COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
Present: Chief Judge Decker, Judges Ortiz and Causey UNPUBLISHED
Argued at Fairfax, Virginia
MYISON IAEENE ELLIS, S/K/A MYI’SON IAEENE ELLIS MEMORANDUM OPINION* BY v. Record No. 1390-20-4 JUDGE DORIS HENDERSON CAUSEY SEPTEMBER 20, 2022 COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA
FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF FAUQUIER COUNTY Herman A. Whisenant, Jr., Judge Designate
Jessica N. Sherman-Stoltz (Sherman-Stoltz Law Group, PLLC, on briefs), for appellant.
Liam A. Curry, Assistant Attorney General (Mark R. Herring,1 Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.
Myi’son Iaeene Ellis (“appellant”) appeals convictions, after a jury trial in the Circuit
Court of Fauquier County, of first-degree murder, in violation of Code § 18.2-32; conspiracy to
commit robbery, in violation of Code §§ 18.2-58 and 18.2-22; and use or display of a firearm in
committing a felony, in violation of Code § 18.2-53.1. For the following reasons, we affirm.
I. BACKGROUND
On August 26, 2019, Lincoln Williams, Jr., was shot outside his residence and died from
a single gunshot wound to the head. Appellant, Daniel Farmer, and Lucretia Robinson were
charged in relation to this incident.2 Daniel Farmer and his sister, Karen Farmer, shared a house
* Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication. 1 Jason S. Miyares succeeded Mark R. Herring as Attorney General on January 15, 2022. 2 The alleged co-conspirators were tried separately from appellant. with their mother and Lucretia Robinson. Appellant had a brief romantic relationship with
Karen Farmer and is alleged to be the father of her child.
Karen Farmer testified for the Commonwealth. She testified that a week to a couple days
before the robbery, she heard her brother, Daniel Farmer, talking about “set[ting] up [Lincoln
Williams, Jr.] for a robbery.” She testified that on August 26, 2019, appellant, Robinson, and
Daniel Farmer left the Farmers’ house while “it was dark.” Daniel Farmer came back to the
house first, around 10:00 p.m. Robinson and appellant returned later. Ms. Farmer noticed that
appellant was upset and had a scratch underneath his right eye. Ms. Farmer testified that, after
some prompting, appellant told her that he and Robinson had gone to the victim’s house.
Appellant had walked up to the victim’s house and stood by a tree in the front yard. The victim
pulled into the driveway and exited his vehicle. Appellant then approached the victim, took out
the gun, and told the victim to “give up . . . the drugs or the money.” After the victim did not
give appellant what he wanted, the appellant pistol-whipped the victim, and the two “tussled a
little bit.” After that, appellant shot the victim and appellant left the scene.
Lucretia Robinson also testified for the Commonwealth. She testified that around August
10, 2019, she heard Daniel Farmer talking about robbing someone. Around 10:00 p.m. on
August 26, 2019, she, along with appellant and Daniel Farmer, left the Farmers’ house. She
drove her own car and followed behind appellant and Daniel, who rode together in a separate
vehicle. During the trip, both cars stopped, and appellant got into the passenger seat of
Robinson’s car. Appellant had a gun with him. Robinson drove and eventually parked at “a
grassy part . . . outside of the driveway of a house.” She later confirmed that they parked in front
of the driveway belonging to the neighbor who lived to the right of the victim’s house.
Appellant exited the car, taking the gun with him, and was gone for fifteen to twenty minutes.
Robinson testified she could not see where appellant went because “[i]t was dark.” She stated
-2- that “[a]fter a period of time, [she] heard a gunshot.” Appellant came back to the car carrying a
bookbag. Robinson testified that appellant said, “if he hadn’t have fought back [I] wouldn’t have
had to pop him.” Robinson then drove appellant to his mother’s house in Manassas, Virginia.
