UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
____________________________________
JOE MYERESS, ) ) Plaintiff, ) ) v. ) Civil Action No. 18-0109 (PLF) ) PROAM DANCE TEAM NYC LLC, ) ) Defendant. ) ____________________________________)
OPINION AND ORDER
This matter is before the Court on Mr. Myeress’ motion for entry of final
judgment by default [Dkt. No. 8]. Having considered Mr. Myeress’ arguments, the relevant legal
authorities, and the entire record in this case, the Court will deny Mr. Myeress’ motion without
prejudice. 1
I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
Plaintiff Joe Myeress is a commercial and fine art photographer who resides in
Sarasota, Florida. See Compl. ¶ 1. According to Mr. Myeress, defendant ProAm Dance Team
NYC LLC (“ProAm”) is a “dance company for amateurs and professionals,” founded as a
limited liability company and “existing under the laws of the state of New York, with
1 The Court has reviewed the following filings in resolving the pending motion: Complaint for Copyright Infringement (“Compl.”) [Dkt. No. 1]; Affidavit of Service (“Aff. Serv.”) [Dkt. No. 3]; Request for Entry of Default (“Request”) [Dkt. No. 5]; Clerk’s Entry of Default (“Default”) [Dkt. No. 7]; Plaintiff’s Motion for Entry of Final Judgment by Default (“Mot. J. Def.”) [Dkt. No. 8]; and Declaration of Joe Myeress (“Dec. Joe Myeress”) [Dkt. No. 9]. headquarters in New York, New York.” See id. ¶ 2. Mr. Myeress has brought suit against
ProAm alleging copyright infringement under federal copyright laws. See id. ¶¶ 3-4, 15-23.
The facts according to Mr. Myeress are as follows. In October 2009, Mr. Myeress
created a photograph of the American Airlines Arena in Miami. See Compl. ¶ 8. That
photograph, he states, is copyrighted; he registered it with the United States Copyright Office on
April 8, 2015. See id. ¶¶ 9, 12. Mr. Myeress contends that beginning on or about September 1,
2016, ProAm copied the photograph and uploaded it to ProAm’s social media websites. See id.
¶¶ 13-14. 2 According to Mr. Myeress, ProAm altered the photograph before uploading it,
cropping out his name – the “copyright management information” – from the bottom right corner
of the photograph. See id. ¶¶ 14, 22.
Although he generally licenses his copyrighted photographs for commercial use,
Mr. Myeress asserts that he “is the sole copyright holder of [the photograph in question] and has
never entered into an agreement with an individual, business, or other entity to transfer or share
copyright in the [photograph].” See Compl. ¶¶ 1, 9. ProAm’s actions, therefore, allegedly
constitute (1) infringement of copyright pursuant to 17 U.S.C. § 101 et seq., and (2) removal and
alteration of integrity of copyright management information pursuant to 17 U.S.C. § 1202. See
id. ¶¶ 15-23. Mr Myeress requests that the Court: declare that ProAm violated Mr. Myeress’
rights under the Federal Copyright Act; immediately and permanently enjoin ProAm from
copying and republishing Mr. Myeress’ photograph without his consent; order ProAm to turn
over all profits derived from its infringement of Mr. Myeress’ copyright; award Mr. Myeress
2 The Court notices a discrepancy in the facts presented by Mr. Myeress. According to the Declaration of Joe Myeress, ProAm copied and posted the photograph in question to ProAm’s social media websites beginning on or about January 1, 2017, not September 1, 2016, as alleged in his Complaint. See Dec. Joe Myeress ¶ 9; Compl. ¶ 13. 2 actual and/or maximum allowable statutory damages; award Mr. Myeress the cost of this suit,
including reasonable attorneys’ fees; and any other relief that the Court deems just and proper.
See id. at 6.
On January 18, 2019, the Clerk of Court issued electronically a summons [Dkt.
No. 2] addressed to ProAm Dance Team NYC LLC and directed to the attention of Olga
Nesterova at 244 West 54th Street, New York, NY 10019. Mr. Myeress then filed an affidavit of
service dated March 13, 2018 and signed by Ambiko Wallace, a process server. See Aff. Serv.
at 1. The affidavit states that on March 9, 2018, Ambiko Wallace served copies of the summons
and complaint on ProAm, care of the District of Columbia Department of Consumer and
Regulatory Affairs (“DCRA”) in accordance with D.C. Code Section 29-104.12. See id. at 1.
