1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 CENTRAL DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 NATASHA D., ) Case No. CV 18-5157-SP ) 12 Plaintiff, ) ) 13 v. ) MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ) ORDER 14 ) ANDREW M. SAUL, Commissioner of ) 15 Social Security Administration, ) ) 16 Defendant. ) ) 17 ) 18 19 I. 20 INTRODUCTION 21 On June 11, 2018, plaintiff Natasha D. filed a complaint against defendant, 22 the Commissioner of the Social Security Administration (“Commissioner”), 23 seeking a review of a denial of a period of disability and disability insurance 24 benefits (“DIB”). The parties have fully briefed the matters in dispute, and the 25 court deems the matter suitable for adjudication without oral argument. 26 Plaintiff presents three disputed issues for decision: (1) whether the 27 Administrative Law Judge (“ALJ”) erred at step two when he found plaintiff only 28 1 suffered from a severe impairment in one knee; (2) whether the ALJ erred at step 2 two when he failed to find plaintiff suffered from a severe mental impairment; and 3 (3) whether the ALJ’s residual functional capacity (“RFC”) determination was 4 supported by substantial evidence. 5 Having carefully studied the parties’ memoranda on the issues in dispute, the 6 Administrative Record (“AR”), and the decision of the ALJ, the court concludes 7 that, as detailed herein, the ALJ committed a typographical error when he failed to 8 specify which of plaintiff’s knees had a severe impairment, erred at step two when 9 he failed to find plaintiff suffered from a severe mental impairment, and his RFC 10 determination was not supported by substantial evidence. The court therefore 11 remands this matter to the Commissioner in accordance with the principles and 12 instructions enunciated in this Memorandum Opinion and Order. 13 II. 14 FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND 15 Plaintiff, who was thirty years old on her alleged disability onset date, is a 16 high school graduate and has phlebotomy and medical assistant certificates. AR at 17 50, 332. Plaintiff has past relevant work as a phlebotomist, administrative clerk, 18 and home care provider. Id. at 47. 19 On March 18, 2014, plaintiff filed an application for a period of disability 20 and DIB due to bilateral knee pain, lower back pain, and depression. Id. at 50. 21 The application was denied initially and upon reconsideration, after which plaintiff 22 filed a request for a hearing. Id. at 74-77, 83-90. 23 On November 9, 2016, plaintiff appeared and testified at a hearing before the 24 ALJ. Id. at 36-49. The ALJ also heard testimony from Carmen Roman, a 25 vocational expert. Id. at 47-48. On December 7, 2016, the ALJ denied plaintiff’s 26 claim for benefits. Id. at 24-31. 27 28 1 Applying the well-known five-step sequential evaluation process, the ALJ 2 found, at step one, that plaintiff had not engaged in substantial gainful activity 3 since September 1, 2013, the alleged onset date. Id. at 26. 4 At step two, the ALJ found plaintiff suffered from the severe impairment of 5 osteoarthritis of her knee. Id. 6 At step three, the ALJ found plaintiff’s impairments, whether individually or 7 in combination, did not meet or medically equal one of the listed impairments set 8 forth in 20 C.F.R. part 404, Subpart P, Appendix 1 (the “Listings”). Id. 9 The ALJ then assessed plaintiff’s RFC,1 and determined plaintiff had the 10 RFC to perform light work, with the limitations that plaintiff could occasionally 11 climb, crawl, and kneel, and could not work on unprotected heights or dangerous 12 machinery. Id. at 27. 13 The ALJ found, at step four, that plaintiff was capable of performing her 14 past relevant work as phlebotomist and administrative clerk. Id. at 30. 15 Consequently, the ALJ concluded plaintiff did not suffer from a disability as 16 defined by the Social Security Act. Id. at 31. 17 Plaintiff filed a timely request for review of the ALJ’s decision, but the 18 Appeals Council denied the request for review. Id. at 1-3. The ALJ’s decision 19 stands as the final decision of the Commissioner. 