Murray v. Williams

• Court: District Court, D. Nevada
• Decided: September 6, 2019
• Docket: 2:12-cv-02212
• Status: Unknown

Opinion

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 2 DISTRICT OF NEVADA 3 * * * 4 STEVEN NELSON MURRAY, Case No. 2:12-cv-02212-RFB-VCF 5 Petitioner, ORDER 6 v. 7 BRIAN WILLIAMS, SR., et al., 8 Respondents. 9 This counseled habeas petition pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254 comes before the Court on 10 respondents’ motion to dismiss the amended petition, in part, as untimely, unexhausted, 11 procedurally defaulted, and precluded (ECF No. 64). Petitioner has opposed (ECF No. 67), and 12 respondents have replied (ECF No. 70). In addition, petitioner has filed a motion for leave to file 13 supplemental authority, which has not been opposed (ECF No. 71). 14 I. Background 15 Petitioner in this action challenges his 2009 state court conviction, pursuant to jury trial, of 16 one count of driving while under the influence causing death or substantial bodily harm and one 17 count of vehicular homicide. (ECF No 60; Ex. 39).1 18 The charges against petitioner arose from an accident that occurred in the early morning 19 hours of July 7, 2008.2 (ECF No. 60 at 2). Petitioner was driving to work when he crashed his car 20 into a bus stop, killing one of the women waiting there and severely injuring the other. (Id.) After 21 the crash, petitioner climbed out of his car, walked to the curb and sat down. (Id. at 2-3). Police 22 arrived a few minutes later, at 5:39 a.m. (Id. at 3). Petitioner admitted he had taken prescribed 23 doses of Valium and Percocet the night before, and at 6:40 a.m. the police began to conduct three 24 25 1 The exhibits cited in this order, comprising the relevant state court record, are located at ECF 26 Nos. 10-19 & 61. The Court refers to the exhibits in ECF Nos. 10-19 as Resp. Exs., and the exhibits in ECF No. 61 as Pet. Exs. 27 2 The summary of the relevant facts is drawn from the amended petition. 28 2 petitioner to jail, but on the way there he complained of back pain, so they took him to the hospital 3 instead. (Id.) There, petitioner’s blood was drawn and tested positive for the active ingredients in 4 Valium and Percocet. (Id.) Petitioner was arrested at 12:45 p.m. and charged with DUI causing 5 substantial bodily injury and the alternative charges of DUI causing death and vehicular homicide. 6 (Resp. Ex. 4). 7 Before trial, the defense moved to suppress all evidence obtained as a result of the allegedly 8 prolonged detention, including the results of the blood draw. (Resp. Ex. 6). At a hearing on the 9 motion, defense counsel initially sought an evidentiary hearing to establish when the petitioner 10 was detained. However, after the court concluded that there was probable cause to arrest petitioner 11 based on the fact of the crash alone, counsel conceded that there would be no point to an evidentiary 12 hearing. (Resp. Ex. 9 (Tr. 1-13, 16-18, 21-23)). 13 The defense also moved to sever the vehicular homicide charge, as proving that charge 14 would have involved presentation of evidence of petitioner’s prior DUIs. (Resp. Ex. 11). Instead 15 of severing the charge, the court accepted the parties’ stipulation that petitioner would not be tried 16 on the vehicular homicide charge; rather, if he were convicted of DUI causing death, the prior 17 DUIs would be treated as a sentencing enhancement to be decided by the court, and if found by 18 the court, petitioner would be adjudicated guilty of vehicular homicide instead of DUI causing 19 death. (Resp. Ex. 25). 20 Trial commenced on March 23, 2009. (Resp. Ex. 27). Pursuant to the stipulation, the jury 21 was asked to consider only the two DUI counts, and the jury found petitioner guilty of both. (Resp. 22 Ex. 35). Petitioner was sentenced and judgment of conviction was entered. (Resp. Exs. 38 & 39). 23 On appeal, the Nevada Supreme Court affirmed. (Resp. Exs. 40, 41 & 47). Petitioner then filed a 24 state postconviction petition for habeas corpus relief, which the trial court denied on the merits. 25 (Resp. Exs. 49 & 58). The Nevada Supreme Court affirmed. (Resp. Ex. 62). 26 Petitioner thereafter initiated the instant action by filing a pro se petition for federal habeas 27 corpus relief. (ECF No. 1). The Court found several of petitioner’s claims unexhausted but granted 28 petitioner’s motion to stay and abey while he exhausted those claims in state court. (ECF Nos. 23 2 motion for appointment of counsel, both of which the Court granted. (ECF Nos. 41, 43 & 47). The 3 Court also granted petitioner’s motion to vacate its order partially dismissing the petition and 4 motion for leave to file an amended petition. (ECF No. 57). 5 Appointed counsel thereafter filed the instant, operative amended petition, which 6 respondents now move to dismiss in part. 7 8 II. Timeliness 9 The Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act (“AEDPA”) imposes a one year statute 10 of limitations on the filing of federal habeas corpus petitions. The statute imposing a period of 11 limitations provides:

12 (1) A 1-year period of limitation shall apply to an application for a writ of habeas corpus by a person in custody pursuant to the judgment of a State court. The 13 limitation period shall run from the latest of—

14 (A) the date on which the judgment became final by the conclusion of direct review or the expiration of the time for seeking such review; 15 (B) the date on which the impediment to filing an application created by State 16 action in violation of the Constitution or laws of the United States is removed, if the applicant was prevented from filing by such State action; 17

18 (C) the date on which the constitutional right asserted was initially recognized by the Supreme Court, if the right has been newly recognized by the Supreme Court 19 and made retroactively applicable to cases on collateral review; or

20 (D) the date on which the factual predicate of the claim or claims presented could have been discovered through the exercise of due diligence. 21

22 28 U.S.C. § 2244(d). 23 A claim in an amended petition that is filed after the expiration of the one year limitation 24 period will be timely only if the claim relates back to a timely filed claim pursuant to Rule 15(c) 25 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, on the basis that the claim arises out of “the same conduct, 26 transaction or occurrence” as the timely claim. Mayle v. Felix, 545 U.S. 644 (2005). In Mayle, the 27 Supreme Court held that habeas claims in an amended petition do not arise out of “the same 28 2 the same trial, conviction, or sentence. Id. at 655-64. Rather, under the construction of the rule 3 approved in Mayle, Rule 15(c) permits relation back of habeas claims asserted in an amended 4 petition “only when the claims added by amendment arise from the same core facts as the timely 5 filed claims, and not when the new claims depend upon events separate in ‘both time and type’ 6 from the originally raised episodes.” Id. at 657. In this regard, the reviewing court looks to “the 7 existence of a common ‘core of operative facts’ uniting the original and newly asserted claims. A 8 claim that merely adds “a new legal theory tied to the same operative facts as those initially 9 alleged” will relate back and be timely. Id. at 659 & n.5. 10 A. Ground One 11 Ground One asserts that trial counsel entered into a stipulation that allowed the court to 12 convict petitioner of a substantive offense, in violation of his Fifth, Sixth and Fourteenth 13 Amendment rights. (ECF No. 60 at 10-13). Petitioner asserts that the stipulated procedure resulted 14 in structural error, and that the stipulation violated petitioner’s “Sixth Amendment autonomy right 15 to control his defense.” (Id. at 11). 16 Respondents interpret the latter allegation as a claim that petitioner’s autonomy rights were 17 violated pursuant to McCoy v. Louisiana, ––– U.S. ––– , 138 S. Ct. 1500 (2018), and they argue 18 that to this extent Ground One is untimely. Ground One does not explicitly rely on McCoy. 19 However, to the extent it does, it merely is a different legal theory based on the facts alleged in the 20 pro se petition and therefore relates back. In the timely pro se petition, petitioner alleged that trial 21 counsel was ineffective for entering into the stipulation “without [his] permission or knowledge,” 22 that the stipulation was invalid and resulted in the vehicular homicide count being a sentencing 23 enhancement rather than a charge, and that the trial court erred in making Count 3 a sentencing 24 enhancement. (ECF No. 6 at 4-7 & 44). These allegations are the same allegations underlying the 25 claim in Ground One, even any McCoy claim, and therefore Ground One relates back to the pro 26 se petition. 