Subsequently, Mr. Myeress requested that the Clerk of Court enter default against
ProAm pursuant to Rule 55(a) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. See Request at 1. In
support of that request, Mr. Myeress submitted an affidavit written by his lawyer, David C. Deal,
which stated that ProAm had “failed to appear, plead, or otherwise defend within the time
allowed.” See id. at 2. 3 The Clerk of Court entered default as to ProAm Dance Team NYC LLC
on April 3, 2018. See Default. Mr. Myeress then filed a motion for entry of final judgment by
default pursuant to Rules 55(b) and 58(d) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. See Mot. J.
3 The Court notes another discrepancy in the facts. In Mr. Deal’s affidavit in support of Mr. Myeress’ request for entry of default, he states that ProAm “was served with a copy of the summons and complaint on February 27, 2018, as reflected on the docket sheet by the proof of service filed on March 17, 2018.” See Request at 2. The proof of service filed on March 17, 2018, however, is the same Affidavit of Service evidencing that Ambiko Wallace served ProAm through the D.C. Department of Consumer and Regulatory Affairs (“DCRA”). See Aff. Serv. at 1. The Affidavit of Service states that Ambiko Wallace served the DCRA on March 9, 2018, not February 27, 2018. See id. at 1.
3 Def. at 1. He requests judgment for $15,000 in statutory damages and an injunction against
ProAm. See id. 4
II. LEGAL STANDARD
Rule 55 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure provides the Court with the
discretion to enter a default judgment on the request of a party. See FED. R. CIV. P. 55; see also
Braun v. Islamic Republic of Iran, 228 F. Supp. 3d 64, 74 (D.D.C. 2017). As a foundational
matter, however, “[d]efault judgments are generally disfavored by courts,” because there is a
strong policy favoring the adjudication of a case on its merits. See Strong-Fisher v. LaHood, 611
F. Supp. 2d. 49, 51 (D.D.C. 2009); see also Webb v. District of Columbia, 146 F.3d 964, 971
(D.C. Cir. 1998) (“[A] default judgment must be a ‘sanction of last resort,’ to be used only when
less onerous methods . . . will be ineffective or obviously futile.” (quoting Shea v. Donohoe
Constr. Co., 795 F.2d 1071, 1075 (D.C. Cir. 1986))); Halbig v. Sebelius, Civil Action No.
13-0623 (PLF), 2013 WL 12318483 (D.D.C. Oct. 15, 2013). Thus, “default judgment must
normally be viewed as available only when the adversary process has been halted because of an
essentially unresponsive party.” See Jackson v. Beech, 636 F.2d 831, 836 (D.D.C. 1980)
(quoting H.F. Livermore Corp. v. Aktiengesselschaft Gebruder Loepfe, 432 F.2d 689, 691 (D.C.
Cir. 1970)).
To obtain the entry of a default judgment, a party must undertake a two-part
process. See FED. R. CIV. P. 55. First, the party requests the Clerk of Court to enter a default.
See Serv. Emps. Int’l Union Health and Welfare Fund v. N. Am. Cleaning Servs. Co., 264 F.
4 In his motion for default judgment, Mr. Myeress requests two different sums of damages – $15,000 and $9,600. See Mot. J. Def. at 1, 10. 4 Supp. 3d 1, 3-4 (D.D.C. 2017). Rule 55(a) provides that “[w]hen a party against whom a
judgment for affirmative relief is sought has failed to plead or otherwise defend, and that failure
is shown by affidavit or otherwise, the clerk must enter the party’s default.” See FED. R. CIV.
P. 55(a). Once default is entered, the factual allegations asserted in the complaint are “deemed
admitted.” See Serv. Emps. Int’l Union Health and Welfare Fund v. N. Am. Cleaning Servs.
