Cobb, P. J.
(After stating the facts.)
1, 2. Marriage is favored by the law; concubinage is. odious. When a man and a woman are living together as husband and wife ihe law will hold them to be such, even against strong probabilities ihat they are not. 1 Bish. Mar., Div. & Sep. §77. When a marriage has been regularly solemnized and the parties live together ns man and wife, there is a presumption that the parties had capacity to contract the marriage, and of the existence of all other facts necessary to render the marriage valid; and this presumption prevails until the contrary appears. The burden is upon him who attacks the validity of the marriage to show that it is invalid, by [342]*342clear, distinct, positive, and satisfactory proof. Megginson v. Megginson (Oregon), 14 L. R. A. 540. The presumption as to the validity of the marriage can only he negatived by disproving every reasonable possibility. The status of the woman is involved, as well as the legitimacy of children, and every reasonable presumption must be indulged which will relieve the woman of the-charge of being a concubine and her children from being declared bastards. Piers v. Piers, 2 House of Lords Cases, 380; Cash v. Cash, 67 Ark. 278; Wilkie v. Collins, 48 Miss. 496. If at the time of the marriage one of the parties had a living spouse, of course the marriage is void. But it is incumbent upon him who attacks the marriage upon this ground to overcome the presumption of its validity, resulting from the solemnization of the marriage ceremony, and cohabitation by the parties under the belief' that they are lawfully married, and to establish that the former spouse was living at the time that the second marriage was entered into.
As a general rule the law will presume the death of a person, after his absence for seven years, when nothing has been heard from him. This is, however, a mere presumption and may be rebutted by proof. If one enters into a second marriage contract iu good faith, honestly believing that the former spouse is dead, by reason of the fact of abandonment and not having been heard from, it is not indispensable that seven years should have elapsed from the time that the spouse was last heard of, in order to establish the validity of the second marriage. While there may be a presumption of life when the period between the time the spouse was last heard from and the second marriage is less than seven years, under such circumstances, this presumption of life conflicts with the presumption of innocence which the law raises in favor of the party contracting the second marriage. The presumption that the party contracting the second marriage is innocent of the-crime of bigamy is, in such circumstances, stronger than the presumption that the former spouse is in life. Where the presumption of innocence and of the validity of the marriage conflicts with the presumption of life, and neither presumption is aided by proof of facts or circumstances corroborating it, the presumption of the validity of the marriage has generally been held to be the stronger, and to prevail over the presumption of the continuance [343]*343of the particular life; and this has been held although the time elapsing between the last knowledge of the former spouse and the second marriage is much less than seven years. . The proposition thus stated was laid down by Shope, J., in Johnson v. Johnson, 114 Ill. 611 (55 Am. Eep. 883), in an opinion where numerous cases are considered and reviewed. In Cash v. Cash, 67 Ark. 278, the period elapsing between the time the first husband was last heard of and the date of the second marriage was only five years. In Town of Greensborough v. Town of Underhill, 12 Vt. 604, the period was less than two years. In Wilkie v. Collins, 48 Miss. 496, the period was a little more than two years. In Kelley v. Drew, 12 Allen, 107 (90 Am. Dec. 138); only four years had elapsed from the time that the first husband was last heard of. Even in a prosecution for bigamy, where the defense is the absence of a former spouse for the length of time prescribe'd by statute as a ground of defense, the burden of proof is upon the State to show that the former spouse was living at the time of the second marriage. Keezer on Mar. & Div., §98. See, in this connection, Parnell v. State, 126 Ga. 103.
It is altogether reasonable that one who attacks the marriage for the mere purpose of pecuniary gain to himself, and this, too, after the death of the party under whom such person claims as a near relative, should carry the burden of showing that the second marriage contracted by his relative was invalid. If, to show its invalidity, it is necessary that it be established that the former spouse was in life, then the burden of proving that he was living rests upon him who asserts this fact to destroy the validity of the marriage. The presumption that his deceased relative was a wife, and not a concubine, prevails until he brings evidence clear and satisfactory that the relations with the man that she lived with were unlawful. If- the second marriage is contracted in good faith, but one of the parties to the same is under an incapacity to contract marriage, on account of a prior marriage undissolved, and such marriage is thereafter dissolved by the death of the former spouse, and the parties continue thereafter to live together as husband and wife, there is, under some circumstances, a presumption that a marriage between them was had after the disability was removed. This is especially true in those jurisdictions where the; common-law marriage is recognized. 2 Nelson on Div. §580. Sée‘ [344]*344also Johnson v. Johnson, 1 Coldwell (Tenn.), 626. If, at the time the second marriage is solemnized, the party under disability knows that such disability exists, the presumption of innocence can not be indulged in his favor. O’Gara v. Eisenlohr, 38 N. Y. 302. If, at the time the defendant contracted the marriage with Mary Moore, he in good faith believed that she was an unmarried woman, and she, in like good faith, believed at that time that her former husband was dead, the marriage between them must be treated as valid, until it is established by clear and satisfactory proof that her former husband was in life at the time of her second marriage. It is claimed by the plaintiff that there were facts and circumstances proved in aid of the presumption of life; that is, that the former husband was seen alive after the marriage between the defendant and Mary Moore, and that she admitted, during her lifetime, that she knew that her former husband was living. These were all questions for the jury, and the evidence was of such a character as to support a verdict either way; and if no error of law was committed at the trial, requiring the reversal of the judgment, the refusal of the judge to grant a new trial on the general grounds of the motion will not be disturbed.
