multicount complaint filed by Infinity
Biscayne Myrtle Members, LLC. 1 Adhering to our precedent, we dismiss the
petition. 2
This insurance dispute stems from a series of governmentally
mandated closures purportedly enacted to mitigate the effects of the COVID-
19 pandemic. After its tenants were forced to limit their operations as the
result of pandemic-related shutdowns, Infinity, a commercial landlord, filed
suit against National Fire and Lloyd’s seeking to recover lost revenue under
an all-risk insurance policy.
The operative complaint consists of five counts: (I) anticipatory breach
of contract; (II) breach of contract; (III), breach of contract (civil authority
coverage); (IV) breach of covenant of good faith and fair dealing; and (V) bad
faith. Petitioners moved to dismiss the anticipatory breach count, contending
1 After the motion was denied, Infinity abated the bad faith claim. 2 “A finding that the petitioning party has ‘suffered an irreparable harm that cannot be remedied on direct appeal’ is a ‘condition precedent to invoking a district court's certiorari jurisdiction.’” Bd. of Trs. of the Internal Improvement Tr. Fund v. Am. Educ. Enter., LLC, 99 So. 3d 450, 454-55 (Fla. 2012) (citation omitted).
2 it did not constitute a cognizable claim under Florida law, and the counts for
breach of covenant of good faith and fair dealing and bad faith, asserting
they were premature because coverage issues had not yet been resolved.
The trial court denied the motion and the instant petition ensued.
Acknowledging the anticipatory breach claim constitutes a viable
cause of action and “the law permits a plaintiff to allege alternative theories,”
we discern no error in the failure to dismiss this claim and turn our analysis
to the allegation of breach of good faith and fair dealing. Niemi v. Brown &
Williamson Tobacco Corp., 862 So. 2d 31, 34 (Fla. 2d DCA 2003) (citation
omitted); see also Peachtree Cas. Ins. Co. v. Walden, 759 So. 2d 7, 8 (Fla.
5th DCA 2000); Twenty-Four Collection, Inc. v. M. Weinbaum Constr., Inc.,
427 So. 2d 1110, 1112 (Fla. 3d DCA 1983). It is axiomatic Florida does not
recognize first-party common law bad faith claims. See QBE Ins. Corp. v.
Chalfonte Condo. Apartment Ass’n, Inc., 94 So. 3d 541, 547 (Fla. 2012).
Rather, in this context, bad faith claims are statutory, governed by section
624.155, Florida Statutes.
Here, the breach of good faith and fair dealing count recites the failure
of National Fire and Lloyd’s to act in good faith in adjusting Infinity’s loss,
specifically alleging they “unreasonably withheld a formal coverage decision
in bad faith.” As penned, it appears to be merely a cloaked claim for bad
3 faith, thus, in the absence of a coverage determination, premature. See
Landers v. State Farm Fla. Ins. Co., 234 So. 3d 856, 859 (Fla. 5th DCA 2018)
(“There are three prerequisites to filing a statutory bad-faith claim: (1)
determination of the insurer's liability for coverage; (2) determination of the
extent of the insured's damages; and (3) the required notice must be filed
under section 624.155(3)(a).”) (citation omitted).
Despite this apparent prematurity, a vast body of binding precedent
precludes a finding of irreparable harm in the current procedural posture.
See State Farm Fla. Ins. Co. v. Seville Place Condo. Ass’n, Inc., 74 So. 3d
105, 109 (Fla. 3d DCA 2011) (“[A] trial court order denying a motion to
dismiss an allegedly-premature bad faith claim would not, without more,
satisfy the ‘irreparable harm’ requirement for certiorari; that form of alleged
injury can be remedied on direct appeal.”) (citation omitted); State Farm Mut.
Auto. Ins. Co. v. O’Hearn, 975 So. 2d 633, 636 (Fla. 2d DCA 2008) (“[B]ad
faith cases follow the general rule that orders denying motions to dismiss are
not properly reviewable by certiorari because the alleged injury can be
remedied on direct appeal.”) (citation omitted); State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins.