20 /// 21 /// 22 23 24 1 Residual functional capacity is what a claimant can do despite existing 25 exertional and nonexertional limitations. Cooper v. Sullivan, 880 F.2d 1152, 1155- 26 56 n.5-7 (9th Cir. 1989). “Between steps three and four of the five-step evaluation, the ALJ must proceed to an intermediate step in which the ALJ assesses the 27 claimant’s residual functional capacity.” Massachi v. Astrue, 486 F.3d 1149, 1151 28 n.2 (9th Cir. 2007). 1 III. 2 STANDARD OF REVIEW 3 This court is empowered to review decisions by the Commissioner to deny 4 benefits. 42 U.S.C. § 405(g). The findings and decision of the Social Security 5 Administration must be upheld if they are free of legal error and supported by 6 substantial evidence. Mayes v. Massanari, 276 F.3d 453, 458-59 (9th Cir. 2001) 7 (as amended). But if the court determines the ALJ’s findings are based on legal 8 error or are not supported by substantial evidence in the record, the court may 9 reject the findings and set aside the decision to deny benefits. Aukland v. 10 Massanari, 257 F.3d 1033, 1035 (9th Cir. 2001); Tonapetyan v. Halter, 242 F.3d 11 1144, 1147 (9th Cir. 2001). 12 “Substantial evidence is more than a mere scintilla, but less than a 13 preponderance.” Aukland, 257 F.3d at 1035. Substantial evidence is such 14 “relevant evidence which a reasonable person might accept as adequate to support 15 a conclusion.” Reddick v. Chater, 157 F.3d 715, 720 (9th Cir. 1998); Mayes, 276 16 F.3d at 459. To determine whether substantial evidence supports the ALJ’s 17 finding, the reviewing court must review the administrative record as a whole, 18 “weighing both the evidence that supports and the evidence that detracts from the 19 ALJ’s conclusion.” Mayes, 276 F.3d at 459. The ALJ’s decision “‘cannot be 20 affirmed simply by isolating a specific quantum of supporting evidence.’” 21 Aukland, 257 F.3d at 1035 (quoting Sousa v. Callahan, 143 F.3d 1240, 1243 (9th 22 Cir. 1998)). If the evidence can reasonably support either affirming or reversing 23 the ALJ’s decision, the reviewing court “‘may not substitute its judgment for that 24 of the ALJ.’” Id. (quoting Matney v. Sullivan, 981 F.2d 1016, 1018 (9th Cir. 25 1992)). 26 /// 27 28 1 IV. 2 DISCUSSION 3 A. The ALJ ’s Failure to Provide More Specificity Regarding Plaintiff’s 4 Knee Impairment at Step Two Was a Typographical Error 5 Plaintiff first contends the ALJ erred at step two because he determined 6 plaintiff suffered from the severe impairment of osteoarthritis in only one knee. P. 7 Mem. at 2-5. Plaintiff asserts that the ALJ’s step two finding was ambiguous 8 because he failed to specify which knee had osteoarthritis, but regardless of which 9 knee the ALJ intended to identify, the ALJ erred because the evidence shows 10 plaintiff had a severe impairment in both knees. See id. 11 Respondent acknowledges substantial evidence supports a finding of a 12 severe impairment in both knees and contends the ALJ’s error was simply a 13 scrivener’s error and harmless. See D. Mem. at 1-3. The court agrees the step two 14 error was a typographical error.
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 CENTRAL DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 NATASHA D., ) Case No. CV 18-5157-SP ) 12 Plaintiff, ) ) 13 v. ) MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ) ORDER 14 ) ANDREW M. SAUL, Commissioner of ) 15 Social Security Administration, ) ) 16 Defendant. ) ) 17 ) 18 19 I. 20 INTRODUCTION 21 On June 11, 2018, plaintiff Natasha D. filed a complaint against defendant, 22 the Commissioner of the Social Security Administration (“Commissioner”), 23 seeking a review of a denial of a period of disability and disability insurance 24 benefits (“DIB”). The parties have fully briefed the matters in dispute, and the 25 court deems the matter suitable for adjudication without oral argument. 