By the Court.
Lumpkin, J.
delivering the opinion.
This was a proceeding under the Garnishment Law of this State. On the trial, the attorney of the garnishee objected to the affidavit upon which the garnishment issued, upon two grounds: First, because it was made by the agent of an agent; and, Secondly, because it did not specify against whom process of garnishment was prayed.
[1.] The first objection does not exist in point of fact. It is true, that the action of assumpsit, in Chatham county, which is the foundation of the garnishment, is at the instance of Philip E. Woolhoptcr, Agent, against Ruth E. Reid. But the [127]*127term agent, is an addition only to the name of the plaintiff, and descriptive of his person.
[2.] As to the other defect, that the affidavit does not state against whom summons of garnishment was desired, it is enough to say, that the law docs not require that it should; and that in practice, it would be very inconvenient if it did.
[3.] Francis H. Wellman, the father and agent ofMrs. Reid, in the commission business carried on by her in Savannah, being introduced as a witness, testified, that Owsley & Son, the garnishees, are indebted to Ruth E. Reid $6,346 26, being a balance due on cotton transactions between them, in the Fall of 1850, and Winter and Spring of 1851; and exhibited an account of sales and advances, showing said balance. On the cross-examination, it appeared that the witness obtained his knowledge of the sales, from a, letter written by E. & R. R. Graves, of New York. Whereupon, his testimony was objected to as hearsay only ; but admitted by the Court. And this is the next error assigned on the record.
Conceding that it was competent for the witness to swear positively, provided he would undertake to do so, to the balance of indebtedness, on account of the dealings between Owsley & & Son, and Mrs. Ruth E. Reid ; yet, when it was disclosed by the cross-examination, that he derived all his knowledge from the data furnished him by Messrs. E. & R. R. Graves, the commission merchants in New York, who sold the cotton of Owsley & Son, it became evident, from that time, that his testimony was illegal; and it should have been withdrawn from the jury. The books of E. & R. R. Graves, properly authenticated, was the source from which this better proof should have been drawn.
[4.] But the main point in this case, is this, Owsley & Son, the garnishees, drew largely and at sundry times, upon Mrs. Reid or her agent, Wellman, .at Savannah. They shipped cotton to Mrs. Reid, or Wellman, her agent, to meet the payment of their drafts. It should have been sold in that market. Mrs. Reid, or her agent, re-shipped three lots of that cotton, to-wit: 64, 84 and 97 bales, without authority, and contrary to the [128]*128usages of trade, to Messrs. E. & R. R. Graves, of New York. On this transaction, there was a heavy loss sustained, and just about sufficient to cover the amount of indebtedness against the garnishees. Having, as it is admitted, no previous authority to do this, reliance is had, upon a subsequent ratification of tho Neio York sale. Mr. Wellman testifies, that after Owsley & Son had failed, which is proven by Groce, to have been in February or March, 1852, twelve months after the sale of their cotton in New York, that he (the witness) communicated to one of the Messrs. Owsley’s, for tho first time, the fact that their cotton had been shipped to New York and been sold there; and that he made no objection — in other words, said nothing. Does silence, under such circumstances, amount to a ratification of an' unauthorized act of an agent ? The Court below instructed tho jury that it did. We cannot concur in that opinion.
We do not deny but that ratification may be implied, even from the silence of the principal. If I ship cotton to my factor at Savannah, and he informs me, that owing to the derangement of the currency there, the want of shipping in port, or any other cause, it will be greatly to my benefit to have the produce forwarded to New York and sold, and I do not object, he might probably infer my consent or acquiescence.
[5.] So, if one, in the presence of the principal, sell a parcel of goods of the latter, as his agent, without objection, the tacit consent of the principal will be presumed; and it -will bind him.
[6.] Indeed, if the agent, without authority, should do any act, and the principal, after a knowledge of the fact, should make no objection, but acquiesce for a length of time — especially where such acquiescence cannot be explained or otherwise accounted for ; and which has a tendency to mislead the agent; in all such eases, and many others, which might be supposed, the law -would construe such silence as contrary to the duty of the principal; and he would be held bound by it. (1 Liverm. on Agency, 45, 47.)
But in the case before us, no such presumption arises. Tho [129]*129cotton was sent to a different market, and sold without orders. No notice is given to the principal for twelve months; it is then casually mentioned merely, to one of the joint owners of the cotton, who says nothing. It does not appear even, that the terms upon which the cotton vras sold, were communicated. Such silence cannot be construed into a ratification of the unauthorized act.
[7.] Upon this state of the case, instead of charging the OwTsleys Avith the loss Avhich occurred in NeAV York, an account should be taken betAveen OAYsley & Son, and Mrs. Reid, estimating their cotton at what it Avas worth in Savannah, at the time it Avas forwarded to New York, and the balance struck betAYeen that and the amount of her advances to the Owsleys; and, according to the testimony of Mr. Wellman, this mode of computation, ayouM about make the parties even. All this, however, is properly the subject of proof on the trial.