On cross-examination, defense counsel attempted to impeach Karen Farmer’s testimony
with prior inconsistent statements but was precluded by the trial court from doing so. The next
day, appellant re-called Karen Farmer as a witness and requested to treat her as an adverse
witness. The Commonwealth objected; appellant replied, reasoning that “[Karen Farmer’s]
testimony, when the Commonwealth called her as their witness, has to do with the alleged
admission to the shooting that my client allegedly told her in the bathroom. Her interests are
adverse [sic] to my client[’s] interests.” The trial court stated:
That won’t make her adverse for the purposes of calling her as an adverse witness. You can go ahead and ask questions and if we find out she’s adverse, then I will let you treat her as an adverse witness, but just because she might be testifying to something that is not in your client’s favor, doesn’t obviously make her adverse, especially after she was on the stand yesterday on direct examination and cross-examination.
The victim’s father also testified for the Commonwealth. The father stated that after the
victim had been shot, he asked the victim “who did it,” to which the victim responded, “Rude
Boy.” The victim’s father testified that “Rude Boy” is a nickname for Daniel Farmer.
As part of the defense’s case, appellant called his mother, Lillian Scott, as an alibi
witness. Ms. Scott testified that appellant was with her, at her house, when the attempted
robbery and murder took place. On cross-examination, the jury heard that Ms. Scott was very
close with her son, the appellant. The Commonwealth asked Ms. Scott why she “never told the
police after [appellant] was arrested that there must be some mistake,” that “[appellant] was with
[her] when this [the crime] happened.” The Commonwealth impeached Ms. Scott’s credibility
using a statement Scott made during a phone call with appellant on February 19. The next day,
-3- defense counsel again called Lillian Scott as a witness and attempted to introduce a recording of
the February 19 phone call in order to put the statement into context but was precluded from
doing so.
Appellant also testified in his own defense, claiming that he was at his mother’s house at
the time of the attempted robbery and murder.
This appeal follows.
II. ANALYSIS
A. Motions for Continuance
Appellant argues that his convictions should be reversed because the trial court erred in
denying his two motions for continuance. Appellant argues that he was prejudiced by the trial
court’s denial of these motions. He argues that he needed extra time to: go through “late
discovery” provided by the Commonwealth, namely numerous “jail calls” made by appellant’s
alleged co-conspirators and “Facebook records”; complete “pending forensic reports”; further
investigate items of physical evidence; request transcripts for audio recorded interviews of
appellant’s alleged co-conspirators; and locate an “essential witness.”
“Whether a continuance should be granted is a matter submitted to the trial court’s
discretion, and its decision will not be disturbed on appeal unless it is plainly wrong.” Mason v.
Commonwealth, 7 Va. App. 339, 343 (1988). “[W]e may reverse a trial court’s denial of a
motion for a continuance only if it appears from the record: (1) that the court abused its
discretion and (2) that the movant was prejudiced by the court’s decision.” Shackleford v.
Commonwealth, 32 Va. App. 307, 320 (2000) (quoting Lebedun v. Commonwealth, 27 Va. App.
697, 712-13 (1998)), aff’d, 262 Va. 196 (2001). A trial court is “not obligated to grant [a]
request for a continuance based on mere speculation.” Stewart v. Commonwealth, 10 Va. App.
563, 569 (1990) (concluding that the movant’s “assert[ion] that he was prejudiced because the
-4- trial court’s ruling prevented him from interviewing a potentially valuable witness who might
have been able to discredit [a witness’s] identification of him” was mere speculation); see
Mason, 7 Va. App. at 344 (upholding trial court’s denial of a continuance where the appellant’s
attorney stated that she needed a continuance because she “need[ed] more time to go through it
all [the late discovery]”). For “after-discovered evidence . . . [that] could have affected the
outcome of the trial,” counsel has “the option of locating the [evidence] and filing a motion for a
new trial” based on this evidence. Stewart, 10 Va. App. at 569.
Here, appellant has not shown how the denial of the continuances prejudiced him.