27 B. Ground Two(B) 28 2 the blood draw results on the grounds Mr. Murray didn’t consent to the draw.” (ECF No. 60 at 14). 3 Although Ground Two(B) was not part of the pro se petition, petitioner asserts that it relates back 4 to his claims therein that counsel was ineffective for failing to obtain a second analysis of his blood 5 and failing to object to the blood draw, taken four hours after the accident, as well as his assertion 6 that such evidence should have been suppressed as an “unlawful search and seizure.” (ECF No. 6 7 at 19-20). Petitioner further argues that his petition incorporated by reference his direct appeal, in 8 which he asserted that the results of the blood draw should have been suppressed because the 9 length of his detention violated the Fourth Amendment and the officers did not have probable 10 cause to arrest him until after the results of the blood draw. (Resp. Ex. 41 at 23-29). 11 The Court finds that the pro se petition shares a sufficiently similar core of operative fact 12 with Ground Two(B) to render Ground Two(B) timely. That is because the facts underlying 13 Ground Two(B) – that the blood test results should have been suppressed due to lack of consent – 14 are necessarily implied by the claim asserted in the pro se petition and in the state court 15 proceedings below – that the test results should have been suppressed because they were the 16 product of an illegal detention. Consent to a blood draw as a result of an unlawful detention would 17 be valid only if “consent was gained through ‘means sufficiently distinguishable [from the prior 18 illegality] to be purged of the primary taint.’” United States v. Monroe, 322 F. App’x 552, 554 19 (9th Cir. 2009) (unpublished) (quoting United States v. Washington, 490 F.3d 765, 774 (9th Cir. 20 2007)). Petitioner argues in his pro se petition that his blood was drawn four hours after the 21 accident amidst an unlawful search and seizure. The facts alleged would necessarily support a 22 finding that petitioner could not have validly consented to any blood draw because, as alleged, the 23 blood draw occurred during an unlawful seizure and would therefore be indistinguishable from the 24 illegality. Petitioner’s current argument that his blood was drawn without consent arises from the 25 same core fact of his allegedly unlawful detention and depends upon events identical in both time 26 and type from the originally raised episode. Therefore, Ground Two(B) relates back to the pro se 27 petition. 28 C. Ground Two(E) 2 to the verdict form as “misleading because it mistakenly omitted the one disputed issue in the 3 case—whether Mr. Murray was under the in-fluence at the time of the accident.” (ECF No. 60 at 4 19). While the parties focus on whether this claim was incorporated by reference into the pro se 5 petition, the Court finds it unnecessary to reach that far. In the body of the pro se petition itself, 6 petitioner quotes the Nevada Supreme Court’s footnote, in which it had summarily denied several 7 of petitioner’s direct appeal claims, including that “the verdict form omitted the element of 8 impairment from the charges.” (ECF No. 6 at 37). Petitioner then asserts that the Nevada Supreme 9 Court’s resolution of the claims in such a fashion violated 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(2). Liberally 10 construing the pro se petition, the Court finds it alleges that the verdict form improperly omitted 11 the element of impairment as the basis of a claim. As such, petitioner’s claim that counsel was 12 ineffective for failing to raise this claim shares a common core of operative fact with a claim in 13 the timely petition. See Ha Van Nguyen v. Curry, 736 F.3d 1287, 1296-97 (9th Cir. 2013), 14 abrogated on other grounds by Davila v. Davis, ––– U.S. ––––, 137 S. Ct. 2058 (2017) (holding 15 that ineffective assistance of appellate counsel claim related back to timely substantive claim). 16 Ground Two(E) is therefore timely. 17 D. Ground Five 18 In Ground Five, petitioner asserts a substantive claim based on his assertion that “[t]he 19 verdict form didn’t correctly state the relevant offense.” (ECF No. 60 at 23). As discussed supra, 20 this claim was actually asserted in the pro se petition and is therefore timely. 