Opinion op the court by
JUDGE NUNN
Affirming.
In the election of State officers in the month of November, 1899, the appellant, Nall, was a candidate for the office of Commissioner of Agriculture, one Throckmorton being the opposing candidate. On the face of the returns Throckmorton was declared elected by the canvassing, board, a board duly created by and under the laws of the Commonwealth, whose duty it was to count the votes and determine for whom the greater number of votes were cast. It was not the duty of this board to pass upon the legality of the votes cast. On January 1, 1900, Throckmorton took the oath of office, and entered upon the duties thereof. But after the canvassing board had declared Throckmorton duly elected on the face of the returns, the appellant, Nall, instituted a contest, claiming that because of irregular acts done, whereby the votes counted for Throckmorton were procured, and by reason of illegal votes cast at the election, he was entitled to the office. The contest board decided that Nall was the person elected. Upon this finding Nall instituted a proceeding to oust Throckmorton, who refused to give up the office. After this court [751]*751decided that Nall was entitled to the office, Throckmorton ■vacated, and appellant entered and assumed the duties of the office. It appears that the then auditor, Sweeney, paid Throckmorton his salary for the months of January and February. The present suit was brought by appellant against Auditor Coulter to compel him to issue his warrant on the Treasurer of the Commonwealth for the sum of $382.25, the amount of the salary due him from the 1st day of January to the 25th of February, 1900, the date when the contest board declared appellant entitled to the office. In other words, appellant claims that by reason of his being entitled ■to the office on the 25th of February he is entitled to the salary due from the State beginning January 1, 1900. The appellee claims that the State paid this' salary to Throckmorton, who was in the office, attending to the duties thereof, and who had been duly declared elected by the board of election commissioners, and held the apparent legal title ito the office; that, if the appellant is entitled to this salary, he must look to Throckmorton for it, who received it, and contested with him the right to the office.
We are of the opinion that appellee’s- contention is the correct one. We have not been referred to, nor have we been able to find, any ease decided by this court directly in point; but the courts of many States, as well as the English courts, have passed upon the question. The decided weight of authority, both in numbers and reason, uphold the principles contended for by appellee. We have been referred to many cases apparently holding the opposite rule, but upon a close •examination of them it appears that many are not in conflict; some few of them apply to usurpers, having no color of right or title to. the office; some few have reference to cases where the appointment or election of the person who [752]*752held the office and performed its duties was void. The cases of Stone v. Caufield, 21 R., 1641, 55 S. W., 924; Gorley v. City of Louisville, 21 R., 1606, 55 S. W., 886, also same case reported on first appeal, 104 Ky., 372, 20 R., 602, 47 S. W., 263, are cited by appellant. The- right of Oaufield to compel the auditor to issue to him a warrant for his salary as clerk of the penitentiary was upon the idea that his removal from office by the acts of the State’s officials was a nullity. This precise principle was involved in the Gorley case, su/pra. In these cases the State and city officials professing to act for and on account of the State and city committed illegal and void acts in the removal of •Oaufield and Gorley. At least it appears that it was upon these principles that they might’ be permitted to recover their salaries from the State and city. The case at bar is different. Throckmorton was at least a de facto officer, and not a usurper, and it is not charged that the State board of canvassers committed any illegal or void act with reference to granting Throckmorton a certificate.
In Am. & Eng. Ency. of Law (2d Ed.) vol. 8, p. 783, it is said: “To constitute a person an officer de facto, there must be some facts, circumstances, or conditions which would reasonably lead persons who have relations or business with •the office to recognize and treat him as the lawful incumbent, and submit to or invoke his official action without inquiry as to his title.” Again, on page 794: “Color of title to an office is defined to be ‘that which in appearance is title, but which in reality is no title.’ It is this color of title or, it has been said, color of authority, which distinguishes the de facto officer from a mere intruder or usurper, whose acts are absolutely void.” It can not be said that Throckmorton was a mere intruder or usurper, but, on the contrary, he assumed the duties of the office with the legal certificate [753]*753of the board of canvassers, and so remained in office until February 25, 1900, when the board of contest declared appellant elected and entitled to the office. The then auditor, 'Sweeney, had the right to believe that Throckmorton was then the legal officer. Upon what principle of reasoning can it be required of the auditor to investigate and determine at his peril whether or not a person has been legally elected to an office before he draws his warrant upon the treasurer •for Ms salary? To require the auditor to pay at his peril, or withhold salaries until all contests were finally settled, would in many cases leave the State without officials to perform its service. In the same volume of the Am. & Eng. Ency. of Law, p. 813, it is said: “The general rule is that a State county, or municipality which, before judgment of ouster against a d& facto officer, has paid him the salary of the office due at the timo of payment, is protected against any liability to the de jure officer for such salary.”