Appellant contends that the continuances would have allowed him to present evidence that was
not presented at trial and that such evidence could have changed the outcome. Most of this
alleged “evidence,” however, is not in the record, and thus, we cannot say that appellant was
prejudiced by the denial of his motions for continuance. See Smith v. Commonwealth, 16
Va. App. 630, 635 (1993) (“An appellate court must dispose of the case upon the record and
cannot base its decision upon appellant’s petition or brief, or statements of counsel in open court.
We may act only upon facts contained in the record.”). This evidence includes “recorded jail
calls . . . related to Robinson” that appellant alleges “contain[] statements that were inconsistent
with [her] prior sworn testimony.” Appellant, however, did not provide the contents of these
calls during his motion to set aside the verdict.3 Thus, we cannot evaluate whether the calls
would have served to impeach Robinson on material matters to discredit her testimony.
Appellant contends that he needed a continuance to go through Facebook records. He has not,
however, pointed to any Facebook records in the record that would have changed the outcome.
Regarding appellant’s contention that he needed a continuance to complete “pending forensic
3 See Rule 3A:15 (“[t]he court must grant a new trial if it sets aside the verdict for any . . . reason [other than] set[ting] aside the verdict because the evidence is insufficient as a matter of law to sustain a conviction”). -5- reports,” or to further investigate items of physical evidence, in his motion to set aside the
verdict, appellant did not provide the contents of any such completed reports or additional
evidence. Thus, we cannot say that their exclusion prejudiced him. Appellant also has not
shown how denial of his request for a continuance to have transcripts made prejudiced him—he
did not produce any transcripts during his motion to set aside the verdict that could change the
outcome and that were not already used at trial. Lastly, appellant was not prejudiced regarding
the limited time he had to locate an essential witness because the essential witness testified at
trial. Most of appellant’s arguments are based on “mere speculation,” and thus, appellant has not
demonstrated how the denial of his motions for continuance prejudiced him.
In one of the jail calls that was provided in appellant’s motion to set aside the verdict,
alleged co-conspirator Daniel Farmer “discusses the concept of ‘snitching’ with [the
Commonwealth’s witness, Karen] Farmer.”
Ms. Farmer notes that a lot of people are also calling her a snitch, and she justifies her actions by stating, “I was doing what I had to do for my family . . . I didn’t snitch on him [appellant] . . . . If you go out and, especially in Virginia, kill somebody . . . you think you ain’t gonna get caught?”
Appellant argues that this statement shows that “Ms. Farmer’s testimony was hopelessly biased
and therefore not credible.” The admission of this jail call, however, would not have discredited
Ms. Farmer’s testimony. In this call, Ms. Farmer does not make any statement that suggests that
she was lying in her testimony at trial or make any statement inconsistent with her testimony at
trial. Admission of this jail call would not have changed the outcome at trial and thus, its
exclusion did not prejudice appellant.
Additionally, in another jail call that was provided in appellant’s motion to set aside the
verdict, “Daniel Farmer admits to shooting guns at home around Ms. Farmer.” Appellant
contends that “[t]ying Daniel Farmer to the possession and use of guns could have made it more
-6- likely, in the eyes of the jury, that Daniel Farmer was the actual shooter, rather than [appellant],
and if so, then Ms. Farmer’s testimony would be completely discredited.” The exclusion of this
jail call tying Daniel Farmer “to the possession and use of guns” did not prejudice appellant
because this evidence would have merely been cumulative. Evidence that Daniel Farmer had a
gun and used it was introduced at trial. In cross-examination, Karen Farmer stated that “[her]
brother did keep a gun at the house.” Appellant also testified that “[he] saw Daniel with a gun
maybe one time.” Thus, the admission of the jail call tying Daniel Farmer to gun possession/use
would not have changed the outcome at trial and so its exclusion did not prejudice appellant.
