TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN
NO. 03-17-00573-CV
N. T., Appellant
v.
Texas Department of Family and Protective Services, Appellee
FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF COMAL COUNTY, 274TH JUDICIAL DISTRICT NO. C2016-0188C, HONORABLE GARY STEEL, JUDGE PRESIDING
MEMORANDUM OPINION
N.T. appeals the trial court’s order terminating his parental rights to his children
following a bench trial.1 N.T. contends that the trial court violated his constitutional due process
rights by entering a judgment terminating his parental rights without first acquiring personal
jurisdiction over him, without providing him notice of the trial setting, and without appointing
him an attorney. For the reasons that follow, we affirm the trial court’s order terminating N.T.’s
parental rights.
BACKGROUND
In January 2016, the Texas Department of Family and Protective Services (the
Department) received a referral alleging neglectful supervision of their children by N.T. and the
1 We use initials to refer to appellant. See Tex. R. App. P. 9.8. children’s mother, stemming from a domestic violence incident between N.T. and the mother. On
February 9, 2016, the Department filed a petition seeking termination of the parents’ rights. In the
petition, the Department requested service on N.T. and the children’s mother at the family’s home
address. The Department was appointed emergency temporary managing conservator of the
children, and after one extension, the initial adversary hearing was held on March 8, 2016, at which
the Department was appointed temporary managing conservator. In the temporary order following
the March 8 hearing the trial court noted that N.T. “was not notified and did not appear” but ordered
that N.T. was to comply with the service plan presented by the Department and was to have no
visitation with the children until further order of the court. On March 14, 2016, the Department filed
a status report in which it listed N.T. as a person “entitled to notice of the hearing,” listed only a post
office box address for N.T., left blank the spaces by N.T.’s name for “Date of Service” and “Method
Service” in the section entitled “Service of Process,” and stated that N.T. was “aware of the
Department’s involvement at this time, but through the Department only and not via citation.”
The record reflects that on March 16, 2016, N.T. was personally served with citation
and with notice of the status hearing set for March 29, 2016. Following the hearing on March 29,
which N.T. did not attend, the trial court signed a status hearing order in which it found that N.T.
“although duly and properly notified, did not appear and wholly made default.” The trial court also
found that N.T. had not reviewed or signed the Department’s service plan for him but ordered him
to comply with the plan and submit the Child Placement Resources Form to the Department. On
April 5, 2016, the trial court ordered that the children were to be placed with the mother and that
N.T. was to have no contact with the children until he appeared in court. In June 2016, the
2 Department filed a status report that again listed N.T. as a person “entitled to notice of the hearing,”
listed only a post office box address for N.T., left blank the spaces by N.T.’s name for “Date of
Service” and “Method Service” in the section entitled “Service of Process,” and stated that N.T. was
“aware of the Department’s involvement at this time, but through the Department only and not via
citation.” In addition, the Department reported that N.T.’s “whereabouts are unknown at this time.”
On July 19, following a permanency hearing, the trial court signed an order finding that N.T.
“although duly and properly notified, did not appear and wholly made default” and that N.T. had not
complied with his service plan. The order placed the children with the mother and provided that
visitation with N.T. must be supervised.
In September 2016, the Department filed a status report that again listed N.T. as a
person “entitled to notice of the hearing,” listed only a post office box address for N.T., left blank
the spaces by N.T.’s name for “Date of Service” and “Method Service” in the section entitled
“Service of Process,” stated that N.T. was “aware of the Department’s involvement at this time, but
through the Department only and not via citation,” and reported that N.T.’s “whereabouts are
unknown at this time.” The status report also stated that there had been no contact between N.T. and
the caseworker. In November 2016, following a permanency hearing, the trial court signed an order
finding that N.T. “was not notified, and did not appear” and that N.T. had not complied with his
service plan. The order continued placement of the children with the mother and provided that
The next permanency hearing took place on January 31, 2017. At the hearing, the
Department and the mother agreed that an extension of the case dismissal date was needed to allow
3 for a final determination as to placement of the children but also agreed to proceed with termination
of N.T.’s parental rights.2 N.T. did not appear at the trial and was not represented by counsel. The
Department called three witnesses. A Comal County Sheriff’s Deputy testified concerning the
alleged incident of domestic violence between N.T. and the mother in January 2016. The deputy
stated that the mother had injuries consistent with her allegations, that N.T. had left in a car with the
children, that the mother reported that N.T. had just gotten out of jail “for another domestic incident
that happened,” and that no charges were filed against the mother. The Department investigator
testified that she had never met N.T. but had spoken with him by phone once and that he stated that
he was not going to cooperate. She also stated that she reviewed N.T.’s criminal history “that’s run
through DPS in [the Department] system” and it corroborated the mother’s statements that there had
been prior incidents of domestic violence.