This, it seems to us, constitutes the equity of this transaction betAveen these parties; especially when it is remembered that Mr. Wellman admits, in his eAÚdence, that he never rendered to the OAVsleys, at any time, an account of the NeAY York sales; and moreoATer, that the Messrs. Graves’ Avere not entitled to look to the Owsleys for any loss on account of this transaction; but on the contrary, that it fell exclusively upon Mrs. Reid.
The Court was requested to charge the jury, that if Mrs. Reid acted as the agent of Owsley k Son, in fonvarding to E. k R. R. Graves the cotton, and aftenyards settled the loss sustained on this shipment, at twenty-five cents in the dollar, that then, she Avas only entitled to receive that amount of her principal. This the Court refused to do; but instead, thereof, instructed the jury, “ That ifE. k R. R. Graves, could only look to the personal credit of Mrs. Reid, or Wellman, as her agent, and not to the garnishees, Owsley k Son, for reimbursement, in that event, it was no concern of Owsley & Son, upon what terms the loss was compromised.”
The charge as asked, should have been given; and the charge as made, is wrong in this: the charge as requested, is upon the [130]
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By the Court.
Lumpkin, J.
delivering the opinion.
This was a proceeding under the Garnishment Law of this State. On the trial, the attorney of the garnishee objected to the affidavit upon which the garnishment issued, upon two grounds: First, because it was made by the agent of an agent; and, Secondly, because it did not specify against whom process of garnishment was prayed.
[1.] The first objection does not exist in point of fact. It is true, that the action of assumpsit, in Chatham county, which is the foundation of the garnishment, is at the instance of Philip E. Woolhoptcr, Agent, against Ruth E. Reid. But the [127]*127term agent, is an addition only to the name of the plaintiff, and descriptive of his person.
[2.] As to the other defect, that the affidavit does not state against whom summons of garnishment was desired, it is enough to say, that the law docs not require that it should; and that in practice, it would be very inconvenient if it did.
[3.] Francis H. Wellman, the father and agent ofMrs. Reid, in the commission business carried on by her in Savannah, being introduced as a witness, testified, that Owsley & Son, the garnishees, are indebted to Ruth E. Reid $6,346 26, being a balance due on cotton transactions between them, in the Fall of 1850, and Winter and Spring of 1851; and exhibited an account of sales and advances, showing said balance. On the cross-examination, it appeared that the witness obtained his knowledge of the sales, from a, letter written by E. & R. R. Graves, of New York. Whereupon, his testimony was objected to as hearsay only ; but admitted by the Court. And this is the next error assigned on the record.
Conceding that it was competent for the witness to swear positively, provided he would undertake to do so, to the balance of indebtedness, on account of the dealings between Owsley & & Son, and Mrs. Ruth E. Reid ; yet, when it was disclosed by the cross-examination, that he derived all his knowledge from the data furnished him by Messrs. E. & R. R. Graves, the commission merchants in New York, who sold the cotton of Owsley & Son, it became evident, from that time, that his testimony was illegal; and it should have been withdrawn from the jury. The books of E. & R. R. Graves, properly authenticated, was the source from which this better proof should have been drawn.
[4.] But the main point in this case, is this, Owsley & Son, the garnishees, drew largely and at sundry times, upon Mrs. Reid or her agent, Wellman, .at Savannah. They shipped cotton to Mrs. Reid, or Wellman, her agent, to meet the payment of their drafts. It should have been sold in that market. Mrs. Reid, or her agent, re-shipped three lots of that cotton, to-wit: 64, 84 and 97 bales, without authority, and contrary to the [128]*128usages of trade, to Messrs. E. & R. R. Graves, of New York. On this transaction, there was a heavy loss sustained, and just about sufficient to cover the amount of indebtedness against the garnishees. Having, as it is admitted, no previous authority to do this, reliance is had, upon a subsequent ratification of tho Neio York sale. Mr. Wellman testifies, that after Owsley & Son had failed, which is proven by Groce, to have been in February or March, 1852, twelve months after the sale of their cotton in New York, that he (the witness) communicated to one of the Messrs. Owsley’s, for tho first time, the fact that their cotton had been shipped to New York and been sold there; and that he made no objection — in other words, said nothing. Does silence, under such circumstances, amount to a ratification of an' unauthorized act of an agent ? The Court below instructed tho jury that it did. We cannot concur in that opinion.
We do not deny but that ratification may be implied, even from the silence of the principal. If I ship cotton to my factor at Savannah, and he informs me, that owing to the derangement of the currency there, the want of shipping in port, or any other cause, it will be greatly to my benefit to have the produce forwarded to New York and sold, and I do not object, he might probably infer my consent or acquiescence.
[5.] So, if one, in the presence of the principal, sell a parcel of goods of the latter, as his agent, without objection, the tacit consent of the principal will be presumed; and it -will bind him.