Because we conclude that appellant failed to demonstrate prejudice from the denial of the
continuances, this holding “‘renders inconsequential’” “his allegation that the trial court abused
its discretion in [not] granting the continuance.” Cooper v. Commonwealth, 54 Va. App. 558,
566 (2009). “Given our holding, any discussion on that point would conflict with two principles
of judicial self-restraint: our reluctance to issue what amounts to an ‘advisory opinion’ on an
inessential subject,” and “our corresponding desire to decide the case ‘on the best and narrowest
ground available.’” Id. (quoting Johnson v. Commonwealth, 45 Va. App. 113, 117 n.3 (2005)).
Thus, we hold that the trial court did not err in denying appellant’s motions for continuance.
B. Denial of Request to Treat Witness as Adverse
Appellant argues that his convictions should be reversed because the trial court erred in
denying his request to treat Karen Farmer as an adverse witness under Code § 8.01-401(A).
The appellee argues that at trial, appellant tried to treat Karen Farmer as an adverse
witness under Code § 8.01-403, not Code § 8.01-401(A), and thus, appellant’s argument is
barred by Rule 5A:18 on appeal.
Under Rule 5A:18, “[n]o ruling of the trial court . . . will be considered as a basis for
reversal unless an objection was stated with reasonable certainty at the time of the ruling, except
-7- for good cause shown or to enable this Court to attain the ends of justice.” “Rule 5A:18 applies
to bar even constitutional claims.” Perry v. Commonwealth, 58 Va. App. 655, 673 (2011)
(quoting Farnsworth v. Commonwealth, 43 Va. App. 490, 500 (2004)). To preserve a claim for
appeal, a party must state to the trial court the specific legal reasoning for his position. See id.
(holding appellant’s assignment of error that admission of an out-of-court statement violated his
Sixth Amendment right to confrontation was barred by Rule 5A:18 because at trial, appellant
only objected to admission of the statement on hearsay grounds).
Code § 8.01-403 states:
A party producing a witness shall not be allowed to impeach his credit by general evidence of bad character, but he may, in case the witness shall in the opinion of the court prove adverse, by leave of the court, prove that he has made at other times a statement inconsistent with his present testimony . . . .
“The term ‘adverse,’ under this section [Code § 8.01-403], refers to a witness whose testimony is
‘injurious or damaging to the case of the party who called the witness.’” Maxey v.
Commonwealth, 26 Va. App. 514, 519 (1998) (quoting Ragland v. Commonwealth, 16 Va. App.
913, 921 (1993)). Under this section, “[a] party’s own witness ‘prove[s] adverse’ if the witness
‘surprise[s] the party by changing stories or becoming hostile on the stand.’” Id. (emphases and
alterations in original) (quoting Charles E. Friend, Law of Evidence in Virginia § 4-9, at 147 (4th
ed. 1993)).
In contrast, Code § 8.01-401(A) states, “[a] party called to testify for another, having an
adverse interest, may be examined by such other party according to the rules applicable to
cross-examination.” “A witness does not have an ‘adverse interest’ simply because his or her
testimony is adverse or injurious to the calling party’s case.” Maxey, 26 Va. App. at 520.
“Rather, an ‘adverse witness’ is an opposing party or a nonparty witness who has a financial
or other personal interest in the outcome of the case.” Id. (emphasis omitted). “A witness who
-8- has a personal interest in the outcome of the case includes persons who are ‘closely connected by
blood or otherwise to at least one party . . . .’” Id.
Here, this assignment of error is barred by Rule 5A:18 because appellant did not raise the
Code § 8.01-401(A) reasoning at trial. In response to the Commonwealth’s objection to
appellant’s request to treat Karen Farmer as an adverse witness, appellant reasoned that “[Karen
Farmer’s] testimony, when the Commonwealth called her as their witness, has to do with the
alleged admission to the shooting that my client allegedly told her in the bathroom. Her interests
are adverse [sic] to my client[’s] interests.” On appeal, appellant argues that Karen Farmer’s
interests were adverse to his interests under Code § 8.01-401(A) because she is the sister of
appellant’s alleged co-conspirator. At trial, however, appellant argued that Karen Farmer’s
testimony made her interests adverse to his—a Code § 8.01-403 argument. Since appellant did
not make the Code § 8.01-401(A) argument/objection at trial, this argument is barred by Rule
5A:18. Appellant does not argue the ends of justice exception. Thus, appellant’s argument is
procedurally barred.