21 E. Grounds Six and Seven 22 In Ground Six, petitioner asserts that the State improperly solicited evidence of his pre- 23 arrest silence in violation of his Fifth, Sixth and Fourteenth Amendment rights. (ECF No. 60 at 24 24). Specifically, petitioner complains of testimony elicited that after the accident, he expressed 25 no concern about anything except the tools in his truck. (Id.) In Ground Seven, petitioner asserts 26 that the jury was tainted by two instances of juror misconduct. The first happened when one juror 27 objected loudly that the court was having conferences outside the presence of the jury. (ECF No. 28 2 petitioner’s wife which courtroom the trial was in. (Id. at 25-26). 3 Respondents assert that the core of facts these claims are based on were not in the original 4 petition. Petitioner asserts that both claims was part of his direct appeal, that he incorporated his 5 direct appeal (and the Nevada Supreme Court’s opinion thereon) in his petition when he asked the 6 Court to review his direct appeal on page 35 of the pro se petition, and that this claim therefore 7 relates back. (ECF No. 67 at 12-13). 8 Petitioner’s argument relies on Ross v. Williams, 896 F.3d 958, 966 (9th Cir. 2018). In 9 Ross, the Ninth Circuit held that a habeas petition may incorporate by reference assertions in 10 materials attached to the petition if the petition makes “clear and repeated references to [the] 11 appended supporting brief” and the claims therein are presented with sufficient particularity. Id. at 12 966 (relying on Dye v. Hofbauer, 546 U.S. 1, 4 (2005)). But even under this standard, petitioner’s 13 claims do not relate back. First, petitioner did not attach his direct appeal, so it cannot be 14 incorporated by reference. Second, even assuming petitioner’s single statement on page 35 of his 15 brief could be interpreted to refer to the Nevada Supreme Court’s opinion, he made only one such 16 reference, so the brief was not repeatedly cited and thus not incorporated by reference.3 Petitioner 17 cites no authority for his argument that the references need not be repeated if the single reference 18 is “crystal clear.” 19 Shortly after petitioner filed his opposition, however, Ross was withdrawn pending 20 rehearing en banc. Ross v. Williams, 920 F.3d 1222 (9th Cir. 2019). Petitioner asserts that the en 21 banc opinion will clarify the standards related to incorporation by reference, possibly in a way that 22 is more lenient than the standard enunciated in the withdrawn Ross opinion. (ECF No. 71). Because 23 the Nevada Supreme Court’s direct appeal opinion does contain sufficiently particular facts which, 24 if deemed incorporated by reference, would provide a basis for relation back, and because the 25 Ninth Circuit is poised to provide further guidance on the standard for determining whether a 26 3 In every other location where petitioner references the Nevada Supreme Court’s opinion, it is in 27 relation to its specific finding with respect to a specific claim – none of which is the claim asserted in Grounds Six or Seven. (See ECF No. 6 at 5, 12-13, 16, 18, 20, 22, 23-24, 25, 26-27, 29-30, 35- 28 36, 41, 48). 2 determination of the timeliness of Grounds Six and Seven until the time of the merits disposition. 3 If the en banc Ross decision has not been issued by that time, the Court will apply the standards in 4 existence at the time of the merits disposition to determine whether the appeal has been 5 incorporated by reference. 6 7 III. Exhaustion 8 Under 28 U.S.C. § 2254(b)(1)(A), a habeas petitioner first must exhaust state court 9 remedies on a claim before presenting that claim to the federal courts. To satisfy this exhaustion 10 requirement, the claim must have been fairly presented to the state courts completely through to 11 the highest state court level of review available. See Peterson v. Lampert, 319 F.3d 1153, 1156 12 (9th Cir. 2003) (en banc); Vang v. Nevada, 329 F.3d 1069, 1075 (9th Cir. 2003). In the state courts, 13 the petitioner must refer to the specific federal constitutional guarantee and must also state the 14 facts that entitle the petitioner to relief on the federal constitutional claim. Shumway v. Payne, 223 15 F.3d 983, 987 (9th Cir. 2000). That is, fair presentation requires that the petitioner present the state 16 courts with both the operative facts and the federal legal theory upon which the claim is based. 17 Castillo v. McFadden, 399 F.3d 993, 999 (9th Cir. 2005). The exhaustion requirement ensures that 18 the state courts, as a matter of federal state comity, will have the first opportunity to pass upon and 19 correct alleged violations of federal constitutional guarantees. See, e.g., Coleman v. Thompson, 20 501 U.S. 722, 731 (1991). 