TAFT, Circuit Judge
(after stating the facts as above). The learned judge at the circuit, finding from the undisputed evidence that the loss of the oil had been occasioned by the breaking of an axle, held that such a cause was an accident to machinery, within (he exemption of the bill of lading, and so directed a verdict for the defendant. The construction thus put upon the exemption in the bill of lading presents the only question which we deem it necessary to consider. It is well settled that exemptions in favor of a common carrier in bills of lading are to be strictly construed against the earlier, and that any doubt or ambiguity therein is to be resolved in favor of the shipper. Black v. Transportation Co., 55 Wis. 319, 13 N. W. 244; Railway Co. v. Talbot, 39 Ark. 524; Norman v. Binnington, 25 Q. B. Div. 475, 477; Taylor v. Steam Co., L. R. 9 Q. B. 546, 549; Burton v. English, 12 Q. B. Div. 218, 224; Cream City R. Co. v. Chicago, M. & St. P. Ry. Co., 63 Wis. 93, 23 N. W. 425. “And when the particular dangers or risks against which the carrier has specifically guarded himself In his receipt are followed by more general and comprehensive words of exemption, the latter are to be construed to embrace only occurrences ejusdem generis with those previously enumerated, unless there be a clear intent to the contrary.” Hutch. Carr. §§ 275, 276; Hawkins v. Railway Co., 17 Mich. 57; The Caledonia, 157 U. S. 124, 15 Sup. Ct. 537. It is perfectly manifest from a reading of the bill of lading and the exemption thereof that the bill was designed as a contract for both land and water transportation, for the clause runs:
“Fire from any cause, on land or water, or wliilo awaiting shipment, transshipment, or delivery, or during transportation; jettison; ice; freshets; floods: weather: pirates, robbers, or thieves; acts of God or (lie country’s enemies; riots, strikes, mobs, or combinations; collisions; explosions; accidents to boilers or machinery; stranding; straining; any accident on or perils of the seas or other waters, or of steam or inland navigation,” etc.
Bight is thrown upon the moaning of the phrase “accidents to boiler and machinery” if we consider it as applied to a ship as well as to a, freight train. The juxtaposition of the words “boiler” and “machinery” certainly suggests that machinery refers to the group of mechanical parts connected with the boiler and steam supply by which power is generated and applied, and the vessel is propelled through the water. And the term must have the same limitations when applied to a train of cars. In this light, “machinery” only includes the mechanical instrumentalities present in the engine room of the steamer or the locomotive of the train. The cars and their appurtenances are the things winch are being moved or drawn by the machinery. Pails of the car are not, in our opinion, in the common acceptation of the term, embraced within the term “machinery,” especially when that is associated with the term “boilers.” It is true, it may be difficult to draw the line as to certain [292]*292devices used upon the cars which are directly connected with the engine, as, for instance, the appliances necessary to the operation of the Westinghouse air brake. These are directly connected with the engine, and yet are a permanent part of the car. ' But, while doubtful cases may be suggested, we are very clear in our opinion that those devices and parts of a car which have no physical operation and connection with the locomotive except by means of the cars1 of the train and the couplers between them are not within the meaning of the term “machinery” in the phrase “accidents to boilers and machinery,” any more than the plates on the hull of a steamship can be said to be part of its machinery. The wheels and axle are necessary to the movement of the car, just as the hull and plates on the ship are necessary to its progress through the water; and in a wide sense they are a part of the machinery necessary to render the transportation of the train or ship possible. But they certainly would not be so construed except in cases where the most liberal rule of construction is to prevail. There is very little authority upon this question, although the form of the bill of lading herein seems to have been a very old one.
In Porter on the Law of Bills of Lading (section- 203) it is said that “the phrase 'damage from machinery’ will not cover a loss caused by the breaking of tackle used to discharge cargo. The word 'machinery,’ it has been said, includes only the machinery by which the vessel is propelled.” In support of this the author cites the Case of Galley of Lorne, Mitch. Mar. Reg., Feb. 11, 1876, and Legg. Bills Lading, p. 179.
