UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
ZAYN AL ABIDIN MUHAMMAD HUSAYN (ISN #10016),
Petitioner, v. No 08-cv-1360 (EGS) LLOYD AUSTIN, et al.,
Respondents.
MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER
Zayn Husayn, also known as Abu Zubaydah, (“Petitioner”) has
been a detainee at the United States Naval Base in Guantanamo
Bay, Cuba (“Guantanamo”) since September of 2006, having been
captured on or about March 28, 2002 in Faisalabad, Pakistan and
held at various “secret black sites” until his transfer to
Guantanamo. His detention is based on Respondents’ allegation
that he was part of, and substantially supported, al Qaeda and
associated forces.
On August 31, 2021, President Biden delivered remarks
declaring the war in Afghanistan to be over. See Remarks by
President Biden on the End of the War in Afghanistan (Aug. 31,
2021), available at https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefingroom/
speeches-remarks/2021/08/31/remarks-by-president-biden-on-the-
end-of-the-war-inafghanistan/ (“My fellow Americas, the war in
Afghanistan is now over.”). Based on earlier similar remarks by the President and the expectation that U.S. troops would be
fully withdrawn by September 11, 2021, Petitioner moves for
immediate release, arguing that the government no longer has
authority to detain him. See generally Pet’r’s Mot. for an Order
Requiring his Immediate Release and Repatriation (“Pet’r’s
Mot.”), ECF No. 576. Respondents oppose, arguing that their
authority to detain under the 2001 Authorization for the Use of
Military Force (“2001 AUMF”) has not lapsed because active
hostilities are ongoing. See generally Resp’ts’ Opp’n, ECF No.
578. 1
Upon careful consideration of Petitioner’s motion,
Respondents’ opposition, the reply 2 thereto, the surreply, the
sursurreply, and the applicable law, the Court DENIES
Petitioner’s motion.
1 The final withdrawal of U.S. forces from Afghanistan on September 11, 2021 has rendered moot certain the arguments in the parties’ briefing materials. Accordingly, the Court does not address those arguments. 2 The Court GRANTS Petitioner’s request to amend his motion nunc
pro tunc to request oral argument, Reply, ECF No. 585 at 1 n.1; but finds the request moot in view of this Memorandum Opinion and Order.
2 I. Detention Authority
The 2001 Authorization for Use of Military Force (“AUMF”)
permits the President “to use all necessary and appropriate
force against those nations, organizations, or persons he
determines planned, authorized, committed, or aided the
terrorist attacks that occurred on September 11, 2001, or
harbored such organizations or persons.” Authorization for Use
of Military Force, Pub. L. No. 107-40, § 2(a), 115 Stat. 224
(2001). In the 2012 National Defense Authorization Act (“2012
NDAA”) Congress reaffirmed “the authority of the President to
use all necessary and appropriate force pursuant to the [AUMF],”
including “[d]etention under the law of war without trial until
the end of the hostilities authorized by the [AUMF].” National
Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2012, Pub. L. No. 112-
81 § 1021(a), (b)(2), (c)(1), 125 Stat. 1298, 1562.
“The AUMF authorizes detention for the duration of the
conflict between the United States and the Taliban and al
Qaeda.” Al-Alwi v. Trump, 901 F.3d 294, 299 (D.C. Cir. 2018);
see also Uthman v. Obama, 637 F.3d 400, 402 (D.C. Cir. 2011)
(citing Hamdi v. Rumsfeld, 542 U.S. 507, 518 (2004)(“The AUMF,
among other things, authorizes the Executive Branch to detain
for the duration of hostilities those individuals who are part
of al Qaeda or the Taliban.”)). “Neither [the AUMF nor the 2012
NDAA] places limits on the length of detention in an ongoing
3 conflict.” Id. at 297. “[T]he AUMF remains in force if
hostilities between the United States and the Taliban and al
Qaeda continue.” Id. (citing Ali v. Obama, 736 F.3d 542, 552
(D.C. Cir. 2013)(“[T]he 2001 AUMF does not have a time limit,
and the Constitution allows the detention of enemy combatants
for the duration of hostilities.”)).
