Kavanagh, C. J.
This case concerns a dispute over certain funds owed to Continental Electric Company (Continental) pursuant to a construction contract existing between Continental and Aetna Life & Casualty Company. Plaintiff National Bank of Detroit (NBD) claims full rights to such funds pursuant to a perfected security interest in the accounts receivable of Continental. MCLA 440.9101 et seq.; MSA 19.9101 et seq.
Westinghouse Electric Corporation (Westinghouse), a subcontractor and materialman to Continental, claims full rights to such funds pursuant to MCLA 570.151 et seq.; MSA 26.331 et seq. (the Act). The funds are in the possession of Westinghouse.
Plaintiff brought suit in Oakland County Circuit Court to recover the funds, and was granted sum[616]*616mary judgment. The Court of Appeals affirmed. 50 Mich App 447; 213 NW2d 573 (1973).
We granted leave to consider whether an unsecured creditor claiming under MCLA 570.151, which imposes a trust fund for materialmen and laborers, takes priority over a prior perfected security interest in all present and after-acquired contract rights, accounts, general intangibles, and chattel paper.
I
In 1966 plaintiff-appellee perfected a security interest in all present and future accounts receivable of Continental pursuant to the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC), Article 9. MCLA 440.9101 et seq.; MSA 19.9101 et seq.
In 1970 the general contracting firm of Darin & Armstrong, Inc., subcontracted the plumbing work in a commercial building in Southfield to defendant-appellant Eames & Brown who was insured by Aetna. The plumbing work was faulty and caused water damage to the electrical work in the building.
Aetna contracted directly with Continental to repair the electrical work. Continental subcontracted some of the repair work and materials to defendant-appellant Westinghouse. Continental became insolvent.
In March, 1971, NBD notified Aetna and Eames & Brown of its security interest in Continental’s accounts receivable and requested that they pay directly to NBD all monies owed to Continental.
In May, 1971, Aetna instead paid directly to Westinghouse the sum of $54,420.46, for the material and services provided by Westinghouse to [617]*617Continental under the repair contract, and received a hold-harmless agreement.
II
Westinghouse argues that it is entitled to this fund pursuant to MCLA 570.151 et seq.; MSA 26.331 et seq. (the Act), which provides:
"Sec. 1. In the building construction industry, the building contract fund paid by any person to a contractor, or by such person or contractor to a subcontractor, shall be considered by this act to be a trust fund, for the benefit of the person making the payment, contractors, laborers, subcontractors or materialmen, and the contractor or subcontractor shall be considered the trustee of all funds so paid to him for building construction purposes.
"Sec. 2. Any contractor or subcontractor engaged in the building construction business, who, with intent to defraud, shall retain or use the proceeds or any part therefor, of any payment made to him, for any other purpose than to first pay laborers, subcontractors and materialmen, engaged by him to perform labor or furnish material for the specific improvement, shall be guilty of felony in appropriating such funds to his own use while any amount for which he may be liable or become liable under the terms of his contract for such labor or material remains unpaid, and may be prosecuted upon the complaint of any persons so defrauded, and, upon conviction, shall be punished by a fine of not less than 100 dollars or more than 5,000 dollars and/or not less than 6 months nor more than 3 years imprisonment in a state prison at the discretion of the court.
"Sec. 3. The appropriation by a contractor, or any subcontractor, of any moneys paid to him for building operations before the payment by him of all moneys due or so to become due laborers, subcontractors, materialmen or others entitled to payment, shall be evidence of intent to defraud.”
[618]*618The Court of Appeals held that NBD had a perfected security interest in the money owed by Aetna to Continental and that the position of NBD under the UCC was superior to the position of Westinghouse under the Act for three reasons:
1) The Act is a penal provision not intended to determine priority between conflicting creditors.
2) NBD’s UCC security interest attached and was perfected prior to Westinghouse’s right, if any, under the Act.
3) The Act does not create a lien of the type given priority under UCC 9-310; MCLA 440.9310; MSA 19.9310.
Defendants assert that the Court of Appeals is in error because:
1) The Act does provide the basis for a civil remedy. B F Farnell Co v Monahan, 377 Mich 552; 141 NW2d 58 (1966), overruling Club Holding Co v Flint Citizens Loan & Investment Co, 272 Mich 66; 261 NW 133 (1935).
2) Article 9 of the UCC does not apply because:
a) Under the Act and the UCC the fund held by Aetna was not an account receivable of Continental because Continental had no assignable right in that fund until its laborers and materialmen were paid; and
b) the Act creates an interest by operation of law that is outside of and superior to a security interest in accounts receivable.
NBD supports the opinion of the Court of Appeals and adds that the Act cannot be applied to the money paid to Westinghouse because the Act speaks of money "paid by any person to a contractor” and the $54,000 was never actually paid to Continental, the contractor.