26 Plaintiff presents three disputed issues for decision: (1) whether the 27 Administrative Law Judge (“ALJ”) erred at step two when he found plaintiff only 28 1 suffered from a severe impairment in one knee; (2) whether the ALJ erred at step 2 two when he failed to find plaintiff suffered from a severe mental impairment; and 3 (3) whether the ALJ’s residual functional capacity (“RFC”) determination was 4 supported by substantial evidence. 5 Having carefully studied the parties’ memoranda on the issues in dispute, the 6 Administrative Record (“AR”), and the decision of the ALJ, the court concludes 7 that, as detailed herein, the ALJ committed a typographical error when he failed to 8 specify which of plaintiff’s knees had a severe impairment, erred at step two when 9 he failed to find plaintiff suffered from a severe mental impairment, and his RFC 10 determination was not supported by substantial evidence. The court therefore 11 remands this matter to the Commissioner in accordance with the principles and 12 instructions enunciated in this Memorandum Opinion and Order. 13 II. 14 FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND 15 Plaintiff, who was thirty years old on her alleged disability onset date, is a 16 high school graduate and has phlebotomy and medical assistant certificates. AR at 17 50, 332. Plaintiff has past relevant work as a phlebotomist, administrative clerk, 18 and home care provider. Id. at 47. 19 On March 18, 2014, plaintiff filed an application for a period of disability 20 and DIB due to bilateral knee pain, lower back pain, and depression. Id. at 50. 21 The application was denied initially and upon reconsideration, after which plaintiff 22 filed a request for a hearing. Id. at 74-77, 83-90. 23 On November 9, 2016, plaintiff appeared and testified at a hearing before the 24 ALJ. Id. at 36-49. The ALJ also heard testimony from Carmen Roman, a 25 vocational expert. Id. at 47-48. On December 7, 2016, the ALJ denied plaintiff’s 26 claim for benefits. Id. at 24-31. 27 28 1 Applying the well-known five-step sequential evaluation process, the ALJ 2 found, at step one, that plaintiff had not engaged in substantial gainful activity 3 since September 1, 2013, the alleged onset date. Id. at 26. 4 At step two, the ALJ found plaintiff suffered from the severe impairment of 5 osteoarthritis of her knee. Id. 6 At step three, the ALJ found plaintiff’s impairments, whether individually or 7 in combination, did not meet or medically equal one of the listed impairments set 8 forth in 20 C.F.R. part 404, Subpart P, Appendix 1 (the “Listings”). Id. 9 The ALJ then assessed plaintiff’s RFC,1 and determined plaintiff had the 10 RFC to perform light work, with the limitations that plaintiff could occasionally 11 climb, crawl, and kneel, and could not work on unprotected heights or dangerous 12 machinery. Id. at 27. 13 The ALJ found, at step four, that plaintiff was capable of performing her 14 past relevant work as phlebotomist and administrative clerk. Id. at 30. 15 Consequently, the ALJ concluded plaintiff did not suffer from a disability as 16 defined by the Social Security Act. Id. at 31. 17 Plaintiff filed a timely request for review of the ALJ’s decision, but the 18 Appeals Council denied the request for review. Id. at 1-3. The ALJ’s decision 19 stands as the final decision of the Commissioner. 20 /// 21 /// 22 23 24 1 Residual functional capacity is what a claimant can do despite existing 25 exertional and nonexertional limitations. Cooper v. Sullivan, 880 F.2d 1152, 1155- 26 56 n.5-7 (9th Cir. 1989). “Between steps three and four of the five-step evaluation, the ALJ must proceed to an intermediate step in which the ALJ assesses the 27 claimant’s residual functional capacity.” Massachi v. Astrue, 486 F.3d 1149, 1151 28 n.2 (9th Cir. 2007). 1 III. 2 STANDARD OF REVIEW 3 This court is empowered to review decisions by the Commissioner to deny 4 benefits. 