21 Respondents argue that Grounds Two(B) and Two(D) are unexhausted. 22 A. Ground Two(B) 23 Petitioner concedes that Ground Two(B) is unexhausted. However, he argues, the claim 24 should be deemed “technically exhausted,” although procedurally defaulted, because there remain 25 no avenues to pursue this claim in the state courts due to various state procedural bars. 26 A claim may be considered procedurally defaulted if “it is clear that the state court would 27 hold the claim procedurally barred.” Sandgathe v. Maass, 314 F.3d 371, 376 (9th Cir. 2002). 28 While it is clear that petitioner would face several procedural bars if he were to return to state 2 fundamental miscarriage of justice exceptions to its procedural bars, which are substantially the 3 same as the federal standards. If a petitioner has a potentially viable cause-and-prejudice or actual- 4 innocence argument under the substantially similar federal and state standards, then petitioner 5 cannot establish that “it is clear that the state court would hold the claim procedurally barred.” For 6 that reason, the courts in this district have generally declined to find a claim subject to anticipatory 7 procedural default unless the petitioner represents that he would be unable to establish cause and 8 prejudice in a return to state court. In such a case, the claim would generally be subject to 9 immediate dismissal as procedurally defaulted, as the petitioner would have conceded that he has 10 no grounds for exception to the procedural default in federal court. 11 A different situation is presented, however, where the Nevada state courts do not recognize 12 a potential basis to overcome the procedural default arising from the violation of a state procedural 13 rule that is recognized under federal law. In Martinez v. Ryan, 566 U.S. 1 (2012), the Supreme 14 Court held that the absence or inadequate assistance of counsel in an initial-review collateral 15 proceeding may be relied upon to establish cause excusing the procedural default of a claim of 16 ineffective assistance of trial counsel. Id. at 9. The Supreme Court of Nevada does not recognize 17 Martinez cause as cause to overcome a state procedural bar under Nevada state law. Brown v. 18 McDaniel, 331 P.3d 867, 875 (Nev. 2014). Thus, a Nevada habeas petitioner who relies upon 19 Martinez—and only Martinez—as a basis for overcoming a state procedural bar on an unexhausted 20 claim can successfully argue that the state courts would hold the claim procedurally barred but that 21 he nonetheless has a potentially viable cause-and-prejudice argument under federal law that would 22 not be recognized by the state courts when applying the state procedural bars. 23 Here, petitioner advances only Martinez as a basis for excusing the default of Ground 24 Two(B), which is an ineffective assistance of trial counsel claim. The Court therefore grants 25 petitioner’s request to consider Ground Two(B) technically exhausted. 26 Respondents assert, in reply, that even if the claim is technically exhausted, petitioner 27 cannot establish cause and prejudice for the anticipated default because Ground Two(B) is plainly 28 meritless and thus not “substantial.” The Court is not inclined to agree with respondents on this 2 is a substantial claim of ineffective assistance of trial counsel is a question that is otherwise 3 intertwined with the merits of the claim itself, the Court will defer a determination of whether 4 petitioner can establish cause and prejudice to excuse the default of Ground Two(B) until the time 5 of merits determination. Respondents may reassert this procedural defense in their answer to the 6 remaining claims of the petition. 7 B. Ground Two(D) 8 In Ground Two(D), petitioner argues that trial counsel was ineffective for repeatedly 9 engaging in unprofessional conduct. He asserts that counsel: (1) “audibly chuckled at the 10 prosecutor early into the first day of trial and continued to act obnoxious after that”; (2) called the 11 prosecutor “robotic”; (3) was reprimanded by the trial court for his sarcastic tone and head 12 movements but continued to act inappropriately and argue with the court, requiring a bench 13 conference during which the court offered to “imitate” counsel to show him how obnoxious he 14 was being; (4) got into a shoving match with the prosecutor, during which he told the prosecutor 15 he was “talking too loud” and to “keep your mouth down,” and the fighting continued even after 16 the court intervened and told him to stop; and (5) during closing arguments, fought with the court 17 for the way it handled an objection to defendant’s argument and thereafter delivered an extended 18 apology for his behavior to the court outside the presence of the jury. (ECF No. 60 at 17-18). 