In response, defendants urge that we interpret [619]*619the Act to apply to money constructively paid to a contractor, even though physically delivered to a third party on his behalf, because otherwise secured creditors will be able to circumvent the Act by obtaining their money directly from owners. We note at the outset that we agree with defendants in this regard.
Amici Curiae, construction trade unions, in their brief support the position of defendants.
All three briefs present strongly worded policy arguments.
Ill
The Act’s purpose was discussed in General Insurance Co of America v Lamar Corp, 482 F2d 856, 860 (CA 6, 1973):
"The legislative history of the Michigan statute itself is obscure. The briefs of the parties do nothing to illuminate it, and our research has not disclosed the exact circumstances of the statute’s enactment. Nevertheless, the date of its passage, 1931, identifies the act as one of a genre of Depression-era measures intended to afford relief to subcontractors and materialmen in the construction industry.
"During the boom period of the 1920’s, speculative builders often undertook to construct projects too large for their available capital to finance, and they frequently paid suppliers and materialmen on older projects with funds received as payment on more current operations. With the advent of the crash of 1929 and the consequent widespread insolvency of many building contractors, these pyramided empires also collapsed and many subcontractors and suppliers were never paid.
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Kavanagh, C. J.
This case concerns a dispute over certain funds owed to Continental Electric Company (Continental) pursuant to a construction contract existing between Continental and Aetna Life & Casualty Company. Plaintiff National Bank of Detroit (NBD) claims full rights to such funds pursuant to a perfected security interest in the accounts receivable of Continental. MCLA 440.9101 et seq.; MSA 19.9101 et seq.
Westinghouse Electric Corporation (Westinghouse), a subcontractor and materialman to Continental, claims full rights to such funds pursuant to MCLA 570.151 et seq.; MSA 26.331 et seq. (the Act). The funds are in the possession of Westinghouse.
Plaintiff brought suit in Oakland County Circuit Court to recover the funds, and was granted sum[616]*616mary judgment. The Court of Appeals affirmed. 50 Mich App 447; 213 NW2d 573 (1973).
We granted leave to consider whether an unsecured creditor claiming under MCLA 570.151, which imposes a trust fund for materialmen and laborers, takes priority over a prior perfected security interest in all present and after-acquired contract rights, accounts, general intangibles, and chattel paper.
I
In 1966 plaintiff-appellee perfected a security interest in all present and future accounts receivable of Continental pursuant to the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC), Article 9. MCLA 440.9101 et seq.; MSA 19.9101 et seq.
In 1970 the general contracting firm of Darin & Armstrong, Inc., subcontracted the plumbing work in a commercial building in Southfield to defendant-appellant Eames & Brown who was insured by Aetna. The plumbing work was faulty and caused water damage to the electrical work in the building.
Aetna contracted directly with Continental to repair the electrical work. Continental subcontracted some of the repair work and materials to defendant-appellant Westinghouse. Continental became insolvent.
In March, 1971, NBD notified Aetna and Eames & Brown of its security interest in Continental’s accounts receivable and requested that they pay directly to NBD all monies owed to Continental.
In May, 1971, Aetna instead paid directly to Westinghouse the sum of $54,420.46, for the material and services provided by Westinghouse to [617]*617Continental under the repair contract, and received a hold-harmless agreement.
II
Westinghouse argues that it is entitled to this fund pursuant to MCLA 570.151 et seq.; MSA 26.331 et seq. (the Act), which provides:
"Sec. 1. In the building construction industry, the building contract fund paid by any person to a contractor, or by such person or contractor to a subcontractor, shall be considered by this act to be a trust fund, for the benefit of the person making the payment, contractors, laborers, subcontractors or materialmen, and the contractor or subcontractor shall be considered the trustee of all funds so paid to him for building construction purposes.
"Sec. 2. Any contractor or subcontractor engaged in the building construction business, who, with intent to defraud, shall retain or use the proceeds or any part therefor, of any payment made to him, for any other purpose than to first pay laborers, subcontractors and materialmen, engaged by him to perform labor or furnish material for the specific improvement, shall be guilty of felony in appropriating such funds to his own use while any amount for which he may be liable or become liable under the terms of his contract for such labor or material remains unpaid, and may be prosecuted upon the complaint of any persons so defrauded, and, upon conviction, shall be punished by a fine of not less than 100 dollars or more than 5,000 dollars and/or not less than 6 months nor more than 3 years imprisonment in a state prison at the discretion of the court.
"Sec. 3. The appropriation by a contractor, or any subcontractor, of any moneys paid to him for building operations before the payment by him of all moneys due or so to become due laborers, subcontractors, materialmen or others entitled to payment, shall be evidence of intent to defraud.”
