MR. JUSTICE STARK
delivered the opinion of the court.
The complaint in this action alleges in substance that on the fifth day of April, 1924, at about 11 o’clock in the evening,
the plaintiff was walking in an easterly direction along the north side of First Avenue North, in the city of Billings, and that as she was about to cross Thirty-second Street North and was in the act of stepping from the sidewalk on to a grate covering over the gutter along the west side of Thirty-second Street North, her foot became wedged in an aperture that then and there existed between the end of strap iron forming part of the gutter grate covering and the street curbing, which caused her to be thrown violently forward on to the pavement in such manner that she sustained a broken arm and other injuries complained of. The negligence charged was one of omission, namely, that the defendant “failed and neglected to cause the ends of * * * said strap irons to be flattened out and made to lie flat on” the concrete curbing, which ends “had been bent by use so that the ends of the strap iron resting on the curbing * ® * were bent upward, leaving a space or aperture of an inch and a half to two, inches in such manner as to constitute a dangerous obstruction. ’ ’
The defendant by answer denied the act of negligence charged, and the case was tried before a jury on December 4, 1925, and resulted in a verdict and judgment in favor of the plaintiff, from which the defendant has appealed.
Counsel for defendant has made nine specifications of error in his brief, the first eight of which relate to the action of the court in giving certain instructions to the jury over his objections, and in refusing to give other instructions requested by him on the part of the defendant.
We have given careful attention to the specifications covering the rulings of the court with reference to these given and offered instructions, and are of opinion that with the exception of those covered by specifications Nos. V and VI they are without merit; and we shall therefore confine ourselves to their consideration. In passing, however, we suggest to counsel with reference to the first specification of error, which questions the definition of “actionable negligence” .given by
the court, that in formulating instructions they should, so far as possible, employ terms and expressions which have been approved by this court as technically correct.
The objections raised by specifications of error V and VI relate to the court’s instructions Nos. 7 and 9. In its instruction No. 7 the court advised the jury as follows: “The court further instructs the jury that a city is bound, as an active and continuous duty, by adequate inspection to ascertain and appraise and provide against dangers due to defects in sidewalks and approaches thereto and to make repairs or install such protections as will furnish the traveler a reasonably safe walk,”
etc.
Instruction No. 9 was as follows: “The court instructs the jury that a traveler on a public street has a right to presume that it is in an ordinarily safe condition, because the law enjoins upon the authorities of the municipality the duty to exercise ordinary care to make and keep the streets in a reasonably safe condition for public travel. The duty of the municipal authorities in this respect requires of them the duty to make adequate inspection of the streets and sidewalks within their supervision and control to ascertain if they are in reasonably safe condition for public travel and to repair them if they are not in such condition. Failure of the authorities of a municipality to discharge their duty to travelers on the streets and sidewalks of the municipality constitutes actionable negligence if a traveler be injured through or because of the existence of such defect.”
Both of these instructions were erroneous. Among the accepted definitions of the word “adequate” are: “Fully sufficient”; “equal to what is required”; “lawfully and reasonably sufficient.” (Webster’s New International Dictionary; Standard Dictionary.) By rewriting instruction No. 7, using the definitions of the word “adequate” in place of the word itself, we have this result:
“A city is bound, as an active and continuous duty, by an inspection which
purpose
to ascertain and appraise and provide against dangers-due to defects in sidewalks and approaches thereto and to make repairs or install such protections as will furnish the traveler a reasonably safe walk,”
etc.
Using either one of these definitions of the word “adequate,” the effect of this language was to declare to the jury that it was the absolute duty of the city to make such an inspection of its sidewalks and the approaches thereto that all dangers due to defects therein would be discovered and remedied so as to furnish a traveler over the same “a reasonably safe walk,” and in instruction No. 9 this definition of the duty of the city with reference to inspection is immediately followed by a declaration to the effect that a failure to discharge this duty constitutes actionable negligence if a traveler be injured because of the existence of such defect. If that were a correct statement of the law, then any inspection made by a city which fell short of discovering any existing danger due to a defect in a sidewalk would not be a defense to an action for damages sustained by reason of the undiscovered defect. A city would, under such a rule, absolutely guarantee “a reasonably safe walk” to every pedestrian upon its streets. This would make the city an insurer of the safety of those who use the sidewalks.
The duty of a city with reference to the maintenance of its streets and sidewalks in this jurisdiction was clearly defined by this court in the case of
Leonard
v.