C. Denial of Ability to Rehabilitate Witness
Appellant argues that his conviction should be reversed because the trial court erred in
denying him the ability to rehabilitate his witness. Appellant argues that the trial court erred in
prohibiting him from introducing the entire February 19 phone call, which could have
rehabilitated Ms. Scott’s credibility. Because the Commonwealth used part of the phone call to
impeach Ms. Scott, appellant argues that he was entitled to introduce the phone call in its entirety
to rehabilitate Ms. Scott’s credibility, so the jury could evaluate the impeaching statement in
context.
“We review decisions involving the admission of evidence for abuse of discretion by the
trial court.” Jones v. Commonwealth, 50 Va. App. 437, 445 (2007). “If we find an abuse of
-9- discretion, then we must also determine if that error was harmless.” Id. at 446. The test for
non-constitutional errors, such as the one alleged here, is as follows:
If, when all is said and done, the conviction is sure that the error did not influence the jury, or had but slight effect, the verdict and the judgment should stand . . . . But if one cannot say, with fair assurance, after pondering all that happened without stripping the erroneous action from the whole, that the judgment was not substantially swayed by the error, it is impossible to conclude that substantial rights were not affected. . . . If so, or if one is left in grave doubt, the conviction cannot stand.
Id. (quoting Clay v. Commonwealth, 262 Va. 253, 260 (2001)) (noting that the trial court’s
exclusion of evidence meant to rehabilitate a witness was non-constitutional error); see Code
§ 8.01-678 (“When it plainly appears from the record and the evidence given at the trial that the
parties have had a fair trial on the merits and substantial justice has been reached, no judgment
shall be arrested or reversed . . . [f]or any other defect, imperfection, or omission in the record, or
for any error committed on the trial.”). “The Commonwealth bears the burden to prove that the
error was harmless.” Jones, 50 Va. App. at 446.
Assuming, without deciding, that the trial court abused its discretion in excluding the
February 19 phone call, we hold that this exclusion was harmless error. Even if appellant was
permitted to introduce the phone call to rehabilitate Ms. Scott’s credibility, on
cross-examination, the Commonwealth impugned Ms. Scott’s credibility in other ways. On
cross-examination, the jury heard that Ms. Scott was very close with her son, the appellant,
giving her reason to testify in his favor. The Commonwealth asked Ms. Scott why she “never
told the police after [appellant] was arrested that there must be some mistake,” that “[appellant]
was with [her] when this [the crime] happened,” suggesting Ms. Scott fabricated her current
testimony. Additionally, two other witnesses, Karen Farmer and Lucretia Robinson, testified to
appellant’s involvement in the crime, and the jury credited either one or both of their testimony
- 10 - in finding appellant guilty. Thus, even if the entirety of the February 19 phone call had been
admitted, it would have not changed the outcome of the case, so its exclusion was harmless error.
D. Limitation of Defense Counsel’s Impeachment of Witness
Appellant argues that his conviction should be reversed because the trial court erred in
limiting his impeachment of a prosecution witness. Appellant argues that the trial court erred in
preventing his cross-examination of Karen Farmer concerning prior inconsistent statements and
in not letting him enter the prior inconsistent statements into evidence.4
As discussed above, “[i]f we find an abuse of discretion, then we must also determine if
that error was harmless.” Id. The test for non-constitutional errors, such as the one alleged here,
is also stated above, in section II. C. See Dupree v. Commonwealth, 272 Va. 496, 496-97 (2006)
(applying test for non-constitutional errors from Clay, 262 Va. at 260, to trial court’s refusal to
allow a party to impeach a witness with a prior inconsistent statement).