In the case of Dolan v. New York, 68, N. Y., 274, 23 Am. Rep., 168, the court said: “If fiscal officers, upon whom the duty is imposed, to pay official salaries, are only justified in paying them, to the officer de jure, they must act at the peril of being held accountable in case it turns out that the de facto officer has not the true title; or, if they are not made responsible, the department of the government they represent is exposed to the danger of being compelled to pay the salary the second time. It would be unreasonable, we think, to require them, before making payment, to go behind the commission, and investigate and ascertain the real right and title. This in many cases, as we have said, would be impracticable. Disbursing officers, charged with the payment of salaries, have, we think, a right to rely upon the apparent title, and treat the officer who is clothed with it [754]*754as the officer de jure without inquiring whether another has the better right. Public policy accords with this view. Public offices' are created in the interest and for the benefit of the public. Such, at least, is the theory upon which statutes creating them are enacted and justified. Public and individual rights are, to a great extent, protected and enforced through official agencies, and the State and individual •citizens are interested in having official functions regularly and continuously discharged. The services of persons clothed with an official character are constantly needed.
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Opinion op the court by
JUDGE NUNN
Affirming.
In the election of State officers in the month of November, 1899, the appellant, Nall, was a candidate for the office of Commissioner of Agriculture, one Throckmorton being the opposing candidate. On the face of the returns Throckmorton was declared elected by the canvassing, board, a board duly created by and under the laws of the Commonwealth, whose duty it was to count the votes and determine for whom the greater number of votes were cast. It was not the duty of this board to pass upon the legality of the votes cast. On January 1, 1900, Throckmorton took the oath of office, and entered upon the duties thereof. But after the canvassing board had declared Throckmorton duly elected on the face of the returns, the appellant, Nall, instituted a contest, claiming that because of irregular acts done, whereby the votes counted for Throckmorton were procured, and by reason of illegal votes cast at the election, he was entitled to the office. The contest board decided that Nall was the person elected. Upon this finding Nall instituted a proceeding to oust Throckmorton, who refused to give up the office. After this court [751]*751decided that Nall was entitled to the office, Throckmorton ■vacated, and appellant entered and assumed the duties of the office. It appears that the then auditor, Sweeney, paid Throckmorton his salary for the months of January and February. The present suit was brought by appellant against Auditor Coulter to compel him to issue his warrant on the Treasurer of the Commonwealth for the sum of $382.25, the amount of the salary due him from the 1st day of January to the 25th of February, 1900, the date when the contest board declared appellant entitled to the office. In other words, appellant claims that by reason of his being entitled ■to the office on the 25th of February he is entitled to the salary due from the State beginning January 1, 1900. The appellee claims that the State paid this' salary to Throckmorton, who was in the office, attending to the duties thereof, and who had been duly declared elected by the board of election commissioners, and held the apparent legal title ito the office; that, if the appellant is entitled to this salary, he must look to Throckmorton for it, who received it, and contested with him the right to the office.