Co., 264 F. Supp. 3d at 4. Second, the plaintiff then may seek a default judgment, either from
the clerk “[i]f the plaintiff’s claim is for a sum certain or a sum that can be made certain by
computation” or from the court “in all other cases.” See FED. R. CIV. P. 55(b). Default judgment
may be entered only when “personal jurisdiction is properly exercised over defendants.” See
Braun v. Islamic Republic of Iran, 228 F. Supp. 3d at 75; see also Herbin v. Seau, 317 F. Supp.
3d 568, 571 (D.D.C. 2018) (“[A court] should satisfy itself that it has personal jurisdiction before
entering judgment against an absent defendant.” (quoting Mwani v. bin Laden, 417 F.3d 1, 6
(D.C. Cir. 2005))); Cohen v. Islamic Republic of Iran, 238 F. Supp. 3d 71, 79 (D.D.C. 2017);
10A CHARLES ALAN WRIGHT, ARTHUR R. MILLER & MARY KAY KANE, FEDERAL PRACTICE
& PROCEDURE § 2682 (4th ed. 2018).
III. DISCUSSION
On April 3, 2018, the Clerk of Court declared ProAm to be in default. See
Default. Mr. Myeress now requests that the Court enter a default judgment. See Mot. Def. J.
The fact that the Clerk of Court has entered default against ProAm does not end the Court’s
inquiry. The Court may “set aside the entry of default if no judgment has been entered when
good cause is shown.” See Van De Berg v. Social Sec. Admin., 254 F.R.D. 144, 145 (D.D.C.
2008); see also Judd v. F.C.C., 276 F.R.D. 1, 5 (D.D.C. 2011); FED. R. CIV. P. 55(c). “The
5 decision to set aside an entry of default rests in the discretion of the district court.” Van De Berg
v. Social Sec. Admin., 254 F.R.D. at 145 (citing Keegel v. Key West & Caribbean Trading Co.,
627 F.2d 372, 373 (D.C. Cir. 1980)). Here, no judgment has yet been entered, and the Court
concludes that there is good cause to set aside the entry of default.
A default “cannot be entered where there was insufficient service of process.”
See Scott v. District of Columbia, 598 F. Supp. 2d 30, 36 (D.D.C. 2009) (“Although default may
be entered upon a defendant’s failure to plead or otherwise defend, . . . a defendant’s obligation
to respond to a complaint arises only upon service of the summons and complaint.” (citing FED.
R. CIV. P. 55(a), 12(a))). Valid service of process serves two purposes: to assert personal
jurisdiction over a defendant and to notify the defendant that a party has commenced legal action
against it. See Williams v. GEICO Corp., 792 F. Supp. 2d 58, 65 (D.D.C. 2011); see also Toms
v. Hantman, 530 F. Supp. 2d 188, 190 (D.D.C. 2008) (“Before a court may exercise personal
jurisdiction over a defendant, the procedural requirement of proper service of summons must be
satisfied to assure notice to the defendant.”). Proper service of process therefore “is not some
mindless technicality.” See Williams v. GEICO Corp., 792 F. Supp. 2d at 65 (quoting Friedman
v. Estate of Presser, 929 F.2d 1151, 1156 (6th Cir. 1991)).
The plaintiff has the burden of proving proper service. See Mann v. Castiel, 729
F. Supp. 2d 191, 194 (D.D.C. 2010) (citing FED. R. CIV. P. 4(l)). In order to effect proper
service, the plaintiff must serve a summons and a copy of the complaint within the time allowed
by Rule 4(m) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. See FED. R. CIV. P. 4(c)(1). Rule 4(m)
provides, in relevant part, that “[i]f a defendant is not served within 90 days after the complaint
is filed, the court – on motion or on its own after notice to the plaintiff – must dismiss the action
6 without prejudice against that defendant or order that service be made within a specified time.”
See FED. R. CIV. P. 4(m).
In this case, Mr. Myeress has filed an affidavit of service, signed by Ambiko
Wallace on March 13, 2018, to evidence proper service. See Aff. Serv. at 1. In the affidavit,
Ambiko Wallace states that he or she served ProAm Dance Team NYC LLC on March 9, 2018,
through the DCRA in accordance with D.C. Code Section 29-104.12. See id. at 1. The question
before the Court, therefore, is whether this constitutes proper service on ProAm.