19 Respondents argue that the first two allegations were not part of the state petition and that 20 Ground Two(D) is therefore unexhausted to the extent of those allegations. Petitioner responds 21 that the allegations do not fundamentally alter the legal claim considered by the state courts and 22 that the claim is exhausted in its entirety. Respondents reply that ineffective assistance of counsel 23 claims are fact specific and must be separately exhausted, and that because the allegations could 24 have the effect of tipping the scales in petitioner’s favor, they do fundamentally alter the basis for 25 the claim. 26 Further facts in support of a claim do not render a claim unexhausted “so long as those 27 facts do not ‘fundamentally alter the legal claim already considered by the state courts.’” Poyson 28 v. Ryan, 879 F.3d 875, 894 (9th Cir.), cert. denied, 138 S. Ct. 2652 (2018) (citation omitted). Thus, 2 may not, without rendering the claim unexhausted, add “add unrelated alleged instances of 3 counsel’s ineffectiveness to his claim.” Id. at 895 (internal citations and punctuation omitted). 4 Here, the petitioner’s claim is that counsel rendered ineffective assistance by engaging in 5 repeated unprofessional conduct. The additional allegations do not present a new or different claim 6 of ineffective assistance but rather are further examples of counsel’s unprofessional conduct. In 7 addition, considered alongside the allegations asserted in the state petition, the additional 8 allegations do not fundamentally alter the legal claim that was presented to the state courts. 9 Accordingly, Ground Two(D) is exhausted. 10 11 IV. Procedural Default 12 Even if a claim is otherwise exhausted, a federal court cannot review it “if the Nevada 13 Supreme Court denied relief on the basis of ‘independent and adequate state procedural grounds.’” 14 Koerner v. Grigas, 328 F.3d 1039, 1046 (9th Cir. 2003). 15 In Coleman v. Thompson, the Supreme Court held that a state prisoner who fails to comply 16 with the state’s procedural requirements in presenting his claims is barred from obtaining a writ of 17 habeas corpus in federal court by the adequate and independent state ground doctrine. Coleman v. 18 Thompson, 501 U.S. 722, 731-32 (1991). A state procedural bar is “adequate” if it is “clear, 19 consistently applied, and well-established at the time of the petitioner's purported default.” 20 Calderon v. United States District Court (Bean), 96 F.3d 1126, 1129 (9th Cir. 1996). A state 21 procedural bar is “independent” if the state court “explicitly invokes the procedural rule as a 22 separate basis for its decision.” Yang v. Nevada, 329 F.3d 1069, 1074 (9th Cir. 2003). A state 23 court’s decision is not “independent” if the application of the state’s default rule depends on the 24 consideration of federal law. Park v. California, 202 F.3d 1146, 1152 (9th Cir. 2000). Where such 25 a procedural default constitutes an adequate and independent state ground for denial of habeas 26 corpus, the default may be excused only if “a constitutional violation has probably resulted in the 27 conviction of one who is actually innocent,” or if the prisoner demonstrates cause for the default 28 and prejudice resulting from it. Murray v. Carrier, 477 U.S. 478, 496 (1986). 2 and untimely under Nev. Rev. Stat. § 34.810 and § 34.726. (Pet. Ex. 13). The Ninth Circuit has 3 held that the Nevada Supreme Court’s application of the timeliness rule in § 34.726(1) is an 4 independent and adequate state law ground for procedural default. Moran v. McDaniel, 80 F.3d 5 1261, 1268–70 (9th Cir. 1996); see also Valerio v. Crawford, 306 F.3d 742, 778 (9th Cir. 2002). 