We are of the opinion that appellee’s- contention is the correct one. We have not been referred to, nor have we been able to find, any ease decided by this court directly in point; but the courts of many States, as well as the English courts, have passed upon the question. The decided weight of authority, both in numbers and reason, uphold the principles contended for by appellee. We have been referred to many cases apparently holding the opposite rule, but upon a close •examination of them it appears that many are not in conflict; some few of them apply to usurpers, having no color of right or title to. the office; some few have reference to cases where the appointment or election of the person who [752]*752held the office and performed its duties was void. The cases of Stone v. Caufield, 21 R., 1641, 55 S. W., 924; Gorley v. City of Louisville, 21 R., 1606, 55 S. W., 886, also same case reported on first appeal, 104 Ky., 372, 20 R., 602, 47 S. W., 263, are cited by appellant. The- right of Oaufield to compel the auditor to issue to him a warrant for his salary as clerk of the penitentiary was upon the idea that his removal from office by the acts of the State’s officials was a nullity. This precise principle was involved in the Gorley case, su/pra. In these cases the State and city officials professing to act for and on account of the State and city committed illegal and void acts in the removal of •Oaufield and Gorley. At least it appears that it was upon these principles that they might’ be permitted to recover their salaries from the State and city. The case at bar is different. Throckmorton was at least a de facto officer, and not a usurper, and it is not charged that the State board of canvassers committed any illegal or void act with reference to granting Throckmorton a certificate.
In Am. & Eng. Ency. of Law (2d Ed.) vol. 8, p. 783, it is said: “To constitute a person an officer de facto, there must be some facts, circumstances, or conditions which would reasonably lead persons who have relations or business with •the office to recognize and treat him as the lawful incumbent, and submit to or invoke his official action without inquiry as to his title.” Again, on page 794: “Color of title to an office is defined to be ‘that which in appearance is title, but which in reality is no title.’ It is this color of title or, it has been said, color of authority, which distinguishes the de facto officer from a mere intruder or usurper, whose acts are absolutely void.” It can not be said that Throckmorton was a mere intruder or usurper, but, on the contrary, he assumed the duties of the office with the legal certificate [753]*753of the board of canvassers, and so remained in office until February 25, 1900, when the board of contest declared appellant elected and entitled to the office. The then auditor, 'Sweeney, had the right to believe that Throckmorton was then the legal officer. Upon what principle of reasoning can it be required of the auditor to investigate and determine at his peril whether or not a person has been legally elected to an office before he draws his warrant upon the treasurer •for Ms salary? To require the auditor to pay at his peril, or withhold salaries until all contests were finally settled, would in many cases leave the State without officials to perform its service. In the same volume of the Am. & Eng. Ency. of Law, p. 813, it is said: “The general rule is that a State county, or municipality which, before judgment of ouster against a d& facto officer, has paid him the salary of the office due at the timo of payment, is protected against any liability to the de jure officer for such salary.”
In the case of Dolan v. New York, 68, N. Y., 274, 23 Am. Rep., 168, the court said: “If fiscal officers, upon whom the duty is imposed, to pay official salaries, are only justified in paying them, to the officer de jure, they must act at the peril of being held accountable in case it turns out that the de facto officer has not the true title; or, if they are not made responsible, the department of the government they represent is exposed to the danger of being compelled to pay the salary the second time. It would be unreasonable, we think, to require them, before making payment, to go behind the commission, and investigate and ascertain the real right and title. This in many cases, as we have said, would be impracticable. Disbursing officers, charged with the payment of salaries, have, we think, a right to rely upon the apparent title, and treat the officer who is clothed with it [754]*754as the officer de jure without inquiring whether another has the better right. Public policy accords with this view. Public offices' are created in the interest and for the benefit of the public. Such, at least, is the theory upon which statutes creating them are enacted and justified. Public and individual rights are, to a great extent, protected and enforced through official agencies, and the State and individual •citizens are interested in having official functions regularly and continuously discharged. The services of persons clothed with an official character are constantly needed. They are called upon to execute the processes of the court, and to perform a great variety of acts affecting the public and individuals. It is important that the public offices should be filled, and that at all times persons may be found ready and competent to exercise official powers and duties. If, on a controversy arising as to the right of an officer in possession, and upon notice that another claims the office, the public authorities could not pay the salary and compensation of the office to the de facto officer, except at the peril of paying it a second time if the title of the contestant should subsequently be established, it is easy to see that the public service would be greatly embarrassed, and its efficiency impaired. Disbursing