City of Butte,
25 Mont. 410, 65 Pac. 425, in this language: “We understand the rule to be that a city is bound only to use reasonable care to keep its streets and sidewalks in a reasonably safe and good condition for travel, *
*
* exercising reasonable care in inspecting them to discover any defects therein. ’ ’ This rule has been
consistently followed in the subsequent cases of
Martin
v.
City of Butte,
34 Mont. 281, 86 Pac. 264, and
McEnaney
v.
City of Butte,
43 Mont. 526, 117 Pac. 893, and is in harmony with the authorities generally.
In
Martin
v.
City of Butte, supra,
commenting upon an instruction given to the jury, the court used this language, “This instruction practically makes the city an insurer of the safe condition of its streets, sidewalks, and crossings,” and held that giving it was prejudicial error.-
In 6 McQuillin on Municipal Corporations, section 2726, it is stated: “The municipality is never an insurer against accidents nor a guarantor of the safety of the travelers on its streets.” In support of this statement a number of cases are cited, among them we note
City of Dayton
v.
Glaser,
76 Ohio St. 471, 12 L. R. A. (n. s.) 916, 81 N. E. 991,
Boender
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
MR. JUSTICE STARK
delivered the opinion of the court.
The complaint in this action alleges in substance that on the fifth day of April, 1924, at about 11 o’clock in the evening,
the plaintiff was walking in an easterly direction along the north side of First Avenue North, in the city of Billings, and that as she was about to cross Thirty-second Street North and was in the act of stepping from the sidewalk on to a grate covering over the gutter along the west side of Thirty-second Street North, her foot became wedged in an aperture that then and there existed between the end of strap iron forming part of the gutter grate covering and the street curbing, which caused her to be thrown violently forward on to the pavement in such manner that she sustained a broken arm and other injuries complained of. The negligence charged was one of omission, namely, that the defendant “failed and neglected to cause the ends of * * * said strap irons to be flattened out and made to lie flat on” the concrete curbing, which ends “had been bent by use so that the ends of the strap iron resting on the curbing * ® * were bent upward, leaving a space or aperture of an inch and a half to two, inches in such manner as to constitute a dangerous obstruction. ’ ’
The defendant by answer denied the act of negligence charged, and the case was tried before a jury on December 4, 1925, and resulted in a verdict and judgment in favor of the plaintiff, from which the defendant has appealed.
Counsel for defendant has made nine specifications of error in his brief, the first eight of which relate to the action of the court in giving certain instructions to the jury over his objections, and in refusing to give other instructions requested by him on the part of the defendant.
We have given careful attention to the specifications covering the rulings of the court with reference to these given and offered instructions, and are of opinion that with the exception of those covered by specifications Nos. V and VI they are without merit; and we shall therefore confine ourselves to their consideration. In passing, however, we suggest to counsel with reference to the first specification of error, which questions the definition of “actionable negligence” .given by
the court, that in formulating instructions they should, so far as possible, employ terms and expressions which have been approved by this court as technically correct.
The objections raised by specifications of error V and VI relate to the court’s instructions Nos. 7 and 9. In its instruction No. 7 the court advised the jury as follows: “The court further instructs the jury that a city is bound, as an active and continuous duty, by adequate inspection to ascertain and appraise and provide against dangers due to defects in sidewalks and approaches thereto and to make repairs or install such protections as will furnish the traveler a reasonably safe walk,”
etc.
Instruction No. 9 was as follows: “The court instructs the jury that a traveler on a public street has a right to presume that it is in an ordinarily safe condition, because the law enjoins upon the authorities of the municipality the duty to exercise ordinary care to make and keep the streets in a reasonably safe condition for public travel. The duty of the municipal authorities in this respect requires of them the duty to make adequate inspection of the streets and sidewalks within their supervision and control to ascertain if they are in reasonably safe condition for public travel and to repair them if they are not in such condition. Failure of the authorities of a municipality to discharge their duty to travelers on the streets and sidewalks of the municipality constitutes actionable negligence if a traveler be injured through or because of the existence of such defect.”
Both of these instructions were erroneous. Among the accepted definitions of the word “adequate” are: “Fully sufficient”; “equal to what is required”; “lawfully and reasonably sufficient.” (Webster’s New International Dictionary; Standard Dictionary.) By rewriting instruction No. 7, using the definitions of the word “adequate” in place of the word itself, we have this result:
“A city is bound, as an active and continuous duty, by an inspection which
purpose
to ascertain and appraise and provide against dangers-due to defects in sidewalks and approaches thereto and to make repairs or install such protections as will furnish the traveler a reasonably safe walk,”
etc.