6 The Ninth Circuit also has held that, at least in non-capital cases, Nev. Rev. Stat. § 34.810 is an 7 independent and adequate state ground for procedural default. Vang v. Nevada, 329 F.3d 1069, 8 1074 (9th Cir. 2003); Bargas v. Burns, 179 F.3d 1207, 1210–12 (9th Cir. 1999). The Nevada 9 Supreme Court’s decision in this case did not depend on the application of federal law in deciding 10 that the claim was procedurally defaulted. Accordingly, the Nevada Supreme Court relied on 11 independent and adequate state law grounds in affirming the dismissal of petitioner’s second state 12 habeas petition as untimely and successive. 13 Respondents argue that the following claims were exhausted only by the second state 14 petition and are therefore procedurally defaulted: (1) the substantive claim in Ground One; (2) 15 Ground Two(C); (3) Ground Three; and (4) Ground Eight. Petitioner concedes that these claims 16 were exhausted only by the second state petition and concedes that under current law he cannot 17 establish cause for the default of Ground Three. As to the other grounds, however, petitioner asserts 18 that he can demonstrate cause for the default. 19 To demonstrate cause for a procedural default, the petitioner must “show that some 20 objective factor external to the defense impeded” his efforts to comply with the state procedural 21 rule. Murray, 477 U.S. at 488. For cause to exist, the external impediment must have prevented 22 the petitioner from raising the claim. See McCleskey v. Zant, 499 U.S. 467, 497 (1991). With 23 respect to the prejudice prong, the petitioner bears “the burden of showing not merely that the 24 errors [complained of] constituted a possibility of prejudice, but that they worked to his actual and 25 substantial disadvantage, infecting his entire [proceeding] with errors of constitutional dimension.” 26 White v. Lewis, 874 F.2d 599, 603 (9th Cir. 1989) (citing United States v. Frady, 456 U.S. 152, 27 170 (1982)). 28 2 basis for cause in some circumstances. Martinez v. Ryan, 566 U.S. 1 (2012). In Martinez, the 3 United States Supreme Court created a narrow, equitable rule that allows petitioners to, in some 4 cases, establish cause for a procedural default where the failure to raise a substantial claim of 5 ineffective assistance of trial counsel in initial-review collateral proceedings is due to the absence 6 or ineffective assistance of post-conviction counsel. Id. at 16-17. The Martinez rule is an exception 7 to the general rule that errors of post-conviction counsel cannot provide cause for a procedural 8 default. Coleman, 501 U.S. at 752-54; Smith v. Baldwin, 510 F.3d 1127, 1146-47 (9th Cir. 2007). 9 Martinez provides an exception only for substantial claims of ineffective assistance of trial 10 counsel. It cannot supply cause to excuse the procedural default of a substantive claim of trial court 11 error. See Martinez, 566 U.S. at 16-17. It cannot supply cause where the claim was defaulted 12 because it was not raised on post-conviction appeal. Id. at 16 (declining to extend exception to 13 Coleman to “attorney errors in other kinds of proceedings, including appeals from initial-review 14 collateral proceedings, second or successive collateral proceedings, and petitions for discretionary 15 review in a State's appellate courts”) (emphasis added). And it cannot supply cause to excuse the 16 procedural default of an ineffective assistance of appellate counsel claim. Davila v. Davis, 137 S. 17 Ct. 2058, 2064 (2017). 18 A. Ground One 19 The ineffective assistance of counsel aspect of Ground One was exhausted in petitioner’s 20 first postconviction proceedings and is not procedurally defaulted. (See Ex. 62 at 6-7).4 It is the 21 substantive aspect of Ground One that respondents argue is defaulted. Petitioner offers three 22 grounds for cause, all of which are either intertwined with the merits of petitioner’s claims or 23 require a more thorough analysis of the basis for Ground One. The cause arguments are therefore 24 most efficiently considered at the time of the merits disposition. The motion to dismiss Ground 1, 25 in part, will therefore be denied without prejudice to renew in the answer to the petition. 26 27 4 Citation is to original page of document. 28 2 Ground Two(C) is a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel for failure to challenge an 3 erroneous jury instruction. Petitioner asserts cause based on Martinez, 566 U.S. 1. Because 4 petitioner represented himself in his state postconviction proceedings, and because Ground 5 Two(C) is a claim of ineffective assistance of trial counsel, it is potentially subject to the Martinez 6 exception. Whether it is a substantial claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, however, is a 7 question that is intertwined with the merits of the claim itself. The Court will therefore defer a 8 decision on petitioner’s cause and prejudice argument with respect to this claim until the time of 9 the merits determination. The motion to dismiss Ground Two(C) as procedurally defaulted will 10 therefore be denied without prejudice to renew in the answer. 