“It is a clearly established principle of the law of war
that detention may last no longer than active hostilities.”
Hamdi v. Rumsfeld, 542 U.S. 507, 520 (2004) (citing Article 118
of the Geneva Convention (III) Relative to the Treatment of
Prisoners of War, Aug. 12, 1949 [1955] 6 U.S.T. 3316, 3406,
T.I.A.S. No. 3364 (“Prisoners of war shall be released and
repatriated without delay after the cessation of active
hostilities”)). “The “termination” of “[t]he state of war ... is
a political act.” Ludecke v. Watkins, 335 U.S. 160, 168–69
(1948) (internal quotation marks omitted). “Whether and when it
would be open to th[e] [c]ourt[s] to find that a war though
merely formally kept alive had in fact ended, is a question too
fraught with gravity even to be adequately formulated when not
compelled.” Id. at 169. “The determination of when hostilities
have ceased is a political decision, and we defer to the
Executive’s opinion on the matter, at least in the absence of an
authoritative congressional declaration purporting to terminate
the war.” Al-Bihani v. Obama, 590 F.3d 866, 874 (D.C. Cir. 2010)
4 (citing Ludecke, 335 U.S. at 168-170. When “the Executive Branch
represents, with ample support from record evidence, that the
hostilities described in the AUMF continue[,] [i]n the absence
of a contrary Congressional command, that controls.” Al-Alwi,
901 F.3d at 300 (citing Ludecke, 335 U.S. at 168-170).
II. Discussion
Petitioner moves for immediate release, arguing that the
government no longer has the authority to detain him because:
(1) the political decision has that the war is over has been
made as evidenced by President Biden’s statements; and (2) “the
United States has defeated al Qaeda in Afghanistan and there are
no active hostilities.” Pet’r’s Mot., ECF No. 576-1 at 8. 3
The Court considers whether Petitioner’s detention is
authorized pursuant to the governing statutes described above,
informed by the law of war.
A. Petitioner’s Detention Is Authorized By the AUMF
Petitioner disputes that the authority to detain him
derives from the AUMF because the Factual Return does not assert
that he had any role in the September 11 attacks. Sursurreply,
ECF No. 600 at 3, 18. Petitioner’s position is, however,
inconsistent with well-settled legal precedent. As explained
3When citing electronic filings throughout this Opinion, the Court cites to the ECF page number, not the page number of the filed document.
5 above, “[t]he AUMF authorizes detention for the duration of the
Qaeda.” Al-Alwi, 901 F.3d at 299. Respondents’ Factual Return
alleges that “Petitioner is detained because he was part of and
substantially supported [al Qaeda 4] and associated forces.”
Opp’n, ECF No. 578 at 24. While Petitioner disputes that he was
a part of or substantially supported al Qaeda, clearly the
asserted basis for the Executive Branch’s authority to detain
him is the AUMF.
B. The Authority to Detain Individuals Under the AUMF Is Not Limited To the Conflict in Afghanistan
Petitioner contends that the authority to detain under the
AUMF is limited to the conflict in Afghanistan. Reply, ECF No.
585 at 18-19. However, the AUMF contains no geographical
limitation. As persuasively explained by another Judge on this
Court:
The 2001 AUMF was a sweeping delegation of power that, on its face, contains no geographical limitation. See Pub. L. No. 107-40, § 2(a), 115 Stat. at 224. As Respondents point out, that is significant. See Resp'ts’ Br. at 7. Congress has routinely placed geographic boundaries on its authorizations for the use of military force. In the 2002 Authorization for Use of Military Force in Iraq (“Iraq AUMF”), for example, Congress limited the President's use of force to the “threat posed by Iraq.” Authorization
4 Throughout this Memorandum Opinion and Order, the Court uses the spelling of al Qaeda used by the Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit.