Using either one of these definitions of the word “adequate,” the effect of this language was to declare to the jury that it was the absolute duty of the city to make such an inspection of its sidewalks and the approaches thereto that all dangers due to defects therein would be discovered and remedied so as to furnish a traveler over the same “a reasonably safe walk,” and in instruction No. 9 this definition of the duty of the city with reference to inspection is immediately followed by a declaration to the effect that a failure to discharge this duty constitutes actionable negligence if a traveler be injured because of the existence of such defect. If that were a correct statement of the law, then any inspection made by a city which fell short of discovering any existing danger due to a defect in a sidewalk would not be a defense to an action for damages sustained by reason of the undiscovered defect. A city would, under such a rule, absolutely guarantee “a reasonably safe walk” to every pedestrian upon its streets. This would make the city an insurer of the safety of those who use the sidewalks.
The duty of a city with reference to the maintenance of its streets and sidewalks in this jurisdiction was clearly defined by this court in the case of
Leonard
v.
City of Butte,
25 Mont. 410, 65 Pac. 425, in this language: “We understand the rule to be that a city is bound only to use reasonable care to keep its streets and sidewalks in a reasonably safe and good condition for travel, *
*
* exercising reasonable care in inspecting them to discover any defects therein. ’ ’ This rule has been
consistently followed in the subsequent cases of
Martin
v.
City of Butte,
34 Mont. 281, 86 Pac. 264, and
McEnaney
v.
City of Butte,
43 Mont. 526, 117 Pac. 893, and is in harmony with the authorities generally.
In
Martin
v.
City of Butte, supra,
commenting upon an instruction given to the jury, the court used this language, “This instruction practically makes the city an insurer of the safe condition of its streets, sidewalks, and crossings,” and held that giving it was prejudicial error.-
In 6 McQuillin on Municipal Corporations, section 2726, it is stated: “The municipality is never an insurer against accidents nor a guarantor of the safety of the travelers on its streets.” In support of this statement a number of cases are cited, among them we note
City of Dayton
v.
Glaser,
76 Ohio St. 471, 12 L. R. A. (n. s.) 916, 81 N. E. 991,
Boender
v.
City of Harvey,
251 Ill. 228, 95 N. E. 1084, and
Van Pelt
v.
Clarksburg,
42 W. Va. 218, 24 S. E. 878.
In their brief counsel for respondent haye culled out a statement made by this court in the course of its discussion in the ease of
O’Donnell
v.
City of Butte,
65 Mont. 463, 32 A. L. R. 1284, 211 Pac. 190, which reads, “Primarily, of course, it is the duty of every municipality to exercise active vigilance to keep all of its streets in a safe condition suitable for the public use, buf it can be held only to a reasonable performance of this duty,” and assert that this “language is stronger than the instruction complained of.” It may be that the quoted expression was inept, but it is not susceptible to a construction which would amount to a reversal of the rule theretofore declared in the decisions of this court above cited and the announcement of a new one making cities of this state insurers of the safety of those who travel upon their streets. If it were reasonably open to such a construction we should be required to expressly disaffirm it.
Although the court in other instructions correctly stated 'the law with reference to the defendant’s duty in the main
tenance of its sidewalks and the approaches thereto, this did not cure the error in instructions Nos. 7 and 9. In
Wells
v.
Waddell,
59 Mont. 436, 196 Pac. 1000, it is said: “It is the rule in this state, and elsewhere generally, that ‘whenever instructions are upon a material point, the one correct and the other incorrect, this court will not presume that the jury followed the correct instruction, but will reverse the judgment and order a new trial. ’
(Helena P. T. Co.
v.
McLean,
38 Mont. 388, 99 Pac. 1061;
Sullivan
v.
Metropolitan Life Ins. Co.,
35 Mont. 1, 88 Pac. 401.) The reason for the rule is that a jury composed of laymen cannot be expected to determine which of two conflicting instructions correctly states the law. They are entirely at liberty to follow either one and neither the trial court nor this court can determine which one was the determining factor in arriving at the verdict.”
Under specification of error IX counsel argue that the evidence was not sufficient to sustain the verdict. Since the cause must go back for a new trial, we refrain from any comment on this matter.
The judgment is reversed and the cause remanded to the district court for further proceedings.
Reversed and remanded.
Me. Chief Justice Callaway, Me. Justice Galen and Honorable Theodore Lentz, District Judge, sitting in place of Mr. Justice Holloway, absent on account of illness, concur.
Mr. Justice Matthews not sitting.