[6.] Indeed, if the agent, without authority, should do any act, and the principal, after a knowledge of the fact, should make no objection, but acquiesce for a length of time — especially where such acquiescence cannot be explained or otherwise accounted for ; and which has a tendency to mislead the agent; in all such eases, and many others, which might be supposed, the law -would construe such silence as contrary to the duty of the principal; and he would be held bound by it. (1 Liverm. on Agency, 45, 47.)
But in the case before us, no such presumption arises. Tho [129]*129cotton was sent to a different market, and sold without orders. No notice is given to the principal for twelve months; it is then casually mentioned merely, to one of the joint owners of the cotton, who says nothing. It does not appear even, that the terms upon which the cotton vras sold, were communicated. Such silence cannot be construed into a ratification of the unauthorized act.
[7.] Upon this state of the case, instead of charging the OwTsleys Avith the loss Avhich occurred in NeAV York, an account should be taken betAveen OAYsley & Son, and Mrs. Reid, estimating their cotton at what it Avas worth in Savannah, at the time it Avas forwarded to New York, and the balance struck betAYeen that and the amount of her advances to the Owsleys; and, according to the testimony of Mr. Wellman, this mode of computation, ayouM about make the parties even. All this, however, is properly the subject of proof on the trial.
This, it seems to us, constitutes the equity of this transaction betAveen these parties; especially when it is remembered that Mr. Wellman admits, in his eAÚdence, that he never rendered to the OAVsleys, at any time, an account of the NeAY York sales; and moreoATer, that the Messrs. Graves’ Avere not entitled to look to the Owsleys for any loss on account of this transaction; but on the contrary, that it fell exclusively upon Mrs. Reid.
The Court was requested to charge the jury, that if Mrs. Reid acted as the agent of Owsley k Son, in fonvarding to E. k R. R. Graves the cotton, and aftenyards settled the loss sustained on this shipment, at twenty-five cents in the dollar, that then, she Avas only entitled to receive that amount of her principal. This the Court refused to do; but instead, thereof, instructed the jury, “ That ifE. k R. R. Graves, could only look to the personal credit of Mrs. Reid, or Wellman, as her agent, and not to the garnishees, Owsley k Son, for reimbursement, in that event, it was no concern of Owsley & Son, upon what terms the loss was compromised.”
The charge as asked, should have been given; and the charge as made, is wrong in this: the charge as requested, is upon the [130]*130assumption that tlio jury might possibly believe, that Mrs, Reid acted by authority of her principal, either previously delegated or subsequently recognized, in shipping the cotton to New York. Whereas, the charge as given, is based upon an entirely different and contrary state of facts — -not, as the jury should have been told, because there was no sufficient proof of the agency; but because, as they were left to infer it was not the law applicable to the testimony, as- assumed in the request made by the attorney of the garnishees. That is to say, the jury may have believed that Mrs. Reid acted as the agent of the Owsleys in shipping the cotton; and that still the Owsleys were not entitled to any abatement in the loss on their cotton, on account of the compromise made between Mrs. Reid and the Messrs. Graves’. They should have instructed in such a way as would have prevented the possibility of their falling into this error.
Whether Owsley & Son are entitled to the benefit of the compromise made by Mrs-. Reid with Messrs. E. & R. R. Graves, depends upon the fact, of whether or not they are liable to her for the loss sustained upon their cotton. Mr. Well-man swears, that the reason which influenced the Messrs. Graves to make this advantageous adjustment with Mrs. Reid, was in consideration that she had been a liberal customer of their establishment — her transactions of that year alone, amounting to $370,000. Now, is it not apparent, that if Owsley & Son are to' be held accountable for the loss upon their cotton, which she shipped without authority, that they are entitled to participate in the benefit of the compromise ? Their cotton was an item to swell the very large aggregate of her business, which induced the compromise; and on their cotton, a portion of the loss was suffered, which caused a sum total, of from $14,000 to $16,000. How it is, that their agent, then,. is entitled to the whole benefit of the very liberal release which was made, we cannot comprehend. Discharge them from all responsibility on account of the sale in New York, and they are excluded of. course, from sharing in this compromise.
But the verdict found against th'e Owsleys, is made up en[131]*131tirely from tbe account rendered by the Messrs Graves’, of this New York sale. That is to say, they are debited with the cash -advances made to them by Mrs. Reid, and credited with the nett proceeds of the cotton in New York. Whereas, even if they are to be bound by this sale, as we have endeavored to ■show they are not, instead of charging them with tbe whole amount of loss sustained on the 245 bags of cotton sold in New York, they should be held accountable for one fourth only of the loss, the same having been settled with Mrs. Reidj their agent, upon thesQ terms. And in that aspect of the case, the verdict is manifestly unjust.
So that upon any and every view of the evidence, the case should fee remanded for a new trial.