42 U.S.C. § 405(g). The findings and decision of the Social Security 5 Administration must be upheld if they are free of legal error and supported by 6 substantial evidence. Mayes v. Massanari, 276 F.3d 453, 458-59 (9th Cir. 2001) 7 (as amended). But if the court determines the ALJ’s findings are based on legal 8 error or are not supported by substantial evidence in the record, the court may 9 reject the findings and set aside the decision to deny benefits. Aukland v. 10 Massanari, 257 F.3d 1033, 1035 (9th Cir. 2001); Tonapetyan v. Halter, 242 F.3d 11 1144, 1147 (9th Cir. 2001). 12 “Substantial evidence is more than a mere scintilla, but less than a 13 preponderance.” Aukland, 257 F.3d at 1035. Substantial evidence is such 14 “relevant evidence which a reasonable person might accept as adequate to support 15 a conclusion.” Reddick v. Chater, 157 F.3d 715, 720 (9th Cir. 1998); Mayes, 276 16 F.3d at 459. To determine whether substantial evidence supports the ALJ’s 17 finding, the reviewing court must review the administrative record as a whole, 18 “weighing both the evidence that supports and the evidence that detracts from the 19 ALJ’s conclusion.” Mayes, 276 F.3d at 459. The ALJ’s decision “‘cannot be 20 affirmed simply by isolating a specific quantum of supporting evidence.’” 21 Aukland, 257 F.3d at 1035 (quoting Sousa v. Callahan, 143 F.3d 1240, 1243 (9th 22 Cir. 1998)). If the evidence can reasonably support either affirming or reversing 23 the ALJ’s decision, the reviewing court “‘may not substitute its judgment for that 24 of the ALJ.’” Id. (quoting Matney v. Sullivan, 981 F.2d 1016, 1018 (9th Cir. 25 1992)). 26 /// 27 28 1 IV. 2 DISCUSSION 3 A. The ALJ ’s Failure to Provide More Specificity Regarding Plaintiff’s 4 Knee Impairment at Step Two Was a Typographical Error 5 Plaintiff first contends the ALJ erred at step two because he determined 6 plaintiff suffered from the severe impairment of osteoarthritis in only one knee. P. 7 Mem. at 2-5. Plaintiff asserts that the ALJ’s step two finding was ambiguous 8 because he failed to specify which knee had osteoarthritis, but regardless of which 9 knee the ALJ intended to identify, the ALJ erred because the evidence shows 10 plaintiff had a severe impairment in both knees. See id. 11 Respondent acknowledges substantial evidence supports a finding of a 12 severe impairment in both knees and contends the ALJ’s error was simply a 13 scrivener’s error and harmless. See D. Mem. at 1-3. The court agrees the step two 14 error was a typographical error. The ALJ, at subsequent steps, discussed plaintiff’s 15 statements and the objective medical evidence concerning both of plaintiff’s knees. 16 The ALJ recognized the medical records indicate plaintiff complained about and 17 sought treatment for pain in both of her knees, and the objective medical evidence 18 reflects plaintiff suffered from, among other things, lateral tilt of the patella and 19 osteoarthritic changes in both knees. See, e.g., id. at 317, 319-20. Thus, it appears 20 that the ALJ’s finding that plaintiff suffered from osteoarthritis of her “knee” as 21 opposed to “knees” was simply a typographical error. 22 Moreover, an ALJ’s step two error may be harmless if step two was decided 23 in a claimant’s favor in that the ALJ continued to subsequent steps. See Burch v. 24 Barnhart, 400 F.3d 676, 682 (9th Cir. 2005) (any error the ALJ committed at step 25 two was harmless because the step was resolved in claimant’s favor); Lewis v. 26 Astrue, 498 F.3d 909, 911 (9th Cir. 2007) (the failure to address an impairment at 27 step two is harmless if the RFC discussed it in step four). Here, the ALJ 28 1 considered the impairment in both knees in his RFC determination. Thus, to the 2 extent plaintiff is arguing the ALJ erred at step two for his failure to specify he 3 suffered severe knee impairments bilaterally, the error was harmless. 4 Nevertheless, although the ALJ committed a harmless typographical error at 5 step two and considered both knee impairments in his RFC determination, his RFC 6 determination, as discussed further below, was not supported by substantial 7 evidence. 