The Department caseworker testified that she had made contact with N.T. once during
an unannounced visit. She explained that during the unannounced visit, N.T. was with his daughter,
that at the time there was a court order prohibiting visitation, that she knew that he had “a warrant
a couple of months ago in regards to domestic violence with [the mother],” and that when she asked
for the mother and called 911, he left. The caseworker also testified that she attempted to contact
N.T. every month through Facebook and the phone numbers she had, “asked parents” and “everyone
2 In discussion of prior events in the case, the mother’s attorney reminded the court that they “had talked about defaulting on [N.T.] who is now back in jail, the perpetrator of the domestic violence and gentleman whose family is being looked at.” The trial court then stated, “[b]ecause he’s been served and he’s not answered or anything,” to which the mother’s attorney replied, “Right. I would be quite all right with going forward and terminating him interlocutory today.” When asked by the trial court, the Department replied that it could “be prepared to do that, your Honor” and proceeded to present its case for termination of N.T.’s parental rights.
4 under the moon for contact information,” and tried to obtain an address or “SID number” from the
Bexar County Jail. She stated that “as far as [she] kn[e]w,” N.T. had notice of the case. The
caseworker further testified that N.T. had not complied with any provisions of the service plan, had
not visited with the children, and had not denied that he was the father of the children. She stated
that she believed it was in the best interests of the children to terminate N.T.’s parental rights
because he had multiple arrests for domestic violence, “did not comply,” and had done nothing to
alleviate any of the concerns that led to removal of the children and because she did not believe he
could meet the physical or emotional needs of the children. She also stated that it concerned her that
he had never appeared in court. No other witnesses were called and no exhibits were introduced
into evidence.
Following the hearing, the trial court rendered an interlocutory order terminating
N.T.’s rights, in which it found by clear and convincing evidence that N.T. was the acknowledged
father of the children, stated that N.T. “although duly and properly notified, did not appear and
wholly made default,” and found that “all persons entitled to citation were properly cited or filed a
duly executed waiver of citation herein.” The trial court terminated N.T.’s parental rights pursuant
to Texas Family Code Sections 161.001(b)(1)(D) and (E) (endangerment grounds); (N) (constructive
abandonment); and (O) (failure to complete court ordered services). The trial court also found the
termination to be in the best interests of the children.
In February 2017, N.T., acting pro se, filed a notice of appeal (Prior Appeal) and an
affidavit of inability to pay costs, stating that he was incarcerated and unable to pay any filing fees.
This Court abated the Prior Appeal and remanded the case to the trial court to determine if N.T. was
5 indigent and whether an attorney ad litem should be appointed to represent him. See N. K. T.
v. Texas Dep’t of Family & Protective Servs., No. 03-17-00133-CV, 2017 Tex. App. LEXIS 3467,
at *1 (Tex. App.—Austin Apr. 20, 2017, no pet.) (mem. op.) (per curiam). This Court also
questioned our jurisdiction because N.T.’s notice of appeal appeared to be premature and gave N.T.
30 days to take action to cure the jurisdictional defect and supplement the clerk’s record with a final
order. See id. at *2 n.1. On remand, in April 2017, the trial court appointed an attorney ad litem to
represent N.T. “for the purpose of appeal.” In May 2017, N.T.’s appointed counsel filed a response
to this Court’s order requesting that we continue the abatement until the date of the trial setting
below or dismiss the Prior Appeal. See N. K. T. v. Texas Dep’t of Family & Protective Servs.,
No. 03-17-00133-CV, 2017 Tex. App. LEXIS 4284, at *1 (Tex. App.—Austin May 11, 2017, no
pet.) (mem. op.). This Court reinstated and then dismissed the Prior Appeal for want of jurisdiction.
See id. at *2.