3. The amended answer of the defendant, an abstract of .which is set forth in the statement of facts, was demurred to by the plaintiff, and the demurrer was overruled. This answer sets up two grounds of defense'; one being that the defendant is entitled to recover of the plaintiff the value of the services he rendered to his wife during coverture, in the event that it was established that the marriage was void.
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Cobb, P. J.
(After stating the facts.)
1, 2. Marriage is favored by the law; concubinage is. odious. When a man and a woman are living together as husband and wife ihe law will hold them to be such, even against strong probabilities ihat they are not. 1 Bish. Mar., Div. & Sep. §77. When a marriage has been regularly solemnized and the parties live together ns man and wife, there is a presumption that the parties had capacity to contract the marriage, and of the existence of all other facts necessary to render the marriage valid; and this presumption prevails until the contrary appears. The burden is upon him who attacks the validity of the marriage to show that it is invalid, by [342]*342clear, distinct, positive, and satisfactory proof. Megginson v. Megginson (Oregon), 14 L. R. A. 540. The presumption as to the validity of the marriage can only he negatived by disproving every reasonable possibility. The status of the woman is involved, as well as the legitimacy of children, and every reasonable presumption must be indulged which will relieve the woman of the-charge of being a concubine and her children from being declared bastards. Piers v. Piers, 2 House of Lords Cases, 380; Cash v. Cash, 67 Ark. 278; Wilkie v. Collins, 48 Miss. 496. If at the time of the marriage one of the parties had a living spouse, of course the marriage is void. But it is incumbent upon him who attacks the marriage upon this ground to overcome the presumption of its validity, resulting from the solemnization of the marriage ceremony, and cohabitation by the parties under the belief' that they are lawfully married, and to establish that the former spouse was living at the time that the second marriage was entered into.
As a general rule the law will presume the death of a person, after his absence for seven years, when nothing has been heard from him. This is, however, a mere presumption and may be rebutted by proof. If one enters into a second marriage contract iu good faith, honestly believing that the former spouse is dead, by reason of the fact of abandonment and not having been heard from, it is not indispensable that seven years should have elapsed from the time that the spouse was last heard of, in order to establish the validity of the second marriage. While there may be a presumption of life when the period between the time the spouse was last heard from and the second marriage is less than seven years, under such circumstances, this presumption of life conflicts with the presumption of innocence which the law raises in favor of the party contracting the second marriage. The presumption that the party contracting the second marriage is innocent of the-crime of bigamy is, in such circumstances, stronger than the presumption that the former spouse is in life. Where the presumption of innocence and of the validity of the marriage conflicts with the presumption of life, and neither presumption is aided by proof of facts or circumstances corroborating it, the presumption of the validity of the marriage has generally been held to be the stronger, and to prevail over the presumption of the continuance [343]*343of the particular life; and this has been held although the time elapsing between the last knowledge of the former spouse and the second marriage is much less than seven years. . The proposition thus stated was laid down by Shope, J., in Johnson v. Johnson, 114 Ill. 611 (55 Am. Eep. 883), in an opinion where numerous cases are considered and reviewed. In Cash v. Cash, 67 Ark. 278, the period elapsing between the time the first husband was last heard of and the date of the second marriage was only five years. In Town of Greensborough v. Town of Underhill, 12 Vt. 604, the period was less than two years. In Wilkie v. Collins, 48 Miss. 496, the period was a little more than two years. In Kelley v. Drew, 12 Allen, 107 (90 Am. Dec. 138); only four years had elapsed from the time that the first husband was last heard of. Even in a prosecution for bigamy, where the defense is the absence of a former spouse for the length of time prescribe'd by statute as a ground of defense, the burden of proof is upon the State to show that the former spouse was living at the time of the second marriage. Keezer on Mar. & Div., §98. See, in this connection, Parnell v. State, 126 Ga. 103.
