■MANNING, J.
The first question in this case is, whether or not there was a valid levy and sale of the shares of stock?
By section 2871 of the Revised Code, it is enacted, “Executions may be levied — 1. On real property,” etc.: “2. On [207]*207personal property of the defendant (except things in action), whether he has the absolute title thereto, or the right only to the possession thereof, for his own life, or the life of another, or for a shorter period. But this does not apply to a possession acquired by a tona fide hiring of chattels: 3. On an equity of redemption in either land or personal property. When any interest less than the absolute title is sold, the purchaser is subrogated to all the rights of the defendant, and subject to all his disabilities.” The exception in the second clause of “things in action,” from personal property that may be levied on, extends, of course, to the personal property, in which an equity of redemption may be sold. For, if things in action, of which the defendant is absolute owner, may not be levied on and sold under an execution, certainly things in action, in which he has only an equitable or defeasible contingent interest, cannot be. The shares of stock, for the conversion of which this suit was brought, were “things in action.” They, therefore, were not made liable to execution in any manner by these statutory provisions. And, as they were not so liable by the common law, it depends entirely upon sections 1783 et seq. of the Revised Code, whether or not the sheriff had any legal authority to sell them at all.
Section 1783 declares that “the shares or interest of any person, in any incorporated company, are personal property and transferable on the books of the company, . . . and such shares or interest may be levied on by attachment or execution, and sold as goods and chattels, and the purchaser shall be the owner of the share, or shares, or interest bought by him, and the officer making the sale shall transfer the same to the purchaser in writing, which shall be registered on the books of the company. The levy made maybe made with or without the officer’s having possession of the certificate, or other evidence of the ownership of the stock or interest, by endorsing the levy on the attachment or execution, stating the number of shares, or other interest levied on. — § 1784. The custodian of the books of the' company must give to the officer having such writ, upon its being exhibited to him, a statement, signed by him in his official capacity, of the number of shares or amount of interest held by the defendant in the company.” And for his neglect or refusal to do so, the custodian of the books is subject to a fine. To the end that the ownership may appear by the books, on which it is previously declared the shares are to be transferable, section 1786 enacts: “When any incorporated company does not by its charter, by-laws, or otherwise, require the transfer of its stock to be made or registered on the books of the company, [208]*208such company must forthwith make such provision.” Section 1788 provides that “ no lien shall be created against the stock” of any stockholder against whom the sheriff has an attachment or execution, “ until the plaintiff, his agent, attorney or sheriff in whose hands such execution or attachment shall be placed, gives notice to the secretary, cashier or other officer of such corporation, tuho has custody of the boohs, that such execution or attachment has been issued and the name of the defendant therein; and all transfers duly made before such notice is given, shall be as valid as if the levy had not been made.” Of course, the levy would not be perfect until the lien was thus created.
These enactments are in derogation or change of the common law, and it is to be observed that while they provide that the shares of any person in an incorporated company, “may be levied on by attachment or execution, and sold as goods and chattels,” — that is, upon such advertisement and in the manner goods and chattels must be sold under execution, — they do not declare that an equity of redemption, or other interest less than that of an absolute owner, in such shares, may be levied on and sold. And the provisions so carefully made, to have the ownership of the shares appear by and made transferable upon the books of the corporation, show a purpose, since the shares which the sheriff is to sell, are not visible and tangible, and therefore not capable of manual caption and delivery, — to make the right to them as unembarrassed and absolute as possible. In making a levy of goods and chattels, a sheriff must find and take possession of and on the day and place of sale produce them, so that they may be seen and examined by bidders. This he can not do with the shares of stock in a corporation — mere choses in action. The nearest approach to finding and obtaining possession of such things, and the only mode of conveying them, is to find whose name stands as that of the owner of them upon the books of the corporation, — -and .by giving notice that they are levied on as the property of such person and exhibiting the execution against him to the custodian of the books, to hold them from transfer to any body else until the sheriff’s sale, and then to have the sheriff’s certificate of the sale registered on the books, as evidence of the transfer of the shares to the purchaser from him. The transfer of the stock on the books, “ is equivalent to actual possession, because it is . . the means of obtaining possession . The capital stock of a corporate company, is not capable of manual delivery. The scrip or certificate may be delivered, but that of itself does not carry with it the stockholder’s interest in the corporate funds. ... It may be that [209]*209nothing short of the transfer of the title on the boohs of the company would be sufficient to give the absolute possession of the stock and to secure it against a transfer to some other person.” — (Wilson v. Little, 2 N. Y. 447.) This certainly 'is true in regard to the stock which is tbe cause of this controversy. And the statutes cited, recognizing the difficulties of the subject, have prescribed the process above set forth as the only one by which a sheriff’s sale can be made of such things as shares of the capital stock of a corporation, in such a manner as to afford intelligible information of what it is that he offers for sale, how the bidder, if he buys it, shall obtain possession, and how he may find out what the thing sold is probably worth. Sheriff’s sales would be terrible scourges, indeed, if not so conducted as that these things may be ascertained with some degree of certainty.