8 B. The ALJ Erred at Step Two When He Failed to Find Plaintiff Suffered 9 From a Severe Mental Impairment 10 Plaintiff also argues the ALJ erred at step two when he failed to find plaintiff 11 suffered from a severe mental impairment. P. Mem. at 5-8. Specifically, plaintiff 12 asserts the ALJ’s determination that plaintiff suffered from moderate limitations in 13 multiple functional areas necessitated a finding of a severe impairment. See id. 14 At step two, the Commissioner considers the severity of the claimant’s 15 impairments. 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520(a)(4)(ii).2 “[T]he step-two inquiry is a de 16 minimis screening device to dispose of groundless claims.” Smolen v. Chater, 80 17 F.3d 1273, 1290 (9th Cir. 1996). “An impairment or combination of impairments 18 can be found not severe only if the evidence establishes a slight abnormality that 19 has no more than a minimal effect on an individual’s ability to work.” Id. (citation 20 and quotation marks omitted). 21 With regard to mental impairments, the regulations provide a “special 22 technique” to evaluate their severity. 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520a(a). An ALJ first 23 evaluates the medical evidence to determine whether a claimant has a medically 24 determinable impairment. 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520a(b)(1). The ALJ then rates the 25 degree of functional limitations in four functional areas – activities of daily living; 26 27 2 All citations to the Code of Federal Regulations refer to regulations 28 applicable to claims filed before March 27, 2017. 1 social functioning; concentration, persistence, or pace; and episodes of 2 decompensation. 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520a(c)(1)-(3). For the first three functional 3 areas, the ALJ uses a five-point scale: none, mild, moderate, marked, and extreme. 4 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520a(c)(4). If the ALJ rates the degree of limitations as none or 5 mild in the first three functional areas and none in the fourth, she or he will 6 generally conclude the impairment is not severe unless the evidence indicates there 7 is more than a minimal limitation in claimant’s ability to do work. 20 C.F.R. § 8 404.1520a(d)(1). 9 Here, the ALJ determined plaintiff’s mental impairments caused mild 10 restrictions of activities of daily living; moderate difficulties in maintaining social 11 functioning; moderate difficulties in maintaining concentration, persistence, or 12 pace; and no episodes of decompensation. AR at 27. Nevertheless, the ALJ found 13 plaintiff’s mental impairment was not severe. See id. at 26. This step two 14 determination finding was incongruent with the ALJ’s findings that plaintiff’s 15 mental impairments caused moderate limitations in two functional areas. 16 As stated, a finding of only mild functional limitations generally results in 17 the conclusion that the claimant does not suffer from a severe mental impairment. 18 See 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520a(d)(1). But “[m]oderate limitations are sufficient to 19 meet the ‘severe impairment’ standard.” Holloway v. Berryhill, 2017 WL 20 5508512, at *2 (C.D. Cal. Nov. 16, 2017); see, e.g., Cambaliza v. Colvin, 2014 WL 21 2009105, at *1 (C.D. Cal. May 15, 2014) (the regulations direct an ALJ to find a 22 mental impairment severe when a claimant has moderate functional limitations); 23 Vargas v. Astrue, 2010 WL 3418890, at *6 (C.D. Cal. Aug. 25, 2010) (findings of 24 moderate limitations may amount to more than a minimal effect on a plaintiff’s 25 ability to perform basic work activities); but see Koehler v. Astrue, 283 Fed. Appx. 26 443, 445 (9th Cir. 2008) (noting that the regulations do not mandate that a 27 diagnosis by one physician of a moderate limitation in the ability to respond to 28 1 changes in the workplace must result in a finding of a severe mental impairment). 2 As such, the ALJ should have found plaintiff suffered from a severe mental 3 impairment. 