6 for Use of Military Force Against Iraq Resolution of 2002, Pub. L. No. 107-243, § 3(a)(1), 116 Stat. 1498. Earlier, in 1983, Congress limited the President's authority to exercise his war powers in the Lebanon War to “continu[ing] participation by United States Armed Forces in the Multinational Force in Lebanon.” Joint Resolution, Pub. L. No. 98- 119, § 3, 97 Stat. 805 (1983) (emphasis added).
In contrast, the 2001 AUMF is not limited by geography, but empowers the President to use force wherever he may find the “nations, organizations, or persons” who “planned, authorized, committed, aided” the September 11 terrorist attacks and those who harbored them. Pub. L. No. 107-40, § 2(a), 115 Stat. at 224. Unlike the Iraq AUMF or the 1983 Joint Resolution, there is simply no statutory hook for [Petitioner's] argument that the 2001 AUMF is limited to hostilities in Afghanistan.
Gul v. Biden, Case No. 16-CV-01462 (APM), 2021 WL 5206199, * 2
(D.D.C. November 8, 2021).
Turning to caselaw, Petitioner points out that in Hamdi,
the Supreme Court interpreted the 2001 AUMF to authorize
“detention of [those] individuals . . . for the duration of the
particular conflict in which they were captured,” 542 U.S. at
518 (emphasis added); and argues that “[i]n every case
considering the ‘end of hostilities’ question raised by a
Guantanamo detainee, the court has always conducted the analysis
with respect to whether the U.S. forces were engaged in
7 hostilities in Afghanistan,” Reply, ECF No. 585 at 18 (citing
Al-Alwi, 901 F.3d at 298; Al-Bihani, 590 F.3d at 874. 5
For the reasons explained below, the Court does not read
these authorities to limit geographically the “sweeping
delegation of power” in the AUMF. Furthermore, the cases upon
which Petitioner relies are distinguishable because it is
unclear whether in any of the cases an argument was made that
either the AUMF or the particular conflict for which the
respective Petitioners were detained was limited to Afghanistan.
In Hamdi, the Petitioner was an American citizen alleged to
have taken up arms with the Taliban in Afghanistan the aftermath
of the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. See Hamdi, 542
U.S. at 510. This factual underpinning informed the Supreme
Court’s conclusion that his detention was authorized by the
AUMF: “The United States may detain, for the duration of these
hostilities, individuals legitimately determined to be Taliban
combatants who ‘engaged in an armed conflict against the United
States.’ If the record establishes that United States troops are
still involved in active combat in Afghanistan, those detentions
are part of the ‘necessary and appropriate force,’ and therefore
are authorized by the AUMF.” Id. at 521.
5 The Court addresses only the mandatory authority cited by Petitioner.
8 In Al-Alwi, the Court of Appeals for the District of
Columbia Circuit (“D.C. Circuit”) rejected the Petitioner’s
argument that the authority to detain him had “unraveled” due to
the duration of the “Afghanistan-based conflict” on the grounds
that “‘[a]ctive combat operations against Taliban fighters
apparently are ongoing in Afghanistan.’” Al-Alwi, 901 F.3d at
298 (quoting Hamdi, 542 U.S. at 521).
Finally, in Al-Bihani, the D.C. Circuit affirmed the denial
of the petition for a writ of habeas corpus, disagreeing with
Petitioner’s argument there that the conflict with the Taliban
had ended, citing the number of U.S. and Coalition troops in
Afghanistan. 590 F.3d at 874. In response to a similar argument
made to another Judge on this court, he persuasively concluded
that:
the consequences of this court magnifying the D.C. Circuit's passing reference to “in Afghanistan” to a statement restricting the scope of the Executive's power to wage congressionally authorized war are simply incredible. [Petitioner] would have this court read Al-Bihani to stand for the proposition that all war-on-terror detainees arrested in Afghanistan are no longer lawfully detained. That the court cannot do when, as here, its authority is at its nadir, and neither a higher court, Congress, nor the Executive has geographically bound the relevant conflict to Afghanistan. See Ludecke, 335 U.S. at 170 (“These are matters of political judgment for which judges have neither technical competence nor official responsibility.”).