Now, it is clear, that the process of sale prescribed by the statute, is not applicable to shares of stock situated like those now in controversy. Whether they were merely pledged to the bank as security for Nabring’s debt to it, — = leaving in him a legal right to the restoration of them on payment of the debt, or were mortgaged to the bank, leaving in Nabring an equity to redeem them, in either case they could not be reached in the method of proceeding which the sheriff must pursue in order to make the levy and sale effectual. And from this it follows, that as at common law, goods and chattels that were pledged and in possession of the pledgee, or that were mortgaged and in possession of the mortgagee, were not subject to levy and sale under execution— so shares of the capital stock of incorporated companies, pledged or mortgaged and so situated, are not made liable by statute, to execution sale.
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■MANNING, J.
The first question in this case is, whether or not there was a valid levy and sale of the shares of stock?
By section 2871 of the Revised Code, it is enacted, “Executions may be levied — 1. On real property,” etc.: “2. On [207]*207personal property of the defendant (except things in action), whether he has the absolute title thereto, or the right only to the possession thereof, for his own life, or the life of another, or for a shorter period. But this does not apply to a possession acquired by a tona fide hiring of chattels: 3. On an equity of redemption in either land or personal property. When any interest less than the absolute title is sold, the purchaser is subrogated to all the rights of the defendant, and subject to all his disabilities.” The exception in the second clause of “things in action,” from personal property that may be levied on, extends, of course, to the personal property, in which an equity of redemption may be sold. For, if things in action, of which the defendant is absolute owner, may not be levied on and sold under an execution, certainly things in action, in which he has only an equitable or defeasible contingent interest, cannot be. The shares of stock, for the conversion of which this suit was brought, were “things in action.” They, therefore, were not made liable to execution in any manner by these statutory provisions. And, as they were not so liable by the common law, it depends entirely upon sections 1783 et seq. of the Revised Code, whether or not the sheriff had any legal authority to sell them at all.
Section 1783 declares that “the shares or interest of any person, in any incorporated company, are personal property and transferable on the books of the company, . . . and such shares or interest may be levied on by attachment or execution, and sold as goods and chattels, and the purchaser shall be the owner of the share, or shares, or interest bought by him, and the officer making the sale shall transfer the same to the purchaser in writing, which shall be registered on the books of the company. The levy made maybe made with or without the officer’s having possession of the certificate, or other evidence of the ownership of the stock or interest, by endorsing the levy on the attachment or execution, stating the number of shares, or other interest levied on. — § 1784. The custodian of the books of the' company must give to the officer having such writ, upon its being exhibited to him, a statement, signed by him in his official capacity, of the number of shares or amount of interest held by the defendant in the company.” And for his neglect or refusal to do so, the custodian of the books is subject to a fine. To the end that the ownership may appear by the books, on which it is previously declared the shares are to be transferable, section 1786 enacts: “When any incorporated company does not by its charter, by-laws, or otherwise, require the transfer of its stock to be made or registered on the books of the company, [208]*208such company must forthwith make such provision.” Section 1788 provides that “ no lien shall be created against the stock” of any stockholder against whom the sheriff has an attachment or execution, “ until the plaintiff, his agent, attorney or sheriff in whose hands such execution or attachment shall be placed, gives notice to the secretary, cashier or other officer of such corporation, tuho has custody of the boohs, that such execution or attachment has been issued and the name of the defendant therein; and all transfers duly made before such notice is given, shall be as valid as if the levy had not been made.” Of course, the levy would not be perfect until the lien was thus created.