4 Moreover, even if an ALJ could reach a non-severe mental impairment 5 determination in spite of a claimant’s moderate functional limitations, the ALJ’s 6 determination was not supported by substantial evidence in this instance. In 7 determining whether a claimant has a medically determinable impairment, among 8 the evidence the ALJ considers is medical evidence. 20 C.F.R. § 404.1527(b). 9 The ALJ purported to base his opinion on treatment records, plaintiff’s statements, 10 and the consultative examiner’s report, but there was no consultative examiner’s 11 report in the record. See AR at 27. To the extent the ALJ relied on the opinions of 12 the State Agency physicians at step two, the State Agency physicians’ opinions 13 that plaintiff did not have a serious medically determinable impairment were not 14 substantial evidence. See id. at 30, 53, 64; see also Widmark v. Barnhart, 454 F.3d 15 1063, 1066 n.2 (9th Cir. 2006) (the opinion of a non-examining physician alone 16 cannot constitute substantial evidence). Both physicians concluded plaintiff did 17 not suffer from a serious mental impairment in 2014 because she was not being 18 treated for one. See id. at 53, 64; see also Nguyen v. Chater, 100 19 F.3d 1462, 1465 (9th Cir. 1996) (“[I]t is common knowledge that depression is one 20 of the most underreported illnesses in the country because those afflicted often do 21 not recognize that their condition reflects a potentially serious mental illness.”). 22 But the medical records indicate plaintiff began treatment in 2015. See id. at 329- 23 55. Physicians observed plaintiff, among other things, was anxious, was guarded, 24 and had a sad affect, and treated her with medication and therapy. See id. 25 Accordingly, the ALJ erred at step two when he found plaintiff did not 26 suffer from a severe mental impairment. The ALJ’s finding was inconsistent with 27 his own determination that plaintiff suffered from moderate limitations in two 28 1 functional areas and was unsupported by the medical evidence. As discussed 2 above, such a step two error may be harmless where, as here, step two was 3 otherwise decided in plaintiff’s favor, and where the impairment found not severe 4 is nonetheless considered in the RFC determination. See Burch, 400 F.3d at 682; 5 Lewis, 498 F.3d at 911. But here it is not clear the ALJ properly considered 6 plaintiff’s mental impairments in determining her RFC (see AR at 27), and 7 therefore the court cannot say the step two error was harmless. 8 C. The ALJ’s RFC Determination Was Not Supported by Substantial 9 Evidence 10 RFC is what one can “still do despite [his or her] limitations.” 20 C.F.R. 11 § 404.1545(a)(1)-(2). The ALJ reaches an RFC determination by reviewing and 12 considering all of the relevant evidence, including non-severe impairments. Id.; 13 see Social Security Ruling (“SSR”)3 96-8p (“In assessing RFC, the adjudicator 14 must consider limitations and restrictions imposed by all of an individual's 15 impairments, even those that are not ‘severe.’”). 16 The ALJ here determined plaintiff had the RFC to perform light work, with 17 the limitations that plaintiff could occasionally climb, crawl, and kneel, and could 18 not work on unprotected heights or dangerous machinery. AR at 27. Plaintiff 19 argues the ALJ’s RFC determination was not supported by substantial evidence 20 because the ALJ did not address her walking and standing limitations. P. Mem. at 21 8-9. 22 23 24 3 “The Commissioner issues Social Security Rulings to clarify the Act's implementing regulations and the agency’s policies. SSRs are binding on all 25 components of the SSA. SSRs do not have the force of law. However, because 26 they represent the Commissioner’s interpretation of the agency’s regulations, we give them some deference. We will not defer to SSRs if they are inconsistent with 27 the statute or regulations.” Holohan v. Massanari, 246 F.3d 1195, 1203 n.1 (9th 28 Cir. 2001) (internal citations omitted). 