Here, assuming, without deciding, that the trial court abused its discretion in limiting
appellant’s impeachment of Karen Farmer and excluding her prior inconsistent statements, we
hold that these actions did not prejudice appellant. Even if appellant had successfully impeached
Karen Farmer, Lucretia Robinson’s testimony still connected appellant to the crime. Thus, the
trial court’s actions limiting appellant’s impeachment of Ms. Farmer and excluding Ms. Farmer’s
prior inconsistent statements would not have changed the outcome of the case and did not
prejudice appellant.
4 Appellant also argues that he did not have a chance to object to the introduction of Commonwealth’s Exhibit 58. This exhibit, however, is one of Karen Farmer’s prior inconsistent statements that appellant argues should have been admitted. “[N]o litigant . . . will be permitted to approbate and reprobate—to invite error . . . and then to take advantage of the situation created by his own wrong.” Garlock Sealing Techs., LLC v. Little, 270 Va. 381, 388 (2005) (alterations in original) (quoting Cohn v. Knowledge Connections, Inc., 266 Va. 362, 367 (2003)). Thus, we do not address this argument. - 11 - E. Brady Violation
Appellant argues that his conviction should be reversed because the Commonwealth
committed a Brady violation5 when it “failed to provide exculpatory discovery” to appellant.
Appellant contends that certain interviews exist and were not disclosed to him. These interviews
include interviews between: Karen Farmer and a detective; the Commonwealth and the victim’s
mother; and the Commonwealth and the victim’s father.6 He argues that the interviews could
have been used to impeach/cross-examine these witnesses. Appellant also alleges that “[i]t was
the Commonwealth’s responsibility under Brady to have [a] visor [and eyeglasses belonging to
the victim] analyzed for DNA and fingerprints.”
“A violation of the Brady rule occurs when (1) ‘the prosecution . . . suppressed the
evidence, either purposefully or inadvertently;’ (2) the evidence in question is ‘favorable to the
accused’ because it is exculpatory evidence or impeachment evidence; and (3) the evidence is
‘material.’” Warnick v. Commonwealth, 72 Va. App. 251, 268 (2020) (quoting Church v.
Commonwealth, 71 Va. App. 107, 117 (2019)). “The accused has the burden of establishing
each of these three components to prevail on a Brady claim.” Commonwealth v. Tuma, 285 Va.
629, 635 (2013). “The third requirement, materiality, is satisfied when ‘there is a reasonable
probability that, had the evidence been disclosed, the result of the proceeding would have been
different.’” Warnick, 72 Va. App. at 268 (quoting Church, 71 Va. App. at 117).
“Brady is ‘a disclosure rule, not a discovery rule.’” Tuma, 285 Va. at 635 (emphasis
added) (quoting United States v. Higgins, 75 F.3d 332, 335 (7th Cir. 1996)). “[T]here is no
5 See Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83, 87 (1963) (“hold[ing] that the suppression by the prosecution of evidence favorable to an accused upon request violates due process where the evidence is material either to guilt or to punishment, irrespective of the good faith or bad faith of the prosecution”). 6 Appellee states that these additional interviews with the victim’s parents “may or may not have existed.” - 12 - general constitutional right to discovery in a criminal case, and Brady did not create one.” Id.
(quoting Weatherford v. Bursey, 429 U.S. 545, 559 (1977)). “The more limited purpose of the
Brady rule is ‘to assure that [the defendant] will not be denied access to exculpatory [or
impeachment] evidence known to the government but unknown to him.’” Id. (alterations and
emphases in original) (quoting Lugo v. Munoz, 682 F.2d 7, 10 (1st Cir. 1982)).
Here, there is no Brady violation. Appellant has not made the interviews he references
part of the appellate record, shown how these interviews would be favorable to him, or shown
how this evidence would have changed the result of the trial. Thus, appellant has not proven the
third requirement for a Brady violation. These interviews are not “known to the government,” as
the appellee states it is unsure whether these interviews exist. Brady is not a rule of discovery,
and the Commonwealth has no obligation to turn over interviews of which it has no knowledge.