Co. v. Brewer, 940 So. 2d 1284, 1287 (Fla. 5th DCA 2006) (“State Farm
cannot demonstrate the order [denying its motion to dismiss] causes
irreparable injury and leaves it with no other adequate remedy to review the
4 alleged erroneous order.”) (citation omitted); Progressive Consumers Ins.
Co. v. Day, 869 So. 2d 621, 622 (Fla. 1st DCA 2004) (Petitioner requested
the court “to quash the trial court's order denying petitioner's motion to
dismiss the respondent Barbara Day's bad faith claim against petitioner.
Petitioner has failed to show that it will suffer irreparable harm that cannot be
adequately remedied on appeal.”) (citations omitted); cf. Old Republic Nat’l
Title Ins. Co. v. HomeAmerican Credit, Inc., 844 So. 2d 818, 819 (Fla. 5th
DCA 2003) (Quashing a discovery order because “a party is not entitled to
discovery of an insurer's claim file or documents relating to the insurer's
business policies or practices regarding the handling of claims in an action
for insurance benefits combined with a bad faith action until the insurer's
obligation to provide coverage has been established.”) (citations omitted);
Liberty Mut. Ins. Co. v. Farm, Inc., 754 So. 2d 865, 866-67 (Fla. 3d DCA
2000) (The court quashed an “order requiring the insurer to respond to
discovery directed to the issue of insurer bad faith. Such discovery is
premature until such time as the claim for statutory bad faith has accrued
and been filed.”); Am. Bankers Ins. Co. of Fla. v.
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Third District Court of Appeal State of Florida
Opinion filed April 21, 2021. Not final until disposition of timely filed motion for rehearing.
________________
No. 3D21-0120 Lower Tribunal No. 20-20577 ________________
National Fire & Marine Insurance Company, et al., Petitioners,
vs.
Infinity Biscayne Myrtle Members, LLC, Respondent.
On Petition for Writ of Certiorari from the Circuit Court for Miami-Dade County, Veronica Diaz, Judge.
Butler Weihmuller Katz Craig LLP, and Mihaela Cabulea, John V. Garaffa, and William R. Lewis (Tampa), for petitioners.
Zarco Einhorn Salkowski & Brito, P.A., and Colby G. Conforti, Robert F. Salkowski, and Robert Zarco, for respondent.
Before MILLER, GORDO, and BOKOR, JJ.
MILLER, J. Petitioners, National Fire & Marine Insurance Company and Certain
Underwriters at Lloyd’s London Participating in Policy Number 09-
7590091654-S-03, seek certiorari review of an order denying their joint
motion to dismiss three counts of a multicount complaint filed by Infinity
Biscayne Myrtle Members, LLC. 1 Adhering to our precedent, we dismiss the
petition. 2
This insurance dispute stems from a series of governmentally
mandated closures purportedly enacted to mitigate the effects of the COVID-
19 pandemic. After its tenants were forced to limit their operations as the
result of pandemic-related shutdowns, Infinity, a commercial landlord, filed
suit against National Fire and Lloyd’s seeking to recover lost revenue under
an all-risk insurance policy.
The operative complaint consists of five counts: (I) anticipatory breach
of contract; (II) breach of contract; (III), breach of contract (civil authority
coverage); (IV) breach of covenant of good faith and fair dealing; and (V) bad
faith. Petitioners moved to dismiss the anticipatory breach count, contending
1 After the motion was denied, Infinity abated the bad faith claim. 2 “A finding that the petitioning party has ‘suffered an irreparable harm that cannot be remedied on direct appeal’ is a ‘condition precedent to invoking a district court's certiorari jurisdiction.’” Bd. of Trs. of the Internal Improvement Tr. Fund v. Am. Educ. Enter., LLC, 99 So. 3d 450, 454-55 (Fla. 2012) (citation omitted).
2 it did not constitute a cognizable claim under Florida law, and the counts for
breach of covenant of good faith and fair dealing and bad faith, asserting
they were premature because coverage issues had not yet been resolved.