In the trial court, the proceedings continued as to the mother’s parental rights and
permanent placement of the children. In March, in a permanency hearing order, the trial court found
that the “Acknowledged Father” N.T. “although duly and properly notified, did not appear and
wholly made default,” that N.T.’s parental rights had been terminated via interlocutory order, and
that he was to have no visitation with the children. Later in March, the Department filed a report
with the trial court stating that N.T. was “aware of the Department’s involvement at this time, but
through the Department only and not via citation” and that N.T.’s “parental rights were terminated
6 on January 30th, 2017.”3 In reports filed in May 2017 and July 2017, the Department again reported
that N.T. was “aware of the Department’s involvement at this time, but through the Department only
and not via citation” and that N.T.’s “parental rights were terminated on January 30th, 2017.” In
August 2017, the trial court signed a final order naming the mother managing conservator, denying
N.T. possession of or access to the children, and making the interlocutory order terminating N.T.’s
parental rights a final judgment for appellate purposes. This appeal followed.
DISCUSSION
In his first issue, N.T. argues that the trial court violated his due process rights by
terminating his parental rights without acquiring personal jurisdiction over him. Whether a trial
court had personal jurisdiction over a defendant is a question of law we review de novo. Haaksman
v. Diamond Offshore (Bermuda) Ltd., 260 S.W.3d 476, 479 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2008,
pet. denied). Involuntary termination of parental rights involves fundamental constitutional rights.
Holick v. Smith, 685 S.W.2d 18, 20 (Tex. 1985). “When the State seeks to sever permanently the
relationship between a parent and a child, it must first observe fundamentally fair procedures.”
In re E.R., 385 S.W.3d 552, 554 (Tex. 2012) (citing Santosky v. Kramer, 455 U.S. 745, 747–48
(1982)). “The most basic of these is notice.” Id. “Unless a defendant has waived citation, a trial
court lacks personal jurisdiction over a defendant to whom citation has not been ‘issued and served
in a manner provided for by law.’” In re T.J.T., 486 S.W.3d 675, 679 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2016,
3 Although the report stated that N.T.’s parental rights were terminated on January 30, 2017, the record reflects that the hearing was held on January 31, 2017, and the interlocutory order terminating N.T.’s parental rights was signed on February 9, 2017.
7 no pet.) (quoting Wilson v. Dunn, 800 S.W.2d 833, 836 (Tex. 1990)). In suits seeking to
terminate parental rights, citation shall be issued and served as in other civil cases. Tex. Fam. Code
§ 102.009(c). “In a direct appeal from a no-answer default judgment, there is no presumption of
valid issuance, service, and return of citation.” Id. (citing In re E.R., 385 S.W.3d at 563).
N.T. argues that the appellate record is “devoid of any evidence suggesting N.T. was
ever personally served or any substitute service pursuant to [Texas Rule of Civil Procedure] 109 was
ever authorized or had upon him.” N.T., however, does not deny that he was served. After N.T.
filed his brief, the Department requested and caused to be filed a supplemental clerk’s record, which
contains the deputy sheriff’s completed return of service of citation stating that N.T. was served in
person on March 16, 2016, at “1243 Austin Hwy, SATX 78209.” Although the Department included
some conflicting assertions in its form status reports regarding service on N.T., the officer’s return
is prima facie evidence of proper service. See Primate Const. Inc. v. Silver, 884 S.W.2d 151, 152
(Tex. 1994) (per curiam). “The recitations in the return of service carry so much weight that they
cannot be rebutted by the uncorroborated proof of the moving party.” Id. N.T. does not challenge
the method, manner, or validity of the service of citation. Accordingly, we conclude that the trial
court had personal jurisdiction over N.T. at the time it rendered the interlocutory order terminating
N.T.’s parental rights. We overrule N.T.’s first issue. See In re G.C., No. 11-16-00245-CV,
2017 Tex. App. LEXIS 1175, at *1–2 (Tex. App.—Eastland Feb. 10, 2017, pet. denied) (mem. op.)
(affirming termination, holding that where father was not served until after adversary hearing,
first status hearing, and initial permanency hearing had been held, but was served long before
8 final trial, trial court had personal jurisdiction over father at time it held hearing and entered order
of termination).
In his second issue, N.T. argues that the trial court violated his constitutional due
process right to notice of the January 31, 2017 trial setting. N.T. contends that “[t]here is no
indication in the record of any written or verbal notice to N.T. that the trial to terminate his parental
rights was set for January 31, 2017” and that the Department’s failure to provide N.T. with specific
notice of the date the case was set for trial constitutes a separate and distinct constitutional due
process violation. On these facts, we cannot agree. Rule 99 requires, and the citation served on N.T.
contained, the following notice:
You have been sued. You may employ an attorney. If you or your attorney do not file a written answer with the clerk who issued this citation by 10:00 a.m. on the Monday next following the expiration of twenty days after you were served this citation and petition, a default judgment may be taken against you.