Mr. Myeress has brought this action in the District of Columbia against ProAm,
which is, according to Mr. Myeress, a limited liability company founded and headquartered in
New York. See Compl. ¶ 2. Rule 4(h) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure governs service
on a corporation, partnership, or association. See FED. R. CIV. P. 4(h). As relevant here, Rule
4(h) provides that “[u]nless federal law provides otherwise,” a domestic or foreign corporation
must be served in a judicial district of the United States either: (A) “in the manner prescribed by
Rule 4(e)(1) for serving an individual” or (B) “by delivering a copy of the summons and of the
complaint to an officer, a managing or general agent, or any other agent authorized by
appointment or by law to receive service of process and – if the agent is one authorized by statute
and the statute so requires – by also mailing a copy of each to the defendant.” See FED. R. CIV.
P. 4(h)(1)(A), (B). As will be discussed, there is no indication in the record that a copy of the
summons or complaint was delivered to an officer of ProAm or its authorized agent. Thus, the
analysis must proceed by determining whether ProAm was served consistent with Rule 4(e)(1)
– that is, in the proper manner for serving an individual.
Rule 4(e)(1) allows for an individual to be served by following state law for
service in the state where the district court is located or where service is made. See FED. R. CIV.
7 P. 4(e)(1). The affidavit of service filed by Mr. Myeress evidences that the process server
intended to comply with the laws of the District of Columbia – where the district court is located.
Thus, the Court must determine whether ProAm was properly served under the laws of the
District of Columbia.
The Court therefore turns to the D.C. Superior Court Rules of Civil Procedure
governing service, which is the analogue of Rule 4(h) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.
As relevant, the Rules of the D.C. Superior Court provide that a domestic or foreign corporation
may be served “in the manner prescribed by [local] Rule 4(e)(1) for serving an individual” or by
delivering a copy of the summons and complaint to an agent authorized by law to receive service
of process and, if applicable, by mailing a copy of each to the defendant. See D.C. SUPER. CT. R.
CIV. P. 4(h)(1)(A), (B). Those rules, therefore, “look to some other source of law to define the
parameters of permissible service upon an ‘agent authorized . . . by law to receive service of
process.’” See Robinson v. Ergo Sols., LLC, 10 F. Supp. 3d 157, 161 (D.D.C. 2014) (quoting
D.C. SUPER. CT. R. CIV. P. 4(h)(2)).
Mr. Myeress alleges that ProAm was served consistent with D.C. Code Section
29-104.12. See Aff. Serv. Section 29-104.12 states that an entity may be served by serving its
registered agent. See D.C. Code § 29-104.12(a). Under this provision of the D.C. Code, “[i]f the
entity fails to designate or maintain a registered agent in the District as required by law, . . . the
Mayor shall be an agent of the entity upon whom any process against the entity may be served.”
See D.C. Code § 29-104.12(d). The Mayor of the District of Columbia has designated the
Superintendent of Corporations at the DCRA as her designee in those instances. See
Designation of Officers to Accept Service on Behalf of the Mayor, Mayor’s Order 2009-65 (Apr.
24, 2009); see also Robinson v. Ergo Sols., LLC, 10 F. Supp. 3d at 161; Service of Process
8 Information, D.C. DEP’T CONSUMER & REGULATORY AFFAIRS, https://dcra.dc.gov/service/service-
process-information (last visited February 12, 2019).
According to Mr. Myeress, ProAm Dance Team was properly served because “the
defendant failed to appoint or maintain a registered agent in the District of Columbia,” see Aff.
Serv. at 1, and a copy of the summons and a copy of the complaint were delivered to the DCRA.
See Mot. Def. J. at 3. 5 Mr. Myeress has failed to show, however, that delivering a copy of the
summons and a copy of the complaint to the DCRA constituted valid service of process on
ProAm Dance Team. Section 29-104.12(d) of the D.C. Code authorizes service through the
Mayor – and by extension, the DCRA – when “an entity fails to designate or maintain a
registered agent in the District as required by law.” See D.C. Code § 29-104.12(d) (emphasis
added). 6 The statute further provides that three kinds of entities are required by law to designate
a registered agent in the District of Columbia: domestic filing entities, domestic limited liability
partnerships, and registered foreign entities. See D.C. Code § 29-104.02. Reading these
provisions together, service through the Mayor (and therefore the DCRA) is proper when an
entity required by law to appoint or maintain a registered agent – that is, a domestic filing entity,
domestic limited liability partnership, or registered foreign entity – has failed to do so. See D.C.
