IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE
ANTHONY NASTATOS, § § No. 217, 2019 Defendant Below, § Appellant, § § Court Below: Superior Court v. § of the State of Delaware § STATE OF DELAWARE, § § Cr. ID No. 1102018112 (N) Plaintiff Below, § Appellee. §
Submitted: November 6, 2019 Decided: December 20, 2019
Before SEITZ, Chief Justice; VALIHURA, and VAUGHN, Justices.
ORDER
This 20th day of December, 2019, having considered the briefs and the record
below, it appears to the Court that:
(1) Anthony Nastatos met Alexandra Koval in 2009. Over the following
years, Nastatos sought to express his affection for Koval and repeatedly messaged
Koval despite her wish for him to stop. Even after two no-contact orders and while
incarcerated, Nastatos continued to write to Koval. The State brought charges, and
the evidence at trial against Nastatos was overwhelming. The jury convicted him of
Harassment, three felony counts of Breach of Conditions of Bond During
Commitment, and sixteen counts of Non–Compliance with Bond Conditions. The judge sentenced him to thirty-two years, suspended after sixteen years. Nastatos
appealed the sentence, which this Court affirmed in 2014. 1 Nastatos sought
postconviction relief, which the Superior Court denied after an evidentiary hearing.
Nastatos appeals the denial of every claim in his postconviction relief motion. For
the reasons set forth below, we affirm.
(2) Nastatos and Koval met at work in August 2009 and developed a
friendly relationship.2 Soon after they met, Nastatos anonymously covered Koval’s
car with flower petals. He later admitted to the act and told her he had romantic
feelings for her. Koval told Nastatos she did not have romantic feelings for him. A
few days later, they went shopping together, had dinner at a restaurant, and met
another co-worker for drinks. Nastatos’ behavior that night made Koval
uncomfortable. Koval’s discomfort forced her to cancel other plans they had made
together. After that, she avoided Nastatos.
(3) Over the following months, Nastatos repeatedly attempted contact with
Koval by regularly sending lengthy love poetry via text messages; waiting for her
after work; friending her on Facebook from accounts under his name and a
pseudonym; and sending private messages over Facebook. After Koval shared with
1 Nastatos v. State, 91 A.3d 562, 2014 WL 1512887 (Del. Apr. 15, 2014) (TABLE). 2 Pretrial facts are taken from this Court’s order in id. at *1-3.
2 her co-worker and manager a particular text from him, the manager transferred
Nastatos to another location.
(4) Around this time, Koval made her first report to the New Castle County
Police Department. The NCCPD told Koval to block Nastatos’ cell phone number,
which she did. Nastatos continued to regularly contact her through Facebook. 3
Koval again contacted the NCCPD. The police visited Nastatos, who claimed he
and Koval were dating. The police advised Nastatos to stay away from Koval. After
Nastatos persisted in sending her messages, the NCCPD arrested Nastatos. The
Justice of the Peace Court placed bail conditions on Nastatos to have no more direct
or indirect contact with Koval.
(5) Nastatos continued to regularly send Koval Facebook messages and
even messaged Koval’s father. Nastatos eventually arrived at the restaurant that was
Koval’s primary place of employment and attempted to speak with Koval. Koval
ran to her car. As she was fleeing, Nastatos threw a ring box at her. Koval contacted
the NCCPD. Nastatos sent Koval more Facebook messages. After Koval contacted
the NCCPD, they arrested Nastatos for additional charges. The Justice of the Peace
Court issued a second no-contact order.
3 See also id. at *2 (“In various messages, Nastatos called Koval his ‘wife’ and ‘soul sister.’ He also referenced Koval contacting the police, a necklace he had given Koval, and mutual friends and co-workers. Nastatos asserted his belief that the restaurant management was conspiring against him. In one message, Nastatos said, ‘I love you like I’ve never loved another person, but I can only do so much, especially when you are working against me.’ Nastatos also referenced a desire to ‘challenge’ anyone for Koval’s ‘hand.’”).