[618]*618The Court of Appeals held that NBD had a perfected security interest in the money owed by Aetna to Continental and that the position of NBD under the UCC was superior to the position of Westinghouse under the Act for three reasons:
1) The Act is a penal provision not intended to determine priority between conflicting creditors.
2) NBD’s UCC security interest attached and was perfected prior to Westinghouse’s right, if any, under the Act.
3) The Act does not create a lien of the type given priority under UCC 9-310; MCLA 440.9310; MSA 19.9310.
Defendants assert that the Court of Appeals is in error because:
1) The Act does provide the basis for a civil remedy. B F Farnell Co v Monahan, 377 Mich 552; 141 NW2d 58 (1966), overruling Club Holding Co v Flint Citizens Loan & Investment Co, 272 Mich 66; 261 NW 133 (1935).
2) Article 9 of the UCC does not apply because:
a) Under the Act and the UCC the fund held by Aetna was not an account receivable of Continental because Continental had no assignable right in that fund until its laborers and materialmen were paid; and
b) the Act creates an interest by operation of law that is outside of and superior to a security interest in accounts receivable.
NBD supports the opinion of the Court of Appeals and adds that the Act cannot be applied to the money paid to Westinghouse because the Act speaks of money "paid by any person to a contractor” and the $54,000 was never actually paid to Continental, the contractor.
In response, defendants urge that we interpret [619]*619the Act to apply to money constructively paid to a contractor, even though physically delivered to a third party on his behalf, because otherwise secured creditors will be able to circumvent the Act by obtaining their money directly from owners. We note at the outset that we agree with defendants in this regard.
Amici Curiae, construction trade unions, in their brief support the position of defendants.
All three briefs present strongly worded policy arguments.
Ill
The Act’s purpose was discussed in General Insurance Co of America v Lamar Corp, 482 F2d 856, 860 (CA 6, 1973):
"The legislative history of the Michigan statute itself is obscure. The briefs of the parties do nothing to illuminate it, and our research has not disclosed the exact circumstances of the statute’s enactment. Nevertheless, the date of its passage, 1931, identifies the act as one of a genre of Depression-era measures intended to afford relief to subcontractors and materialmen in the construction industry.
"During the boom period of the 1920’s, speculative builders often undertook to construct projects too large for their available capital to finance, and they frequently paid suppliers and materialmen on older projects with funds received as payment on more current operations. With the advent of the crash of 1929 and the consequent widespread insolvency of many building contractors, these pyramided empires also collapsed and many subcontractors and suppliers were never paid. Subcontractors and materialmen on private projects were left only with mechanics’ liens as remedies, and these were often ineffective. See generally Grossman, Trust and Penal Provisions of the New York State [620]*620Mechanics’ Lien Law, 5 Brooklyn L Rev 14, 16-22 (1935).
"On the other hand, suppliers of labor and material on public projects were protected by statutorily required payment and performance bonds. These bonds required for public projects were intended 'to afford protection to the suppliers , of labor or materials, similar to that afforded under the mechanics’ lien laws in the case of private buildings or construction.’
"When Depression-era experience demonstrated the inadequacy of mechanics’ liens in many cases because the owner had a defense if he had paid the principal contractor, statutes like the Michigan Act of 1931 were enacted to afford a 'supplement to the Mechanics’ Lien Law,’ providing a more effective remedy for private project suppliers against their principal contractors than they had previously.” (Footnotes omitted.)
In Club Holding Co v Flint Citizens’ Loan & Investment Co, 272 Mich 66; 261 NW 133 (1935), this Court held that the Act’s trust fund provisions did not apply to the erection of public buildings. The Court also observed that the statute was criminal in nature and seemed to leave undisturbed the civil rights and obligations existing between owners, contractors, subcontractors, materialmen, and laborers.
In B F Farnell Co v Monahan, 377 Mich 552; 141 NW2d 58 (1966), we overruled the suggestion in Club Holding Co that no right to an action for civil damages was created by the Act. In B F Farnell Co, a contractor who was paid for work performed under contract filed for bankruptcy while holding construction fund money and before all the materialmen were paid. The contractor delivered that construction fund money to the trustee in bankruptcy. The contractor was discharged in bankruptcy. A materialman brought an action under [621]*621the Act against the contractor alleging that the contractor was a trustee in the funds paid him to the extent of the amount owed for materials.
We held that under the Act the contractor held the money as trustee for his materialmen and that the money was not the contractor’s property under § 70 of the Bankruptcy Act (11 USC 110).
"If plaintiff can prove the allegations of its complaint, then 'those funds,’ whether turned over to the trustee in bankruptcy or not, were never the 'property’ of defendant within said section 70.