5 Mr. Myeress also alleges that Olga Nesterova, ProAm’s owner and director, was personally served on March 9, 2018, citing the Affidavit of Service [Dkt. No. 3-4]. See Mot. Def. J. at 2. As discussed, the Affidavit of Service evidences that the summons and complaint were served on the DCRA and makes no mention of personal service on Ms. Nesterova. The Court finds no evidence in the record that Ms. Nesterova was ever personally served. 6 Service through the Mayor is also permissible “if an entity’s registered agent in the District cannot with reasonable diligence be found, and if the person seeking service submits a declaration under penalty of making false statements showing that a registered agent for the entity cannot be found.” See D.C. Code § 29-104.12. This subpart of the provision is inapplicable here because Mr. Myeress has stated only that ProAm Dance Team “failed to appoint or maintain a registered agent in the District of Columbia.” See Aff. Serv. at 1. 9 Code §§ 29-104.12, 29-104.02. “Domestic” refers to entities “governed as to [their] internal
affairs by the law of the District,” while “foreign” refers to entities “governed as to [their]
internal affairs by the law of a jurisdiction other than the District.” See D.C. Code
§§ 29-101.02(8), (14).
Here, ProAm is allegedly organized “under the laws of the State of New York,”
see Compl. ¶ 2, making it a foreign corporation. See D.C. Code § 29-101.02. Service through
the Mayor (or the DCRA) therefore would be proper only if ProAm is a “registered foreign
entity” and therefore “required by law” to designate a registered agent. See D.C. Code
§§ 29-104.12(d), 29-104.02 (emphasis added); see also Busby v. Capital One, N.A., 932 F. Supp.
2d 114, 128-29 (D.D.C. 2013); cf. Jewell v. BestBus Co., 319 F. Supp. 3d 323, 325 (D.D.C.
2018) (holding that service by delivery of the summons and complaint to the District of
Columbia’s Superintendent of Corporations was improper because the defendant entity was not
“registered in the District of Columbia”). A registered foreign entity is “a foreign entity that is
registered to do business in the District pursuant to a statement of registration filed by the
Mayor.” See D.C. Code § 29-101.02(44).
Mr. Myeress has made no allegation that ProAm is a foreign entity registered in
the District of Columbia. In addition, the District of Columbia maintains a public database of
registered entities, and after an initial search, it does not appear that ProAm is a registered
foreign entity. See D.C. Business Center Quick Search, D.C. DEP’T CONSUMER & REGULATORY
AFFAIRS, https://business.dc.gov/research_business_info (last visited Feb. 12, 2019). Because it
is not a registered foreign entity, ProAm would not be required under Section 29-104.02 to
designate and maintain a registered agent in the District of Columbia. See D.C. Code
§ 29-104.02. Thus, ProAm would not qualify as the type of entity for which the Mayor (or her
10 designee) may act as an agent to accept service under Section 29-104.12. See Busby v. Capital
One, N.A., 932 F. Supp. 2d at 129. 7 Mr. Myeress therefore has failed to meet his burden of
proving that ProAm has been properly served. Accordingly, it is hereby
ORDERED that Mr. Myeress’ motion for default judgment [Dkt. No. 8] is
DENIED WITHOUT PREJUDICE. To proceed with this matter, Mr. Myeress must effectuate
proper service on ProAm Dance Team NYC LLC on or before May 1, 2019; and it is
FURTHER ORDERED that the entry of default by the Clerk of Court [Dkt.
No. 7] shall be set aside.
________________________ PAUL L. FRIEDMAN DATE: March 4, 2019 United States District Judge
7 Nor has Mr. Myeress made any showing that ProAm does not have a registered agent in the District to accept service. See, e.g., Robertson v. Cartinhour, Civil Action No. 09- 01642 (ESH), 2012 WL 13075864 (D.D.C. Mar. 28, 2012) (finding that the plaintiff had submitted sufficient proof of proper service through the DCRA, including a printout from the DCRA website showing that the defendant did not have a registered agent). 11