3 (6) Over the next eight months, while incarcerated, Nastatos sent Koval
three letters. For each letter the police charged Nastatos with one count of felony
Breach of Conditions of Bond During Commitment. He was also charged with
Stalking and one count of misdemeanor Non–Compliance with Bond Conditions for
each of the Facebook messages he sent to Koval after the court entered the bond
condition.
(7) At first, Nastatos was found incompetent to stand trial due to mental
illness. But, after treatment at a separate facility, Nastatos’ competency was found
restored. Upon returning to the custody of Delaware Department of Corrections,
Nastatos stopped taking his medications and was again found incompetent. He
returned to the facility for further treatment and eventually agreed to cooperate with
the program. In August 2012, Nastatos was declared competent to stand trial.
(8) In December 2012, Nastatos’ case proceeded to trial. During trial,
Nastatos’ counsel objected to the admission of thirty-eight emails, Facebook
messages, and letters sent by Nastatos for the failure to properly authenticate them.
The court conditionally admitted all thirty eight, but later decided to exclude six and
instructed the jury not to consider the six rejected messages.
(9) On direct examination, trial counsel objected to Koval’s testimony that
she received messages from Nastatos. The court instructed the State to lead Koval
so that Koval’s testimony attributed the messages to him. After further errors, the
4 court removed the jury and instructed the witness on how to testify. The jury found
Nastatos guilty of Harassment as a lesser-included offense of Stalking, three felony
counts of Breach of Conditions of Bond During Commitment, and sixteen counts of
Non–Compliance with Bond Conditions.
(10) Later, prior to the start of sentencing, trial counsel raised a concern
about a conversation during a chambers conference, either before or during trial, in
which the court allegedly made negative comments about Nastatos. Trial counsel
expressed that he was not moving to recuse the judge, but just stating it for the
record. The court sentenced Nastatos to thirty-two years’ incarceration, suspended
after sixteen years.
(11) Nastatos appealed whether the court sentenced him with a closed mind
and in reliance on impermissible and erroneous facts, which resulted in the
imposition of cruel and unusual punishment. 4 This Court affirmed the Superior
Court’s sentencing on April 15, 2014.5 Within one year, Nastatos filed a pro se Rule
61 motion for postconviction relief and then an Amended Motion for Postconviction
Relief in September 2016 seeking nine claims for relief. Nastatos’ trial counsel and
appellate counsel submitted affidavits. Nastatos requested access to Koval’s cell
4 The original appeal also contained a second issue. Id. at *1. But, appellant’s counsel voluntarily withdrew that argument after it was rejected in another case by this Court. Id. 5 Id.
5 phone records, which the Superior Court denied for failure to show cause. After an
evidentiary hearing and the submission of written closing arguments, the Superior
Court denied all postconviction claims.
(12) This Court reviews the denial of a motion for postconviction relief for
an abuse of discretion and questions of law de novo.6 On appeal, Nastatos groups
his nine claims for postconviction relief into four categories to better align with the
Superior Court’s opinion. He argues that the Superior Court erred when it denied
(1) his ineffective assistance of trial counsel claims because it did not properly
evaluate the mistakes, (2) access to Koval’s phone records because it violated his
due process rights, (3) his ineffective assistance of appellate counsel claims because
counsel’s mistakes were “objectively unreasonable,” and (4) a new sentencing
hearing because it misunderstood his argument.
(13) We first address, however, the procedural bars in Rule 61(i) and apply
the version in effect at the time the original motion was filed.7 Nastatos filed a
motion for postconviction relief in April 2015, when the June 2014 version was in
effect. A motion for postconviction relief is barred by Rule 61(i)(1) if filed more
than one year after the final conviction; by Rule 61(i)(2) if not asserted in a prior
postconviction relief motion, if applicable; by Rule 61(i)(3) if procedurally
6 Dawson v. State, 673 A.2d 1186, 1190 (Del. 1996). 7 Super. Ct. Crim. R. 61(i); Bradley v. State, 135 A.3d 748, 757 (Del. 2016).