The trial court denied the motion and the instant petition ensued.
Acknowledging the anticipatory breach claim constitutes a viable
cause of action and “the law permits a plaintiff to allege alternative theories,”
we discern no error in the failure to dismiss this claim and turn our analysis
to the allegation of breach of good faith and fair dealing. Niemi v. Brown &
Williamson Tobacco Corp., 862 So. 2d 31, 34 (Fla. 2d DCA 2003) (citation
omitted); see also Peachtree Cas. Ins. Co. v. Walden, 759 So. 2d 7, 8 (Fla.
5th DCA 2000); Twenty-Four Collection, Inc. v. M. Weinbaum Constr., Inc.,
427 So. 2d 1110, 1112 (Fla. 3d DCA 1983). It is axiomatic Florida does not
recognize first-party common law bad faith claims. See QBE Ins. Corp. v.
Chalfonte Condo. Apartment Ass’n, Inc., 94 So. 3d 541, 547 (Fla. 2012).
Rather, in this context, bad faith claims are statutory, governed by section
624.155, Florida Statutes.
Here, the breach of good faith and fair dealing count recites the failure
of National Fire and Lloyd’s to act in good faith in adjusting Infinity’s loss,
specifically alleging they “unreasonably withheld a formal coverage decision
in bad faith.” As penned, it appears to be merely a cloaked claim for bad
3 faith, thus, in the absence of a coverage determination, premature. See
Landers v. State Farm Fla. Ins. Co., 234 So. 3d 856, 859 (Fla. 5th DCA 2018)
(“There are three prerequisites to filing a statutory bad-faith claim: (1)
determination of the insurer's liability for coverage; (2) determination of the
extent of the insured's damages; and (3) the required notice must be filed
under section 624.155(3)(a).”) (citation omitted).
Despite this apparent prematurity, a vast body of binding precedent
precludes a finding of irreparable harm in the current procedural posture.
See State Farm Fla. Ins. Co. v. Seville Place Condo. Ass’n, Inc., 74 So. 3d
105, 109 (Fla. 3d DCA 2011) (“[A] trial court order denying a motion to
dismiss an allegedly-premature bad faith claim would not, without more,
satisfy the ‘irreparable harm’ requirement for certiorari; that form of alleged
injury can be remedied on direct appeal.”) (citation omitted); State Farm Mut.
Auto. Ins. Co. v. O’Hearn, 975 So. 2d 633, 636 (Fla. 2d DCA 2008) (“[B]ad
faith cases follow the general rule that orders denying motions to dismiss are
not properly reviewable by certiorari because the alleged injury can be
remedied on direct appeal.”) (citation omitted); State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins.
Co. v. Brewer, 940 So. 2d 1284, 1287 (Fla. 5th DCA 2006) (“State Farm
cannot demonstrate the order [denying its motion to dismiss] causes
irreparable injury and leaves it with no other adequate remedy to review the
4 alleged erroneous order.”) (citation omitted); Progressive Consumers Ins.
Co. v. Day, 869 So. 2d 621, 622 (Fla. 1st DCA 2004) (Petitioner requested
the court “to quash the trial court's order denying petitioner's motion to
dismiss the respondent Barbara Day's bad faith claim against petitioner.