1 In reaching his RFC determination, the ALJ gave great weight to the 2 opinions of the State Agency physicians, relied on the objective medical evidence, 3 and discounted plaintiff’s subjective complaints. AR at 30. The only opinions in 4 the record are from the State Agency physicians on initial review and upon 5 reconsideration. See id. at 53-56; 64-67. Both State Agency physicians reviewed 6 plaintiff’s medical records as of May 2014. See id. From the review of plaintiff’s 7 records, they determined plaintiff had the RFC, in relevant part, to: lift and/or carry 8 ten pounds frequently and twenty pounds occasionally; stand and/or walk about six 9 hours in an eight-hour workday; sit about six hours in an eight-hour workday; 10 frequently climb ramps and stairs; occasionally climb ladders, ropes, and scaffolds; 11 and occasionally kneel, crouch, and crawl. See id. at 55-57; 65-66. 12 Although the ALJ did not expressly adopt the State Agency physicians’ 13 opined standing and walking limitations, plaintiff’s RFC as determined by the ALJ 14 is consistent with their opinions. In particular, light work is defined as work that, 15 inter alia: 16 involves lifting no more than 20 pounds at a time with frequent lifting 17 or carrying of objects weighing up to 10 pounds. Even though the 18 weight lifted may be very little, a job is in this category when it 19 requires a good deal of walking or standing, or when it involves 20 sitting most of the time with some pushing and pulling of arm or leg 21 controls. 22 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1567(b), 416.967(b). A Social Security Ruling further sets forth 23 the relationship between the lifting or carrying requirement and standing or 24 walking, providing that frequent lifting or carrying “requires being on one’s feet up 25 to two-thirds of a workday,” which translates to “standing or walking, off and on, 26 for a total of approximately 6 hours of an 8-hour workday.” SSR 83-10. 27 Accordingly, in determining that plaintiff could perform light work, the ALJ 28 1 effectively adopted the State Agency physicians’ opined standing and walking 2 limitations, as well as their opined lifting and carrying limitations. 3 An ALJ may rely on the opinions of State Agency physicians, but the 4 opinion of a non-examining physician, standing alone, cannot constitute substantial 5 evidence. Widmark, 454 F.3d at 1066 n.2; Morgan v. Comm’r, 169 F.3d 595, 602 6 (9th Cir. 1999); see also Erickson v. Shalala, 9 F.3d 813, 818 n.7 (9th Cir. 1993). 7 Here, the ALJ determined the opinions of the State Agency physicians were 8 consistent with plaintiff’s activities of daily living and supported by the medical 9 evidence. AR at 30. The court disagrees in part. 10 First, the State Agency opinions were not fully consistent with plaintiff’s 11 activities of daily living. In May 2014, plaintiff reported she primarily stayed 12 home in a supine or sitting position, sometimes needed help with bathing, spent 10- 13 15 minutes preparing meals consisting of drinks and frozen foods, needed help 14 with housework, shopped, drove a car, and could not play ball or chase her 15 children.4 See AR at 194-201. She explained her knee pains affected her ability to 16 climb stairs and walk more than half a block. See id. at 199. At the hearing, 17 plaintiff testified she stayed home most of the time and took care of her children. 18 See id. at 45-46. Plaintiff’s then thirteen-year-old daughter helped with caring for 19 plaintiff’s younger child, cooking, reaching for things, taking out trash, and dishes. 20 See id. Thus, while plaintiff’s daily activities were arguably consistent with the 21 physicians’ postural limitations, they were not necessarily consistent with the 22 opined lifting, carrying, standing, and walking limitations. There is no indication 23 that plaintiff engaged in anywhere near the amount of walking and standing the 24 physicians opined she was capable of. 25 26 27 4 Although the ALJ discounted plaintiff’s subjective complaints, he appeared 28 to accept plaintiff’s account of her daily activities. 