6 defaulted; and by Rule 61(i)(4) if formerly adjudicated.8 Rule 61(i)(5) provides an
exception to the first four procedural bars if the motion claims that the court lacked
jurisdiction, if the movant pleads with particularity that new evidence exists that
strongly infers the movant’s innocence, or the movant pleads with particularity that
a new rule of constitutional law applies and renders the conviction invalid.9
(14) The Superior Court found that most of Nastatos’ claims were not
procedurally barred—it was his first motion for postconviction relief and it was
timely filed. 10 Eight claims assert ineffective assistance of counsel, which are
properly raised for the first time in a motion for postconviction relief.11 But the
remaining claim, alleging a Brady violation, is procedurally barred under Rule
61(i)(3).12 Thus, the Superior Court properly determined that his claims, except the
Brady claim, were not procedurally barred.
(15) On appeal, Nastatos first argues that the Superior Court erred when it
denied his postconviction claim of ineffective assistance of trial counsel. Nastatos’
Amended Motion for Postconviction Relief alleged six separate claims, arguing that
trial counsel was ineffective for failing: 1) to limit prior bad act and mental health
8 Super. Ct. Crim. R. 61(i)(1)-(4). 9 Super. Ct. Crim. R. 61(i)(5); Super. Ct. Crim. R. 61(d)(2)(i)-(ii). 10 This Court affirmed Nastatos’ sentencing on April 15, 2014, and he filed a pro se Rule 61 motion for postconviction relief on April 8, 2015. 11 Super. Ct. Crim. R. 61(i)(3); Malloy v. State, 16 A.3d 938, 2011 WL 1135107, at *2 (Del. Mar. 28, 2011) (TABLE). 12 See infra at ¶¶ 20-21.
7 references made by the State; 2) to object to Officer Clarke’s impermissible hearsay
testimony; 3) to object to the State’s prejudicial direct examination of the
complaining witness; 4) to object to the court’s inadequate jury/limiting instruction
on inadmissible evidence; 5) to review the complaining witness’s cell phone records;
and 6) to move for the recusal of the trial judge prior to sentencing.13
(16) To prevail on claims of ineffective assistance of counsel, Nastatos must
meet the requirements under Strickland v. Washington: 14 (a) deficient attorney
performance, i.e. counsel’s representation fell below an objective standard of
reasonableness, and (b) prejudice resulting from counsel’s error. 15 To show
prejudice, there must be a “reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s
unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different.”16 “A
reasonable probability is a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the
outcome.”17 It requires more than some “conceivable effect on the outcome of the
proceeding,” but less than showing the unreasonable conduct “more likely than not
altered the outcome in the case.”18 When conducting an analysis under Strickland,
there is no specified order and if there is an insufficient showing on one prong, there
13 Nastatos argues claim six in Part IV of his opening brief. Opening Br. at 13 n.11; see id. at 38- 43. 14 466 U.S. 668 (1984). 15 Id. at 687; Hoskins v. State, 102 A.3d 724, 730 (Del. 2014). 16 Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687, 694. 17 Id. at 694. 18 Id. at 693.