It is altogether reasonable that one who attacks the marriage for the mere purpose of pecuniary gain to himself, and this, too, after the death of the party under whom such person claims as a near relative, should carry the burden of showing that the second marriage contracted by his relative was invalid. If, to show its invalidity, it is necessary that it be established that the former spouse was in life, then the burden of proving that he was living rests upon him who asserts this fact to destroy the validity of the marriage. The presumption that his deceased relative was a wife, and not a concubine, prevails until he brings evidence clear and satisfactory that the relations with the man that she lived with were unlawful. If- the second marriage is contracted in good faith, but one of the parties to the same is under an incapacity to contract marriage, on account of a prior marriage undissolved, and such marriage is thereafter dissolved by the death of the former spouse, and the parties continue thereafter to live together as husband and wife, there is, under some circumstances, a presumption that a marriage between them was had after the disability was removed. This is especially true in those jurisdictions where the; common-law marriage is recognized. 2 Nelson on Div. §580. Sée‘ [344]*344also Johnson v. Johnson, 1 Coldwell (Tenn.), 626. If, at the time the second marriage is solemnized, the party under disability knows that such disability exists, the presumption of innocence can not be indulged in his favor. O’Gara v. Eisenlohr, 38 N. Y. 302. If, at the time the defendant contracted the marriage with Mary Moore, he in good faith believed that she was an unmarried woman, and she, in like good faith, believed at that time that her former husband was dead, the marriage between them must be treated as valid, until it is established by clear and satisfactory proof that her former husband was in life at the time of her second marriage. It is claimed by the plaintiff that there were facts and circumstances proved in aid of the presumption of life; that is, that the former husband was seen alive after the marriage between the defendant and Mary Moore, and that she admitted, during her lifetime, that she knew that her former husband was living. These were all questions for the jury, and the evidence was of such a character as to support a verdict either way; and if no error of law was committed at the trial, requiring the reversal of the judgment, the refusal of the judge to grant a new trial on the general grounds of the motion will not be disturbed.
3. The amended answer of the defendant, an abstract of .which is set forth in the statement of facts, was demurred to by the plaintiff, and the demurrer was overruled. This answer sets up two grounds of defense'; one being that the defendant is entitled to recover of the plaintiff the value of the services he rendered to his wife during coverture, in the event that it was established that the marriage was void. The other ground of the defense was that on account of having contracted the marriage in -good faith, if it should be held void he should be treated as a purchaser for value of the land belonging to his wife and should be allowed to set off improvements made thereon during her lifetime and after her death before he had knowledge of her incapacity to contract. There is a general averment, at the conclusion of the answer, that his wife recognized her obligations and expressly agreed, in consideration thereof, that all of her property should be his. This portion of the answer is set out in .full in the statement of facts. So far as this attempts to set up a contract between the defendant and his wife, the averments of the "answer are not sufficient to establish a binding contract. It is not alleged that she agreed to make a [345]*345deed during her lifetime, nor is it alleged that she agreed to make a will in his favor, nor is any fact alleged which would be sufficient to establish the fact that any other arrangement was contemplated between the parties than that which follows from the marriage relation. The wife recognized that her husband was dutiful, and, as she had no children, that he would be her heir.
We think this portion of the answer is too vague and indefinite do be the foundation of any judgment in. favor of the defendant. In reference to that portion of the answer which seeks to hold the administrator liable for services rendered by the defendant to his wife during her lifetime, it appears that he rendered only those services which every husband is under legal and moral obligation to Tender; and there is nothing in the averments to indicate that it was within the contemplation of either party that the relation of debtor and creditor should exist between the husband and wife. If the marriage between the defendant and Mary Moore was invalid, he can not, under the facts set forth in the answer, be held to occupy the position of purchaser for value of her estate. According to the averments of the answer he honestly believed that she was his lawful wife, and she, with like honesty, believed that he was her lawful husband; and it is apparent from the averments of the answer, when taken as a whole, that nothing else was ever contemplated between them than that each should have the rights that would flow from the relation of husband and wife. He could not in any sense be treated as a purchaser for value, and therefore the act of 1897 (Acts 1897, p. 79; Van Epps’ Code Supp, §6653) had no application whatever to the case. The amended answer was subject to the demurrer and should have been stricken. While it appears from the charge of the judge that the only issue submitted to the jury was the question of the validity of the marriage of Mary Moore to the defendant, still he overruled the demurrer to the amended answer of the defendant and permitted testimony to go before the jury which would have been wholly irrelevant, except for the presence of that answer in the case. How far this evidence may have prejudiced the case of the plaintiff we can not tell; and a new trial must be had upon the issue of the validity of the marriage, with no other evidence before the jury than such as is relevant to that issue.'
Judgment reversed.
All the Justices concur.