These enactments are in derogation or change of the common law, and it is to be observed that while they provide that the shares of any person in an incorporated company, “may be levied on by attachment or execution, and sold as goods and chattels,” — that is, upon such advertisement and in the manner goods and chattels must be sold under execution, — they do not declare that an equity of redemption, or other interest less than that of an absolute owner, in such shares, may be levied on and sold. And the provisions so carefully made, to have the ownership of the shares appear by and made transferable upon the books of the corporation, show a purpose, since the shares which the sheriff is to sell, are not visible and tangible, and therefore not capable of manual caption and delivery, — to make the right to them as unembarrassed and absolute as possible. In making a levy of goods and chattels, a sheriff must find and take possession of and on the day and place of sale produce them, so that they may be seen and examined by bidders. This he can not do with the shares of stock in a corporation — mere choses in action. The nearest approach to finding and obtaining possession of such things, and the only mode of conveying them, is to find whose name stands as that of the owner of them upon the books of the corporation, — -and .by giving notice that they are levied on as the property of such person and exhibiting the execution against him to the custodian of the books, to hold them from transfer to any body else until the sheriff’s sale, and then to have the sheriff’s certificate of the sale registered on the books, as evidence of the transfer of the shares to the purchaser from him. The transfer of the stock on the books, “ is equivalent to actual possession, because it is . . the means of obtaining possession . The capital stock of a corporate company, is not capable of manual delivery. The scrip or certificate may be delivered, but that of itself does not carry with it the stockholder’s interest in the corporate funds. ... It may be that [209]*209nothing short of the transfer of the title on the boohs of the company would be sufficient to give the absolute possession of the stock and to secure it against a transfer to some other person.” — (Wilson v. Little, 2 N. Y. 447.) This certainly 'is true in regard to the stock which is tbe cause of this controversy. And the statutes cited, recognizing the difficulties of the subject, have prescribed the process above set forth as the only one by which a sheriff’s sale can be made of such things as shares of the capital stock of a corporation, in such a manner as to afford intelligible information of what it is that he offers for sale, how the bidder, if he buys it, shall obtain possession, and how he may find out what the thing sold is probably worth. Sheriff’s sales would be terrible scourges, indeed, if not so conducted as that these things may be ascertained with some degree of certainty.
Now, it is clear, that the process of sale prescribed by the statute, is not applicable to shares of stock situated like those now in controversy. Whether they were merely pledged to the bank as security for Nabring’s debt to it, — = leaving in him a legal right to the restoration of them on payment of the debt, or were mortgaged to the bank, leaving in Nabring an equity to redeem them, in either case they could not be reached in the method of proceeding which the sheriff must pursue in order to make the levy and sale effectual. And from this it follows, that as at common law, goods and chattels that were pledged and in possession of the pledgee, or that were mortgaged and in possession of the mortgagee, were not subject to levy and sale under execution— so shares of the capital stock of incorporated companies, pledged or mortgaged and so situated, are not made liable by statute, to execution sale. An execution creditor, in such a case, must proceed in some other manner, as by a bill in equity, to make the interest of the defendant in stock so situated available for the payment of the debt. We might enforce these views by showing how impracticable it would be to carry out the statutes upon a different interpretation of them. The endeavor to do so would produce great embarrassment and injury, if not insurmountable difficulties. In practice, besides, the interpretation contended for would offer opportunities and temptation to dishonest speculation, ruinous to parties to executions. But it is sufficient to say, that the shares in question were not subject to levy and sale under the executions against Nabring, and that Tompkins took no title by the supposed sale to him, and did not succeed to the rights of Nabring in the stock. It follows that the circuit judge erred in his charge of the contrary.
The cause has been argued as if the case were that of a [210]*210mortgage. We think tbe bank was pledgee, not mortgagee, of these shares. They were put in pledge to it for the payment of the money Nabring borrowed; and there remained in Nabring a legal right to demand and have them upon payment of the debt. The reasons for so ruling are presented in a very satisfactory manner by Ruggles, J., of the Court of Appeals of New York, in Wilson v. Little, supra, a case almost exactly like the present, after thorough argument and consideration. — 2 N. Y. (2 Corns.) 443; Story on Bailments, § 290.
As pledgee the bank had no right to sell the shares without first demanding payment of the debt' from Nabring, or giving him notice of the intention to sell. And, of course, it could not sell the stock at private sale, for less than its current market price ; which is shown to have been $100 a share. From Tompkins it took less than this, only the amount of Nabring’s debt to it. And the bank must be responsible to Nabring for the difference between that amount and the market value of the stock; which difference Nabring, after the sale, demanded of it. A pledgee may recoup the debt of defendant to him, when sued by the pledgor .for. conversion of the things put in pledge. — Stearns v. Marsh, 4 Denio, 227.
On behalf of tbe appellee, it is contended that, even if the court erred, it was error without injury, for the reason, as counsel insist, that plaintiff was not entitled to recover by this action of trover: 1st, because it will not lie for the conversion of any other than tangible corporeal chattels; and, 2dly, because the legal title which a plaintiff in that action must have, was not in him, it having been conveyed to the bank. The first of these reasons is not sound, according to cases in this and other courts. — See St. John, survivor, v. O’Connel, 7 Port. 466. Upon the second reason, we are inclined to agree with counsel for the appellee. But it is not .necessary for us to decide the question. It was not raised in the court below, — and if it had been, an amendment would have been allowable by adding a count in case for the same cause of action. A special action on the case would certainly have been sustainable upon such a cause of action; and a count in case may be joined with one in trover. The circuit judge erred in holding that plaintiff must go into chancery for redress. We find, it unnecessary to consider the case in another aspect, as was intended.
■The judgment must be reversed and the cause remanded.