8 is no need to address the other.19 “In particular, a court need not determine whether
counsel’s performance was deficient before examining the prejudice suffered by the
defendant as a result of the alleged deficiencies.”20
(17) The Superior Court approached the prejudice prong first. On the
charges of Breach of Conditions of Bond During Commitment and Non–Compliance
with Bond Conditions, the Superior Court found that the only disputed issue was
whether Nastatos knowingly had contact with Koval.21 The court found that the
evidence that Nastatos had contact with Koval was extensive and incontrovertible. The content and context of the communications, all of which were read to the jury by Koval during her testimony, clearly established that Nastatos was communicating with Koval in breach of the no contact orders. In addition, Nastatos admitted to Officer Clarke that he sent communications to Koval.22
Accordingly, the court found that these guilty verdicts were not affected by
“knowing that Nastatos had been incarcerated and had mental health issues, any
alleged improper hearsay testimony from Officer Clarke, any alleged improper
questioning of the complaining witness on direct examination, or the absence of an
adequate limiting or cautionary instruction.” 23 On the stalking and harassment
charges, the Superior Court found that the only real disputed issue was the effect of
19 Id. at 697. 20 Id. 21 State v. Nastatos, 2019 WL 2092016, at *10 (Del. Super. May 13, 2019) (record citations omitted) (hereinafter “Opinion”). 22 Id. 23 Id.
9 Nastatos’ conduct on Koval. 24 The court found that Nastatos was successful in
arguing a lesser effect when the jury convicted on the lesser-offense of harassment.25
(18) Nastatos argues that the court did not address the specific effects of
each error that caused individual and cumulative prejudice. For most claims,
Nastatos argues, in various ways, that the Superior Court did not properly consider,
or give appropriate weight to, the evidence and mistakes made.26 For others, he
argues that the Superior Court erred because it misunderstood his argument.27 The
State generally argues that the Superior Court was correct.28
24 Id. 25 Id. 26 For the first claim, he argues that the court was required to perform a Getz analysis, which would have excluded such evidence, and did not consider his counsel’s failure to request a Getz analysis. For his second claim, he argues that the court failed to properly consider the significance of the testimony. On his third claim, Nastatos argues that the court disregarded how it went to his central defense of raising doubt of identification. For his fourth claim, he argues that the court overlooked that the jury heard inadmissible evidence without any instruction and that there were better curative instructions available. 27 For his fifth claim, he argues that the court misunderstood the issue. He argues that the records could have provided information beneficial to Mr. Nastatos’ defense even without actual text messages, but that the court believed they were only valuable if contained actual messages. He argues the court overlooked the fact that the attorney conceded that his failure to review the records was non-strategic and could have aided his defense. For his sixth claim, he argues that the court erred because it misunderstood the issue. He argues that he raised a claim that trial counsel was ineffective by not filing a motion for recusal prior to sentencing, whereas the court considered whether the judge was biased. 28 The State argues that the charges were straightforward and the trial evidence was clear and overwhelming; the record supports the Superior Court’s factual finding that Nastatos was the person who sent the messages and letters; the jury acquitted him of stalking, indicating adherence to the court’s instructions; and Gertz does not apply because there is no true dispute that he sent the messages because he admitted in his police interview.
10 (19) Here, the Superior Court relied on an abundance of evidence supporting
the jury’s findings. Nastatos admitted to sending messages and letters to Koval,29
numerous witnesses testified that Nastatos pursued Koval,30 and the jury responded
to Nastatos’ arguments about the level of harm by reducing the Stalking charge to
Harassment. While the Superior Court stated at trial it was near the end of its
patience with defense counsel’s errors, 31 we agree with the Superior Court’s
conclusion here that there was sufficient evidence to justify a conviction even with
all of the alleged errors. The Superior Court analyzed the claims and reached a
conclusion supported by the record—it did not abuse its discretion when determining
that Nastatos failed to show prejudice from the alleged errors.
(20) Next, Nastatos argues that the Superior Court violated his due process
rights when it denied him access to cell phone materials needed to substantiate his
alleged Brady and ineffective assistance claims. He argues that denying access to
the phone records “impeded the flow of information necessary for [] Nastatos to
corroborate his allegations of prejudice and infringed on his constitutional right to
due process of law.”32 In his Amended Motion, Nastatos requested the State produce
Ms. Koval’s cell phone records for inspection by postconviction counsel.33
29 App. to Opening Br. at A114. 30 Id. at A100, A106-08. 31 Id. at A54. 32 Opening Br. at 21. 33 App. to Opening Br. at A240.