Additionally, the general definition of a Brady violation does not require the Commonwealth to
have all physical evidence collected and analyzed for potentially exculpatory DNA evidence, nor
does appellant cite any authority for such a requirement. Thus, we hold that there was no Brady
violation.
F. Sufficiency of the Evidence
Finally, appellant argues that his convictions should be reversed because the trial court
erred in denying his motions to strike the evidence as insufficient.
“A motion to strike challenges whether the evidence is sufficient to submit the case to the
jury.” Lawlor v. Commonwealth, 285 Va. 187, 223 (2013). Determining “the elements of [an]
offense . . . is a question of law that we review de novo.” Id. “Whether the evidence adduced is
sufficient to prove each of those elements is a factual finding, which will not be set aside on
appeal unless it is plainly wrong.” Id. at 223-24. “In reviewing that factual finding, we consider
the evidence in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth and give it the benefit of all
- 13 - reasonable inferences fairly deducible therefrom.” Id. at 224. “When considering the
sufficiency of the evidence on appeal, ‘the relevant question is whether, after viewing the
evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found
the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.’” Charity v. Commonwealth, 49
Va. App. 581, 585 (2007) (quoting Kelly v. Commonwealth, 41 Va. App. 250, 257 (2003) (en
banc)).
Appellant argues that the elements of conspiracy to commit robbery are not met. He
asserts that there is no evidence showing he “had an agreement with an individual to rob anyone”
and there is “no evidence the victim had been robbed of anything.” “Conspiracy requires a
shared intent and joint action . . . .” Charity, 49 Va. App. at 585-86. “Conspiracy requires . . .
(1) an agreement between two or more persons, which constitutes the act; and (2) an intent
thereby to achieve a certain objective[,] either an unlawful act or a lawful act by unlawful
means.” Id. at 586 (alterations in original) (quoting Hix v. Commonwealth, 270 Va. 335, 347
(2005)). “[T]he crime of conspiracy is complete when the parties agree to commit an
offense. . . . No overt act in furtherance of the underlying crime is necessary.” Id. (second
alteration in original) (quoting Gray v. Commonwealth, 260 Va. 675, 680 (2000)). “[A]
conspiracy may be inferred by actions alone.” Id. at 587.
[W]hen “it has been shown that the defendants ‘by their acts pursued the same object, one performing one part and the others performing another part so as to complete it or with a view to its attainment, the jury will be justified in concluding that they were engaged in a conspiracy to effect that object.’”
Id. at 586 (quoting Brown v. Commonwealth, 10 Va. App. 73, 78 (1990)).
The underlying crime that appellant allegedly conspired to commit is robbery. “Robbery,
a common law offense in Virginia, is defined as the ‘taking, with intent to steal, of the personal
property of another, from his person or in his presence, against his will, by violence or
- 14 - intimidation.’” Spencer v. Commonwealth, 42 Va. App. 443, 448 (2004) (emphasis omitted)
(quoting Jones v. Commonwealth, 26 Va. App. 736, 738 (1998)). Thus, in order to prove that a
conspiracy existed in this case, the evidence must show that appellant formed an agreement and
possessed the requisite intent to steal the personal property of another, from his person or in his
presence, against his will, by violence or intimidation. See Charity, 49 Va. App. at 586 (“[I]n
order to prove that a conspiracy existed in this case, the evidence must show that appellant
formed an agreement and possessed the requisite intent to escape from the correctional facility in
violation of Code § 53.1-203.”).
Here, the evidence shows, beyond a reasonable doubt, that appellant made an agreement
to and possessed the intent to steal the personal property of the victim, from his person or in his
presence, against his will, by violence or intimidation. Karen Farmer testified that Daniel
Farmer spoke of his plan to rob the victim, Lincoln Williams, Jr., a few days before the plan was
carried out. Daniel Farmer and appellant both drove to the victim’s house to commit the
robbery. When at the victim’s house, appellant pointed a gun at the victim and told the victim to
give him drugs or money. Just because the robbery was unsuccessful, and it appears nothing was
taken from the victim’s person, does not mean that appellant did not have the intent to commit
robbery. These actions show that appellant had the intent to steal the victim’s personal property
from the victim’s person, and in using a gun, meant to do so by violence or intimidation.