Petitioner has failed to show that it will suffer irreparable harm that cannot be
adequately remedied on appeal.”) (citations omitted); cf. Old Republic Nat’l
Title Ins. Co. v. HomeAmerican Credit, Inc., 844 So. 2d 818, 819 (Fla. 5th
DCA 2003) (Quashing a discovery order because “a party is not entitled to
discovery of an insurer's claim file or documents relating to the insurer's
business policies or practices regarding the handling of claims in an action
for insurance benefits combined with a bad faith action until the insurer's
obligation to provide coverage has been established.”) (citations omitted);
Liberty Mut. Ins. Co. v. Farm, Inc., 754 So. 2d 865, 866-67 (Fla. 3d DCA
2000) (The court quashed an “order requiring the insurer to respond to
discovery directed to the issue of insurer bad faith. Such discovery is
premature until such time as the claim for statutory bad faith has accrued
and been filed.”); Am. Bankers Ins. Co. of Fla. v. Wheeler, 711 So. 2d 1347,
1348 (Fla. 5th DCA 1998) (quashing order “compelling disclosure of the
privilege claim file” prior to the determination of coverage); State Farm Fire
& Cas. Co. v. Martin, 673 So. 2d 518, 519 (Fla. 5th DCA 1996) (granting
5 petition for certiorari and quashing discovery order as “no judicial
determination that State Farm ha[d] an obligation to provide coverage” under
the terms of the policy had been made).
Accordingly, relief in certiorari does not lie and we dismiss the petition.
Dismissed.
GORDO and BOKOR, JJ., concur.
6 National Fire & Marine Insurance Company, et al. v. Infinity Biscayne Myrtle Members, LLC Case No. 3D21-120
GORDO, J., concurring.
I concur with the majority opinion that we are bound to dismiss the
petition at this juncture. I write to express my view that forcing a party to
litigate a clearly premature bad faith claim does cause irreparable harm,
irremediable on plenary appeal.
First, I note that although National Fire asserts Infinity Biscayne’s
notice of abatement was vague and lacked “predictability as to what will
trigger the active pursuit of [the bad faith] count,” Infinity Biscayne is bound
by the arguments made before this Court. Infinity Biscayne advised that it
has abated its bad faith claim and argued to this Court that any argument
raised by National Fire on that claim was mooted by its voluntary abatement.
It conceded that the bad faith claim “is no longer being litigated in this case.”
It is therefore precluded from taking an alternative position in the proceedings
before the trial court. This, in part, compelled our result.
Second, this Court and many of our sister courts have held that a
petitioner cannot demonstrate irreparable harm on review of a trial court’s
order merely denying its motion to dismiss. See, e.g., State Farm Fla. Ins.
Co. v. Seville Place Condo. Ass’n, Inc., 74 So. 3d 105, 108–09 (Fla. 3d DCA
7 2011). While several have followed that precedent, I believe that a party is
necessarily irreparably harmed when it is forced to litigate against a claim
that is undeniably premature. It is undisputed that a trial court order denying
dismissal but granting discovery on a premature claim constitutes irreparable
harm. See Maj. Op. at 4–5. In contrast, an order that denies dismissal and
requires a party to file its answer and affirmative defenses to a premature
bad faith claim does not. Cf. Sevilla Place, 74 So. 3d at 108 (stating that
although the petitioner had yet to respond to the complaint below and would
eventually be required to do so, no irreparable harm was “certain to follow”).
Requiring National Fire & Marine to respond to the complaint means that it
is required to take a legally binding position on all allegations made in Infinity
Biscayne’s complaint, including those pertaining to the premature bad faith
claim. Carvell v. Kinsey, 87 So. 2d 577, 579 (Fla. 1956) (“Citation of
authorities is unnecessary to sustain the rule that parties[] are bound by the
allegations of their pleadings . . . .”); Hart Props., Inc. v. Slack, 159 So. 2d
236, 238–39 (Fla. 1963) (same); Fernandez v. Valle, 364 So. 2d 835, 838
(Fla. 3d DCA 1978) (stating that a defendant was “bound” by an admission
made in her answer (citations omitted)). Judicial estoppel would prevent
National Fire from later taking a different position than it took at a time before
the claim had even accrued. See McPhee v. State, 254 So. 2d 406, 409
8 (Fla. 1st DCA 1971) (“[T]he general rule is that a party cannot occupy
inconsistent positions in the course of a litigation.” (quoting 12 Fla. Jur.
Estoppel and Waiver § 51)). Thus, it is my position that forcing National
Marine to file an answer and take a legally binding position on a claim that is
not yet ripe would constitute irreparable harm.
BOKOR, J., concurs.