11 (21) The Superior Court first found that Nastatos’ argument of a possible
Brady violation was procedurally barred. Under Rule 61(i)(3), a ground for relief
not asserted in the proceedings leading to a conviction is barred unless an exception
applied.34 Nastatos acknowledges that trial counsel did not seek relief—either by
reviewing the records or claiming a Brady violation—when he claims ineffective
assistance of counsel for such failure. Thus, he is procedurally barred unless he
claims that the Superior Court lacked jurisdiction, “new evidence exists that creates
a strong inference that [he] is actually innocent in fact,” or “a new rule of
constitutional law, made retroactive to cases on collateral review . . . applies to [his]
case and renders the conviction [] invalid.”35 Nastatos’ failure to plead any of these
exceptions procedurally bars the claim of a possible Brady violation.
(22) He also raises a related ineffective assistance claim, which he raised in
the first group of claims, arguing ineffective trial counsel because counsel failed to
review the records when the State provided the opportunity. But, the findings
above—that there was still sufficient evidence to convict Nastatos—similarly
support that this claim does not survive the prejudice prong of Strickland. Thus,
34 Super. Ct. Crim. R. 61(i)(3). 35 Super. Ct. Crim. R. 61(i)(5); Super. Ct. Crim. R. 61(d)(2)(i)-(ii). It appears that the Superior Court applied the wrong version of Rule 61 because it looked to Johnson v. State, 129 A.2d 882, 2015 WL 8528889 (Del. Dec. 10, 2015) (TABLE), which applied an earlier version of Rule 61 containing the “miscarriage of justice” exception to a similar Brady claim for postconviction relief.
12 because his Brady claim is barred and ineffective assistance claim fails, the Superior
Court did not violate his due process rights by denying further discovery.36
(23) Nastatos also argues that the Superior Court erroneously denied his
claim that appellate counsel was ineffective for failing to raise cumulative error on
direct appeal. He claims that counsel’s decision was “objectively unreasonable”
because it denied him the “opportunity for appellate review of multiple trial errors
and left him with a zero percent chance of reversing his convictions.”37 He argues
that raising a “long-shot” claim is “preferential to filing no claim at all,” and that
counsel’s strategic decision was not informed.38
(24) Under Strickland, there is a “strong presumption that counsel’s conduct
falls within the wide range” of reasonableness. 39 “Strategic choices made after
thorough investigation of law and facts relevant to plausible options are virtually
unchallengeable; and strategic choices made after less than complete investigation
are reasonable precisely to the extent that reasonable professional judgments support
36 Nastatos also argues that this was not “additional discovery” because the records were offered to trial counsel during trial. We need not decide this because, regardless, there are no viable postconviction relief claims. 37 Opening Br. at 34. 38 Id. at 35. 39 Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689.
13 the limitations on investigation.” 40 Further, “counsel need not advance every
argument the defendant wishes to raise, regardless of merit.”41
(25) Nastatos’ appellate counsel filed an affidavit in response to the claim
for postconviction relief. There, counsel acknowledged that she did not raise the
issue of “cumulative error” on direct appeal.42 She stated that there were no other
issues that she felt had a “chance of success on its own or that added value to the
issues that she did raise.”43 She decided not to bring the cumulative error claim
because, in her experience, “there is little to no chance of success of a ‘cumulative
error’ argument that is based on issues that were not preserved at trial.”44 Since none
of the trial errors were preserved at trial, she decided to focus on the arguments with
the “best chance of success.” 45 The Superior Court determined that appellate
counsel’s decision was reasonable under Strickland because she declined to raise the
issue on the belief it had “little to no chance of success” under the plain error
standard.46
(26) Nastatos argues that counsel was not entitled to deference because the
Superior Court erred when it found that appellate counsel was informed. But,
40 Id. at 690-91. 41 Scott v. State, 7 A.3d 471 (Del. 2010) (citing Evitts v. Lucey, 469 U.S. 387, 394 (1985), reh’g denied, 470 U.S. 1065 (1985); Jones v. Barnes, 463 U.S. 745, 751 (1983)). 42 App. to Opening Br. at A261. 43 Id. 44 Id. 45 Id. 46 Opinion, at *12.