officers would not pay the salary until the contest was determined, and this, in many cases, would interfere with the discharge of official functions.” A case very similar to the one before us is found in Michel v. The City of New Orleans, 32 La. Ann., 1097. The court in that case said: “Sound public policy dictates the wisdom and the necessity of paying the salary to the officer in the possession of the office and performing functions required for the protection of society and the maintenance of peace and order; and after this duty is performed both law and equity forbid that [755]*755the city or State be compelled to account for the same salary to any other party who may subsequently be decreed as the proper officer. . . . We are clear that under our laws the right of a de jure officer in such a case must be exercised against the intruder for the recovery of fees or of the salary of the office, and no recourse exists against the State or city for such salary as was paid to the de facto officer.” The case of County Commissioners, etc. v. Anderson, 20 Kan., 298, 27 Am. Rep., 171, was a case which arose over a contest for the county clerk’s office. Anderson and one Wildman were opposing candidates. The board of canvassers gave Anderson a certificate of election, and he took the oath and ■possession of the office. Wildman contested his election. The contest court decided in favor of Wildman, awarding to him the certificate previously issued to Anderson. Wildman immediately qualified, and took possession of the office. Anderson then took the case to the district court on appeal, and that court reversed the judgment of the contest court, and awarded the office to Anderson. Wildman then appealed to the Supreme Court, and that court affirmed the district court. Wildman in the meantime held the office, and received his salary and fees from January to October. The county commissioners had during all this time full knowledge of all this proceeding, but nevertheless paid the salary to Wildman. Anderson sued the board of county commissioners for $900, the amount of salary they paid Wildman for the time he held the office while the contest was proceeding in the courts. In that case the court said: “It must be remembered that Wildman was not a mere usurper, but he was an officer de facto having possession of the office under color of title. What would be the rule if he were a mere usurper, it is not necessary for us to decide in this case. All [756]*756that we now decide is that where a person is in possession of the office of county clerk under color of title, and is the county clerk de facto, and claims to be the county clerk de jure, and the board of county commissioners pays to him the salary due to the right incumbent of such office, the county clerk de jure has no action against the county board for such salary, and this notwithstanding the fact that the county board may have known at the time they paid said salary that the question as to the title to the office was in litigation, and notwithstanding the fact that the. county clerk de facto may be insolvent. The remedy of the county clerk de jure in such a case is an action against the county clerk de facto” To the same effect are the cases of Auditors of Wayne County v. Benoit, 20 Mich., 176, 4 Am. Rep., 382; Smith v. Mayor, 37 N. Y., 518; and other cases which we deem it unnecessary to cite.
Appellant claims that he is protected by section 235 of the State Constitution. This section is as follows: “The
salaries of public officers shall not' be changed during the terms for which they were elected; but it shall be the duty of the General Assembly to regulate, by a general law, in what cases and what deductions shall be made for neglect of official duties.” He contends that, if he be not allowed the whole salary for the full term of four years, this would be a deduction from his salary in the meaning of this provision of the Constitution, and a violation of this provision' of the Constitution. In our opinion, this section of the Constitution has no application to a case like this.” This is not an effort to decrease or change his' salary, nor make any deduction therefrom for any neglect of official duty. The appellant had the right to sue the party who litigated with him for this office and recover that part of the salary paid [757]*757him while in the possession of the office. But it is suggested that in some instances contestants for office are insolvent, and then the officer would lose a part of his salary unless the injured party was permitted to recover from the State, county, or municipality. This would he unfortunate, but many persons have suffered loss of claims and costs by being forced to engage in litigation with insolvent persons.
It is also contended “that the State, by its officers and agents, wrongfully prevented appellant from discharging the duties of his office for a time, and that the State can not now be heard to say that appellant during that time neglected his official duty, and therefore must not be paid.” We do not decide that appellant is not entitled to his salary, or that he was guilty of any neglect of official duty, but conclude that his remedy is against the person who received a part of his salary. It is true that the board of canvassers, board of contest, circuit judge who tried the case, and the Oourt of Appeals, were officers and agents created by the 'State, but the creation of them was for the purpose of guarding and protecting the rights and interests of the •State and individual. We can not admit that the State should be held responsible for the mistakes or errors of judgment of its officials. To carry such a construction to its logical conclusion would involve the State, and make it liable for all losses incurred by the litigant by reason of the errors or mistakes of its officials.
For these reasons the judgment of the lower court is affirmed.