Tex. R. Civ. P. 99(c); see id. R. 99(b)(10) (requiring citation to contain time within which defendant
must file written answer), (12) requiring citation to notify defendant that failure to file answer may
result in default judgment); see also id. R. 239 (providing that at any time after defendant is required
to answer, plaintiff may take default judgment against defendant provided return of service has been
on file for time required by rule 107), 107(h) (requiring that proof of service be on file 10 days,
exclusive of day of filing and day of judgment, before default judgment may be taken). Thus, N.T.
was on notice that he needed to file an answer and that his failure to do so could result in a default
judgment terminating his parental rights.
9 Had N.T. filed an answer or otherwise entered an appearance by participating in the
proceedings so as to impliedly recognize the court’s jurisdiction over him, he would have been
entitled to notice of the January 31, 2017 setting. See Rojas v. Scharnberg, No. 01-09-01039-CV,
2011 Tex. App. LEXIS 1975, at *5 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2011, no pet.) (mem. op.)
(observing that defendant who makes appearance in case is entitled to notice of hearing and that
whether defendant who has not filed answer has made appearance under Rule 120 depends on nature
and quality of his activities in case and whether such activities impliedly recognize court’s
jurisdiction over him). “Once a defendant has made an appearance in a cause, he is entitled to notice
of the trial setting as a matter of due process under the Fourteenth Amendment to the federal
constitution . . . .” LBL Oil Co. v. International Power Servs., Inc., 777 S.W.2d 390, 390–91 (Tex.
1989) (per curiam). The due process rights of a defendant who has made appearance are violated
when judgment is subsequently entered without notice of setting and opportunity to voice objections
at the hearing even if the defendant previously waived notice of citation. In re K.M.L., 443 S.W.3d
101, 118–19 (Tex. 2014). However, no advance notice of hearing is required for a no-answer default
judgment proceeding in which the defendant has not participated. Tex. R. Civ. P. 329; Rojas, 2011
Tex. App. LEXIS 1975, at *5 (“A defendant who fails to answer or appear is not entitled to notice
of a hearing on the default judgment.”); Wilson v. Wilson, 132 S.W.3d 533, 536 (Tex.
App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2004, pet. denied) (“The law imposes no duty on the plaintiff to notify
a defendant before taking a default judgment when he has been served properly with the citation and
petition, and nonetheless has failed to answer or otherwise appear.”); Zuyus v. No’Mis Communs.,
10 Inc., 930 S.W.2d 743, 747 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 1996, no writ) (“No advance notice of a
hearing is required for a no-answer default judgment.”).
Here the record reflects that N.T. was served with citation and failed to enter an
appearance; he did not file an answer or participate in the proceedings in any way so as to impliedly
recognize the court’s jurisdiction over him. In fact, he expressly informed the investigator of his
intention not to cooperate with the Department in the proceedings. Thus, the due process
requirements for notice were not triggered. See Simmons v. McKinney, 225 S.W.3d 706, 709 (Tex.
App.—Amarillo 2007, no pet.). The return of service was on file the requisite 10 days prior to the
hearing; in fact, it was filed on March 28, 2016, some 10 months prior to the hearing on the merits.
See Tex. R. Civ. P. 107(h), 239. In addition, the record reflects that N.T. was served with notice of
the status hearing held on March 29, 2016. On this record, we conclude that N.T. was not entitled
to notice of the January 31, 2017 hearing setting and the trial court did not violate his due
process rights by terminating his parental rights at the hearing. See Tex. R. Civ. P. 329; Rojas,
2011 Tex. App. LEXIS 1975, at *5; Simmons, 225 S.W.3d at 709; Wilson, 132 S.W.3d at 536 . We
overrule N.T.’s second issue.
In his third and final issue, N.T. argues that the trial court committed a constitutional
due process violation when it failed to appoint N.T. an attorney pursuant to the Texas Family Code.
N.T. cites section 107.013(a)(3) of the Family Code, which mandates that the trial court appoint an
attorney ad litem to represent the interests of an alleged father who has failed to register with the
11 registry under Family Code chapter 160 and whose identity or location is unknown.4 See Tex. Fam.