14 appellate counsel’s affidavit states that “[a]fter reviewing the entire record, Counsel
raised the issues that she believed, at the time, had the best chance of success on
direct appeal.”47 The Superior Court properly relied on the affidavit and found that
appellate counsel was informed, thus making her strategic choice “virtually
unchallengeable.” While Nastatos cites to a case in which this Court found plain
error on a cumulative error issue,48 his allegations that his case would have had merit
are conclusory and admittedly a “long-shot.”49 He does not overcome the substantial
deference to appellate counsel’s strategy and our review for an abuse of discretion.
(27) Finally, Nastatos argues that the Superior Court erred when it denied
his claim asserting that he is entitled to a new sentencing hearing because the court
misunderstood his argument. First, he argues that trial counsel was ineffective for
failing to file a motion for recusal prior to the start of the sentencing hearing. And
second, he argues appellate counsel was ineffective for unreasonably limiting the
scope of the sentencing argument raised on direct appeal and omitting a significant
factual component of the issue. He properly raised these issues to the Superior
Court.50
47 App. to Opening Br. at A261. 48 Opening Br. at 36 (citing White v. State, 405 A.2d 685, 690 (Del. 1979)). 49 Id. at 35. 50 App. to Opening Br. at A247-52.
15 (28) The Superior Court found that these arguments were identical to the
issue on direct appeal—whether the trial court sentenced him with a closed mind and
based on impermissible and erroneous facts—and accordingly found the arguments
had no merit.51 While we find that the arguments were not identical, we agree with
the result.
(29) For this ineffective assistance of trial counsel claim, Nastatos notes that
the sentencing judge denied actual bias, and we affirmed that the trial court did not
sentence him with a closed mind or impermissible and erroneous facts.52 Nastatos
argues that a motion for recusal would have been successful because of the
appearance of bias.53 But, even if a motion for recusal would have been successful,
Nastatos does not effectively argue that a similarly non-biased sentencing judge
would have reached a different sentencing result. Because Nastatos fails to show
that but for the trial counsel’s error, the resulting sentence would have been different,
his claim fails under Strickland.
(30) His ineffective assistance of appellate counsel claim fails for the same
reasons his other ineffective assistance of appellate counsel claims fail. Appellate
51 Opinion, at *12. 52 Nastatos, 91 A.3d at *5. 53 Opening Br. at 42 (citing the test under Los v. Los, 595 A.2d 381, 384-85 (Del. 1991) (“First, [the judge] must, as a matter of subjective belief, be satisfied that he can proceed to hear the cause free of bias or prejudice concerning that party. Second, even if the judge believes that he has no bias, situations may arise where, actual bias aside, there is the appearance of bias sufficient to cause doubt as to the judge’s impartiality.”)).
16 counsel is not required to make every argument. In addition to appellate counsel’s
affidavit,54 counsel’s briefing at the time indicates she was informed on the record,55
thus affording her strategy substantial deference. Nastatos argues that there was no
rational basis for not raising this issue and its omission made the appeal deficient.
But, there are a multitude of rational reasons to not raise this issue,56 and omitting
potentially meritorious evidence does not make the argument deficient. He does not
overcome the substantial presumption that counsel’s strategy was within the range
of reasonableness, and the claim fails under Strickland.
NOW, THEREFORE IT IS ORDERED that the judgment of the Superior
Court is AFFIRMED.
BY THE COURT:
/s/ Collins J. Seitz, Jr. Chief Justice
54 App. to Opening Br. at A261. 55 See id. at A173-89. 56 Trial counsel only raised a vague memory of what he thought the judge said on an unspecified date, but, he said that “I’m not asking for recusal.” Id. at A142-43.