11 D. Ground Eight 12 In Ground Eight, petitioner asserts that Jury Instruction 11 was fundamentally unfair. 13 Petitioner asserts cause based on his argument that trial counsel was ineffective for failing to 14 litigate this claim during trial. A claim of ineffective assistance of counsel used to establish cause 15 may itself be procedurally defaulted. Edwards v. Carpenter, 529 U.S. 446, 453 (2000). The 16 petitioner exhausted but procedurally defaulted the ineffective assistance of trial counsel claim in 17 his second state postconviction proceedings, and it is the subject of Ground Two(C). Whether 18 petitioner can establish cause and prejudice for Ground Two(C), and whether Ground Two(C) 19 itself has merit, will determine whether Ground Two(C) can supply cause for the instant claim. 20 The questions of cause are therefore intertwined, at the end of the day, with the question of the 21 merits of this claim and Ground Two(C). The motion to dismiss Ground Eight as procedurally 22 defaulted will therefore be denied without prejudice to renew in the answer. 23 24 V. Stone v. Powell and Fourth Amendment Claim 25 In Ground Four, petitioner asserts that the results of his blood draw should have been 26 suppressed as the result of an illegally long detention. Respondents assert this claim is precluded 27 by Stone v. Powell, 428 U.S. 465, 494 (1976). 28 2 and fair litigation of a Fourth Amendment claim a state prisoner may not be granted federal habeas 3 corpus relief on the ground that evidence obtained in an unconstitutional search or seizure was 4 introduced at his trial.” Id. Here, although petitioner filed a motion to suppress the evidence of the 5 blood draw, which was heard by the trial court, he asserts that he was denied an opportunity to 6 develop his claim because the trial court declined to hold an evidentiary hearing. 7 The Court is not persuaded by petitioner’s argument. As discussed above, defense counsel 8 conceded during argument that an evidentiary hearing was unnecessary in light of the trial court’s 9 finding that probable cause to arrest existed based on the crash itself. Nor did defendant appeal the 10 lack of an evidentiary hearing. Petitioner therefore had a full and fair opportunity to litigate his 11 motion to suppress, and the claim is precluded by Stone. 12 13 VI. Conclusion 14 In accordance with the foregoing, 15 IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that respondents’ motion to dismiss (ECF No. 64) is 16 GRANTED IN PART and DENIED IN PART as follows: 17 1. Grounds Three and Four are DISMISSED WITH PREJUDICE; 18 2. Ground Two(B) is deemed technically exhausted but procedurally defaulted; and 19 3. The motion to dismiss as untimely Grounds Six and Seven and as procedurally defaulted 20 Ground One, in part, Ground Two(B), Ground Two(C) and Ground Eight is DENIED WITHOUT 21 PREJUDICE to respondents renewing the procedural defenses in the answer. 22 IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that in their answer, respondents shall respond to all 23 surviving claims on the merits, in addition to raising any procedural defenses authorized by this 24 order. 25 IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that petitioner’s unopposed motion for leave to file 26 supplemental authorities (ECF No. 71) is GRANTED. 27 28 1 IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that respondents will have sixty days from the date of entry of this order to file an answer to all remaining claims of the amended petition. Petitioner will have 3|| thirty days thereafter within which to file a reply. 4 IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that any request for an evidentiary hearing included within the opposition is DENIED WITHOUT PREJUDICE. Petitioner may renew any request for an || evidentiary hearing at the same time as, and in conjunction with, the reply, in a separately filed || motion. 9 10 DATED: September 6, 2019. 11 < | RICHARD F. BOULWARE, I 12 UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28