Appellant’s actions that he took in accordance with Daniel Farmer’s plan show that he and
Daniel Farmer formed an agreement to commit the robbery. Thus, the evidence is sufficient,
beyond a reasonable doubt, to meet the elements of conspiracy to commit robbery.
Regarding the crimes of first-degree murder and use of a firearm in commission of a
felony, appellant does not argue that the elements of these crimes, when viewing the evidence in
the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, are not met as a matter of law. Rather, appellant
- 15 - argues that the testimony of Karen Farmer and Lucretia Robinson should not be believed. He
argues that the only evidence connecting him to the crimes are these two testimonies, no physical
evidence (DNA, fingerprints, a weapon) connects him to the crimes, and the victim stated that
Daniel Farmer committed the crimes. “Traditional principles dictate, both in the civil and
criminal law, that the determination of a witness’ credibility is within the fact finder’s exclusive
purview because he has the best opportunity to observe the appearance and demeanor of the
witness.” Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co. v. Pierce, 5 Va. App. 374, 381 (1987). Thus, the jury
was in the best position to determine these witnesses’ credibility and we will not disturb these
determinations on appeal. In convicting appellant, the jury found Karen Farmer’s and Lucretia
Robinson’s testimony to be credible.
When viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, the
elements of both first-degree murder and use of a firearm in commission of a robbery are met.
“Murder is the unlawful killing of another with malice.” Osman v. Osman, 285 Va. 384,
391 (2013). “Malice, in a legal sense, means any wrongful act done willfully or purposely.” Id.
First-degree murder is “[m]urder . . . in the commission of, or attempt to commit . . . robbery.”
Code § 18.2-32.
Here, the elements of first-degree murder are met. There is no dispute that the victim was
willfully killed by a single gunshot wound and that this killing was unlawful. According to
Karen Farmer’s testimony, it was appellant who shot and killed the victim, while attempting to
rob the victim. Additionally, Lucretia Robinson testified that she had heard that Daniel Farmer
planned to rob someone. Daniel Farmer, appellant, and Robinson drove to the victim’s house.
Appellant took a gun with him when he exited the car. Robinson heard a gunshot while
appellant was gone, and when appellant returned, he said, “if he hadn’t have fought back [I]
wouldn’t have had to pop him.” Based on these testimonies, the jury could have found, beyond a
- 16 - reasonable doubt, that appellant committed first-degree murder by murdering the victim while
attempting to rob the victim.
Under Code § 18.2-53.1, “[i]t shall be unlawful for any person to use or attempt to use
any pistol, shotgun, rifle, or other firearm or display such weapon in a threatening manner while
committing or attempting to commit . . . robbery.”
Here, the elements of use or display of a firearm in commission of a felony are met.
According to Karen Farmer’s testimony, appellant approached the victim, took out a gun, and
told the victim to give him drugs or money. Additionally, as stated above, Lucretia Robinson
testified that when she and appellant arrived at the victim’s house, appellant took a gun with him
when he exited the car. Robinson heard a gunshot while appellant was gone, and when appellant
returned, he said, “if he hadn’t have fought back [I] wouldn’t have had to pop him.” From this
evidence, the jury could conclude beyond a reasonable doubt that appellant used or displayed a
gun while attempting to rob the victim.
Because the evidence is sufficient to convict appellant of first-degree murder, conspiracy
to commit robbery, and use or display of a firearm in committing a felony, the trial court did not
err in denying appellant’s motions to strike.
III. CONCLUSION
For the reasons above, we hold that the trial court committed no reversible error and
affirm the appellant’s convictions.
Affirmed.
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