1 Similarly, the medical evidence only supported the opinions of the State 2 Agency physicians in part. The medical evidence reviewed by the State Agency 3 physicians, which reflected mostly normal findings, supported their opinions. See 4 AR at 255-58, 279-80. Nevertheless, it cannot be said that the physicians’ 5 opinions were supported by substantial evidence because the State Agency 6 physicians only reviewed plaintiff’s medical records up to May 2014. See id. at 7 55-56, 65-66. The medical records subsequent to the State Agency opinions 8 suggest plaintiff’s knee impairments either were more severe than the State Agency 9 physicians opined or increased in severity. In addition to plaintiff’s continued 10 subjective complaints, examinations reflected plaintiff had an antalgic gait, 11 decreased range of motion and strength in the lower extremities, tenderness to 12 palpation, and instability of the knee cap. See id. at 319, 374. Imaging reflected 13 evidence of a lateral tilt of the patella, fat pad impingement, and osteoarthritic 14 changes. See id. at 319, 321. Most important, narcotic pain medications and 15 cortisone injections did not sufficiently alleviate the pain and the treating physician 16 determined plaintiff required surgery. See id. at 317-19, 389. Therefore, the 17 medical records subsequent to the State Agency physicians’ opinions do not 18 support their opined standing and walking limitations. 19 Accordingly, the ALJ’s RFC determination, with respect to walking and 20 standing, is not supported by substantial evidence. 21 V. 22 REMAND IS APPROPRIATE 23 The decision whether to remand for further proceedings or reverse and 24 award benefits is within the discretion of the district court. McAllister v. Sullivan, 25 888 F.2d 599, 603 (9th Cir. 1989). It is appropriate for the court to exercise this 26 discretion to direct an immediate award of benefits where: “(1) the record has been 27 fully developed and further administrative proceedings would serve no useful 28 1 purpose; (2) the ALJ has failed to provide legally sufficient reasons for rejecting 2 evidence, whether claimant testimony or medical opinions; and (3) if the 3 improperly discredited evidence were credited as true, the ALJ would be required 4 to find the claimant disabled on remand.” Garrison v. Colvin, 759 F.3d 995, 1020 5 (9th Cir. 2014) (setting forth three-part credit-as-true standard for remanding with 6 instructions to calculate and award benefits). But where there are outstanding 7 issues that must be resolved before a determination can be made, or it is not clear 8 from the record that the ALJ would be required to find a plaintiff disabled if all the 9 evidence were properly evaluated, remand for further proceedings is appropriate. 10 See Benecke v. Barnhart, 379 F.3d 587, 595-96 (9th Cir. 2004); Harman v. Apfel, 11 211 F.3d 1172, 1179-80 (9th Cir. 2000). In addition, the court must “remand for 12 further proceedings when, even though all conditions of the credit-as-true rule are 13 satisfied, an evaluation of the record as a whole creates serious doubt that a 14 claimant is, in fact, disabled.” Garrison, 759 F.3d at 1021. 15 Here, there are outstanding issues to be resolved and remand is required. On 16 remand, the ALJ shall reevaluate the evidence at step two and correct any 17 typographical errors. The ALJ shall obtain, if necessary, additional information 18 and clarification regarding plaintiff’s limitations, reassess plaintiff’s RFC in light 19 of all the medical evidence and opinions, and proceed through steps four and five 20 to determine what work, if any, plaintiff was capable of performing. 21 /// 22 /// 23 24 25 26 27 28 1 VI. 2 CONCLUSION 3 IT IS THEREFORE ORDERED that Judgment shall be entered 4 || REVERSING the decision of the Commissioner denying benefits, and 5 || REMANDING the matter to the Commissioner for further administrative action 6 || consistent with this decision. 7 8 | DATED: September 20, 2019 PRY 10 SHERIPYM =— 1 United States Magistrate Judge 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 14