We do not think that the cases cited by the counsel for the appellee, and which were relied on by the learned judge at the circuit, support the conclusion reached, because in them the term was used with reference to a subject-matter quite different from that in the case at bar. In Railway Co. v. Brooks, 84 Ala. 138, 4 South. 289, the question was whether an injury in the eye, received by a railroad employé, caused by a scale flying from the iron rail of the track when struck with a defective hammer, was not an injury caused by reason of a defect in the condition of the ways, works, machinery, or plant connected with or used in the .business of the master or employer, and so within the statute to define the liabilities of employers or workmen for injuries received by the workmen while in the service of the employer. The court held that the hammer was not a part of the machinery within the statute, but in the course of the discussion it gave a wide definition to the term “machinery,” — a definition certainly wide enough to include the axles of cars in a train. The judge said:
“In construing words used in a statute, reference should be made to tbe subject of legislation, and If they have acquired a defined, popular signification when referable to such subject the presumption is that they were used in such sense by the legislature. A machine is a piece of mechanism, which, whether simple or compound, acts by a combination of mechanical ijarts, which serve to create or apply power to produce motion, or to increase or regulate the effect. As used in the patent act, it has been defined to be ‘a concrete thing, consisting of parts, or of certain devices or combination of devices.’ Burr v. Duryee, 1 Wall. 531. Primarily, machinery means the works of a machine, — the combination of the several parts to put it in motion. But we do not understand that the term was used in the statute in its primary sense, but, having a [293]*293moro, enlarged signification, should be construed as so used, nothing appearing to show ilia t; it was intended to be used in its primary or restricted sense. Thus understood, the term ‘machinery’ embraces all the parts and instruments intended to bo and actually operated from time to time exclusively by force created and applied by mechanical apparatus or contrivance, though the initial force may be produced by the muscular strength of men or animals, or by water or sremnj or other inanimate agency. Seavey v. Insurance Co., 111 Mass. 540. The carding, spinning, and weaving machines, together with the instrumentality by which the prime motive power is created or applied, constitute the machinery of a cotton mill. When cars, though used at limes, and _ at other times detached, are formed into a train, to which the propelling force is imparted by moans of a locomotive, the entire train constitutes machinery connected with or used in the business.”
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TAFT, Circuit Judge
(after stating the facts as above). The learned judge at the circuit, finding from the undisputed evidence that the loss of the oil had been occasioned by the breaking of an axle, held that such a cause was an accident to machinery, within (he exemption of the bill of lading, and so directed a verdict for the defendant. The construction thus put upon the exemption in the bill of lading presents the only question which we deem it necessary to consider. It is well settled that exemptions in favor of a common carrier in bills of lading are to be strictly construed against the earlier, and that any doubt or ambiguity therein is to be resolved in favor of the shipper. Black v. Transportation Co., 55 Wis. 319, 13 N. W. 244; Railway Co. v. Talbot, 39 Ark. 524; Norman v. Binnington, 25 Q. B. Div. 475, 477; Taylor v. Steam Co., L. R. 9 Q. B. 546, 549; Burton v. English, 12 Q. B. Div. 218, 224; Cream City R. Co. v. Chicago, M. & St. P. Ry. Co., 63 Wis. 93, 23 N. W. 425. “And when the particular dangers or risks against which the carrier has specifically guarded himself In his receipt are followed by more general and comprehensive words of exemption, the latter are to be construed to embrace only occurrences ejusdem generis with those previously enumerated, unless there be a clear intent to the contrary.” Hutch. Carr. §§ 275, 276; Hawkins v. Railway Co., 17 Mich. 57; The Caledonia, 157 U. S. 124, 15 Sup. Ct. 537. It is perfectly manifest from a reading of the bill of lading and the exemption thereof that the bill was designed as a contract for both land and water transportation, for the clause runs:
“Fire from any cause, on land or water, or wliilo awaiting shipment, transshipment, or delivery, or during transportation; jettison; ice; freshets; floods: weather: pirates, robbers, or thieves; acts of God or (lie country’s enemies; riots, strikes, mobs, or combinations; collisions; explosions; accidents to boilers or machinery; stranding; straining; any accident on or perils of the seas or other waters, or of steam or inland navigation,” etc.
Bight is thrown upon the moaning of the phrase “accidents to boiler and machinery” if we consider it as applied to a ship as well as to a, freight train. The juxtaposition of the words “boiler” and “machinery” certainly suggests that machinery refers to the group of mechanical parts connected with the boiler and steam supply by which power is generated and applied, and the vessel is propelled through the water. And the term must have the same limitations when applied to a train of cars. In this light, “machinery” only includes the mechanical instrumentalities present in the engine room of the steamer or the locomotive of the train. The cars and their appurtenances are the things winch are being moved or drawn by the machinery. Pails of the car are not, in our opinion, in the common acceptation of the term, embraced within the term “machinery,” especially when that is associated with the term “boilers.” It is true, it may be difficult to draw the line as to certain [292]*292devices used upon the cars which are directly connected with the engine, as, for instance, the appliances necessary to the operation of the Westinghouse air brake. These are directly connected with the engine, and yet are a permanent part of the car. ' But, while doubtful cases may be suggested, we are very clear in our opinion that those devices and parts of a car which have no physical operation and connection with the locomotive except by means of the cars1 of the train and the couplers between them are not within the meaning of the term “machinery” in the phrase “accidents to boilers and machinery,” any more than the plates on the hull of a steamship can be said to be part of its machinery. The wheels and axle are necessary to the movement of the car, just as the hull and plates on the ship are necessary to its progress through the water; and in a wide sense they are a part of the machinery necessary to render the transportation of the train or ship possible. But they certainly would not be so construed except in cases where the most liberal rule of construction is to prevail. There is very little authority upon this question, although the form of the bill of lading herein seems to have been a very old one.
In Porter on the Law of Bills of Lading (section- 203) it is said that “the phrase 'damage from machinery’ will not cover a loss caused by the breaking of tackle used to discharge cargo. The word 'machinery,’ it has been said, includes only the machinery by which the vessel is propelled.” In support of this the author cites the Case of Galley of Lorne, Mitch. Mar. Reg., Feb. 11, 1876, and Legg. Bills Lading, p. 179.