Code § 107.013(a)(3). However, N.T.’s identity and location were not unknown. N.T. was known
to the Department by name, the Department’s investigator and caseworker each had personal contact
with him, and he was personally served with citation and notice of the March 29 hearing. Although
the Department later lost contact with N.T., who expressly refused to cooperate, and represented in
form status reports that at times it did not know his whereabouts, on this record, we conclude that
N.T.’s location was not unknown within the meaning of section 107.013(a)(3). See In re V.V.,
349 S.W.3d 548, 550, 594 n.22 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2010, pet. denied) (Keyes, J.,
concurring & dissenting) (distinguishing between father who appeared in court and agreed to take
paternity test and “‘unknown father,’ a separate party” also named in petition “who was entitled to
counsel because the unknown father had not filed with the paternity registry and both his identity and
location were unknown”); see also In re J.M., 387 S.W.3d 865, 872 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2012,
no pet.) (holding that where Department was in contact with father more than four months before
final hearing, his identity and location were not unknown for purposes of Family Code section
161.002, which authorizes trial court to terminate alleged father’s parental rights under certain
circumstances, including when his identity and location are unknown). Nor was N.T. entitled to an
appointed attorney under section 107.013(a)(1) because he did not file an answer, appear at any
hearing, or in any way oppose the termination. See Tex. Fam. Code § 107.013(a)(1) (requiring
4 Chapter 160 is the Uniform Parentage Act, which provides, among other things, for the establishment of a registry of paternity for a man who desires to be notified of a proceeding for the termination of parental rights regarding a child he may have fathered. See Tex. Fam. Code §§ l60.401–.423.
12 appointment of attorney ad litem for indigent parent of child who responds in opposition to
termination); Salinas v. Texas Dep’t of Protective & Regulatory Servs., No. 03-04-00065-CV,
2004 Tex. App. LEXIS 7640, at *10 (Tex. App.—Austin 2004, pet. denied) (mem. op.) (concluding
that trial court had no duty under section 107.013 to appoint attorney for father—who initially
informed Department he did not want to participate in proceedings—until he appeared at hearing,
expressed interest in contesting termination of parental rights, and requested attorney).
Further, section 107.013 requires that a parent claiming indigence file an affidavit of
indigence that complies with Rule 145(b) of the Texas Rules of Civil Procedure before the court can
conduct a hearing to determine the parent’s indigence for purposes of appointing an attorney ad
litem. Tex. Fam. Code § 107.013(d); In re K.L., 442 S.W.3d 396, 411 (Tex. App.—Beaumont
2012), rev’d in part on other grounds, 443 S.W.3d 101 (Tex. 2014). There is no indication in the
record that N.T. filed an affidavit of indigence or any other statement that would give rise to an
inference that he was unable to afford an attorney prior to the interlocutory order terminating N.T.’s
parental rights. N.T. did not file his notice of inability to pay costs until February 22, 2017, the day
after he filed his premature notice of appeal in the Prior Appeal and almost a month after the
interlocutory order terminating his parental rights.5 For these reasons, we conclude that N.T. was
not entitled to appointment of an attorney ad litem and that the trial court did not err in failing to
appoint counsel for N.T. prior to its interlocutory order. See In re K.L., 442 S.W.3d at 411–12
(holding that trial court did not err in failing to appoint counsel for father prior to jury
5 As explained above, this Court abated, and ultimately dismissed, the Prior Appeal and remanded to the trial court, which appointed N.T. counsel for purposes of this appeal.
13 verdict where father did not sign affidavit claiming indigence until trial was over); Salinas,
2004 Tex. App. LEXIS 7640, at *9–10 (stating that section 107.013 does not set deadline for
appointment of counsel and that timing is matter of trial court’s discretion and holding that trial court
did not err in delaying appointment of counsel until father, who was aware of proceeding and
communicated to Department he did not want to participate, expressed interest in contesting
termination and requested attorney). We overrule N.T.’s third issue.
CONCLUSION
Having overruled N.T.’s issues, we affirm the trial court’s order terminating N.T.’s
parental rights to his children.6
__________________________________________ Melissa Goodwin, Justice
Before Chief Justice Rose, Justices Pemberton and Goodwin
Affirmed
Filed: November 29, 2017
6 N.T. does not challenge the sufficiency of the evidence to support the trial court’s determination that he is the children’s acknowledged father or its decision to terminate his parental rights. Therefore, we do not address these issues.