'To conclude: It is clear that a contractor or subcontractor, by delivering to his trustee in bankruptcy what he himself holds as trustee under the act of 1931, cannot thereby defeat the common-law remedy this Court has provided in favor of those who under the act are aggrieved by his statutory violation. Whether defendant’s act of turning the funds over to his trustee did or did not place such funds beyond the reach of plaintiff is beside the point. Plaintiff had the remedy it seeks to pursue, as against the defendant, when the latter retained or used the funds as charged in its complaint. That remedy was not destroyed, either by defendant’s voluntary petition in bankruptcy or by his voluntary payment to the trustee in bankruptcy of that which was not his. To the extent Club Holding collides with these views, Club Holding should be overruled.” 377 Mich, pp 557-558.
It is clear that under Farnell, the Court of Appeals in the case at bar erred in holding that the Act did not provide a civil remedy.
The rationale of Farnell also lends support to defendants’ position that Continental did not have an assignable interest in accounts receivable held in trust for the materialmen. The contractor or subcontractor cannot defeat the purpose of the Act by granting a security interest in those funds held in trust for the materialmen’s benefit.
[622]*622We do not believe, however, that such a determination necessarily nullifies a validly perfected security interest in the accounts receivable of a contractor.
The purpose of the Act is to create a trust fund for the benefit of materialmen and others under private construction contracts. This is in addition to the rights granted pursuant to the mechanics’ lien statute. MCLA 570.1 et seq.; MSA 26.281 et seq. They are two separate protections, providing two distinct avenues of relief to the unpaid laborers and materialmen. Any other interpretation would render one of these statutes superfluous.
If the money provided by the secured creditor was in fact used to pay laborers, subcontractors, or materialmen on the specific job in question, the purpose of the Act is carried out. To that extent, there is no reason why the secured creditor should not have a right to the accounts receivable of the contractor.
It is entirely consonant with the purposes of the Act to assign a specific account receivable, arising out of a particular improvement, to a lender to raise money to pay "laborers, subcontractors and materialmen, engaged by [the contractor] to perform labor or furnish material for the specific improvement”. MCLA 570.152; MSA 26.332. The burden of proving that any or all of the funds provided were in fact used to pay laborers, subcontractors and materialmen on this project rests on the secured party. To the extent that the lender fails to satisfy this burden of proof, the laborers, subcontractors and materialmen prevail and have the superior right to the fund; if the lender satisfies the burden of proof, its perfected security interest is superior.
In this case the security interest was created by [623]*623a general continuing assignment covering all present and future accounts. In such a case the money may be loaned before the account receivable begins to be created. If the lender in this case in fact loaned money which was used to pay for labor and material for the specific improvement here involved in an amount at least as large as the amount of the accounts receivable, there would be no diversion to "any other purpose”.
A security interest created by a general, continuing assignment should be regarded as valid at least to the extent it does not exceed the amount of money lent by the secured party actually used in creating the specific improvement.
From the facts before us, we cannot determine how much of the $54,420.46 paid to Westinghouse was actually owed to Westinghouse, or whether any or all of the money provided by NBD was actually used to pay laborers, subcontractors and materialmen on this project. Those facts must be determined at trial.
IV
We noted above that the parties and amici involved in this case presented strong policy arguments favoring their respective positions. These may be summarized by stating that whatever way we rule in this case will apparently spell the doom of the construction industry.
The practice of financing construction projects is different from financing other entrepreneurs for reasons unique to the business. As a general rule, banks place considerably less reliance on the accounts receivable of contractors than on other business ventures.
[624]*624"The reason is evident — the risk in this field of lending is greater than in any other. Year after year, surveys by Robert Morris Associates show that the contractor is number one on the list of loan losses by industry. The risks are greater because the contractor is susceptible to innumerable adverse forces outside of his control. The greatest risk lies in the fact that, unlike other industries, the contractor sets his price before the product costs are known, and that price, the bid, is generally what he will receive, no matter what his costs are.” Rogers, The Contractor — Analysis From A Credit Standpoint, J Commercial Bank Lending 19 (Feb, 1975).
There are, of course, other risks encountered by the lender with a security interest in the contractor’s accounts receivable, e.g., priorities of other secured parties with superior interests; workmen, and materialmen with liens; suppliers with purchase money security interests where available under the UCC; and bonding companies with rights of subrogation. These situations are not affected by the result in this case. Neither does this result limit the right of the parties to require payment and performance bonds, or to enter into subordination agreements per UCC, 9-316.
The mechanics’ lien statute is available to the contractors, subcontractors, laborers and material-men to protect their interest in the property. MCLA 570.1 et seq.; MSA 26.281 et seq.
V
The opinion of the Court of Appeals is reversed, and the case is remanded to Oakland County Circuit Court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
[625]*625Williams, Levin, and Fitzgerald, JJ., concurred with Kavanagh, C. J.