We do not think that the cases cited by the counsel for the appellee, and which were relied on by the learned judge at the circuit, support the conclusion reached, because in them the term was used with reference to a subject-matter quite different from that in the case at bar. In Railway Co. v. Brooks, 84 Ala. 138, 4 South. 289, the question was whether an injury in the eye, received by a railroad employé, caused by a scale flying from the iron rail of the track when struck with a defective hammer, was not an injury caused by reason of a defect in the condition of the ways, works, machinery, or plant connected with or used in the .business of the master or employer, and so within the statute to define the liabilities of employers or workmen for injuries received by the workmen while in the service of the employer. The court held that the hammer was not a part of the machinery within the statute, but in the course of the discussion it gave a wide definition to the term “machinery,” — a definition certainly wide enough to include the axles of cars in a train. The judge said:
“In construing words used in a statute, reference should be made to tbe subject of legislation, and If they have acquired a defined, popular signification when referable to such subject the presumption is that they were used in such sense by the legislature. A machine is a piece of mechanism, which, whether simple or compound, acts by a combination of mechanical ijarts, which serve to create or apply power to produce motion, or to increase or regulate the effect. As used in the patent act, it has been defined to be ‘a concrete thing, consisting of parts, or of certain devices or combination of devices.’ Burr v. Duryee, 1 Wall. 531. Primarily, machinery means the works of a machine, — the combination of the several parts to put it in motion. But we do not understand that the term was used in the statute in its primary sense, but, having a [293]*293moro, enlarged signification, should be construed as so used, nothing appearing to show ilia t; it was intended to be used in its primary or restricted sense. Thus understood, the term ‘machinery’ embraces all the parts and instruments intended to bo and actually operated from time to time exclusively by force created and applied by mechanical apparatus or contrivance, though the initial force may be produced by the muscular strength of men or animals, or by water or sremnj or other inanimate agency. Seavey v. Insurance Co., 111 Mass. 540. The carding, spinning, and weaving machines, together with the instrumentality by which the prime motive power is created or applied, constitute the machinery of a cotton mill. When cars, though used at limes, and _ at other times detached, are formed into a train, to which the propelling force is imparted by moans of a locomotive, the entire train constitutes machinery connected with or used in the business.”
The association of the word “machinery” with the words “ways and plants” was quite enough to justify the court in giving the term an enlarged signification in the case cited, hut the reasoning of ■the court shows that in a case where the rule of construction is a narrow one the term would not embrace either the car body, car-wheels, or the car axles, but only that combination of mechanical parts connected with the locomotive and boiler for the propelling of the train.
In the case of Seavey v. Insurance Co., 111 Mass. 540, the question was of the construction of a contract of insurance in which the property insured was described as “the engine and machinery contained in a two-story frame building for the manufacture of tinware,” etc. The issue was whether this language included 642 forming and cutting machines, which were dies made of iron or steel, and used to give form to the various utensils made in the business. These dies were capable of being removed from the press, and others were substituted in their place as often as the product of manufacture was to be varied. It was decided that in such a policy the word “machinery” might fairly be held to cover all the implements intended to be operated by the machinery in the business of the insured, and which were usually operated in the regular and ordinary prosecution of the business described in the policy. It will be observed that in this case I he rule of construction was favorable to the assured, and that the words “for the manufacture of tinware” justified a broad interpretation of the word machinery.
In Com. v. Lowell Gaslight Co., 12 Allen, 75, the question was windlier, under a tax law which imposed taxation upon the market value of the capital stock of the gas company, but permitted this amount to be reduced fov deducting the value of the real estate and machinery for which the corporation was assessed in the town or city lii which it was established and carried on its business, the mains or pipes laid down in the streets to distribute the gas, and the gas meters were to be regarded as machinery of the corporation; and it was held that they were, the court saving:
“Indeed, in a broad, comprehensive, and legitimate sense, the entire apparatus by which gas is manufactured and distributee! for consumption throughout a cii.y or town constitutes one great integral machine, consisting of retorts, station motors, gas holders, street mains, service pipes, anti consumers’ meters, all connected and operating together, by means of which the initial, Intermediate, and final processes aré carried on from its generation in the retort to fits delivery for the use of the consumers.”
[294]*294It is hardly necessary to point out that the almost figurative sense in which the term “machinery” is here used in favor of the taxpayer, and to support a reasonable construction of the statute, can have no application to the case at bar in which the word “machinery” is to be given a specific and restricted meaning.
Our conclusion upon this point renders it unnecessary for us to consider the remaining argument pressed upon us by counsel for the plaintiff, to wit, that a common carrier by train is held to an implied warranty of the sound condition of the cars in which the merchandise transported is carried, analogous to the implied warranty of seaworthiness to which the common carrier by sea is held, and that in such cases the exception as to accidents from machinery in the bill of lading applies only to accidents after the transportation has begun, and does not include those which arise from defects, though bidden, if in existence before shipment commences. The judgment of the court below is reversed, with directions to order a new trial.