Gul, 2021 WL 5206199, *3.
9 Petitioner notes that the Factual Return “focus[es]
overwhelmingly on his alleged hostile activities in or related
to Afghanistan and Khaldan training camp.” Reply, ECF No. 585 at
14 n.70. However, the Factual Return alleges activities and
plans beyond Afghanistan—specifically in Pakistan and Iran. See
Factual Return, ECF No. 474-1 at 35-40 (travel between Pakistan
and Afghanistan); 62 (entry in Petitioner’s diary regarding
creating a cell in Iran “and meet with group which [would] work
in Palestine, without the knowledge of the Iranian government”).
Furthermore, Petitioner is alleged to be part of and to have
substantially supported al Qaeda, which as explained infra,
operates out of Afghanistan and elsewhere.
Petitioner acknowledges that “the purpose of detention is
to prevent captured individuals from returning to the field of
battle and taking up arms again,” Sursurreply, ECF No. 600 at 9
(quoting Hamdi, 542 U.S. at 518); but asserts that since the war
in Afghanistan has ended, there is no battlefield for Petitioner
to return to, id. The Court disagrees. Respondents have, as
explained in detail below, provided ample support for the
representation that al Qaeda still operates in Afghanistan and
elsewhere.
For these reasons, the Court concludes that Respondents’
authority to detain Petitioner is not limited to the conflict in
Afghanistan.
10 C. Hostilities Against al Qaeda, and Associated Forces Remain Ongoing in Afghanistan and Elsewhere
Petitioner contends that “the United States has defeated al
Qaeda in Afghanistan and there are no active hostilities.”
Pet’r’s Mot., ECF No. 576-1 at 8.
As explained supra, “[t]he AUMF authorizes detention for
the duration of the conflict between the United States and the
Taliban and al Qaeda.” Al-Alwi, 901 F.3d at 299. Where “the
Executive Branch represents, with ample support from the record
evidence, that the hostilities described in the AUMF continue,”
the Court must defer to the Executive Branch’s determination.
Id. at 300. 6 Here, as set forth below, the record amply supports
the Executive Branch’s representation that hostilities against
al Qaeda have not ceased.
On September 28, 2021, the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of
Staff, in testimony before the Senate Armed Services Committee
testified as follows: “[T]he Al Qaeda threat globally is still
there. The threat in Afghanistan has an opportunity now to
potentially reconstitute, although it’s been ripped apart pretty
steadily over 20 years. And Al Qaeda has displaced to other
parts of the world . . . [T]here’s several affiliates worldwide,
6 Respondent does not dispute the role of the court in reviewing the support in the record evidence supporting the Executive Branch’s representations here. See, e.g., Surreply, ECF No. 590 at 7. Accordingly, the Court declines to address Respondents’ separation of powers argument.
11 some of which are quite capability [sic] and definitely have
aspirations to attack the United States.” Bloomberg Government,
Testimony before the Senate Armed Services Committee Hearing
(Sept. 28, 2021), ECF No. 590-4 at 94. “Al Qaeda is still in
Afghanistan. They were there in mid-August.” Id. at 47. “I
believe al Qaeda is in Afghanistan. I believe they have
aspirations to reconstitute and if they develop the capability I
believe they have aspirations to strike. It’s too early in the
process right now . . . to determine the capability. But I do
believe they exist. … I think al Qaeda is at war with the United
States, still. And never has not been.” Id. at 71.
At the same hearing, General McKenzie, Commander, U.S.
Central Command, testified as follows: “Al Qaeda . . . maintains
a presence in Afghanistan.” Id. at 92. We know that Al Qaeda is
“gathering their strength, but we have yet to see how that’s
going to manifest itself, but we know for certainty [sic] that
they do aspire to attack us in our own land.” Id. “So, that
threat, it has metastasized and it is resident in other parts of
the world … [and] it certainly is in Afghanistan.” Id.
Furthermore, Secretary of Defense Austin testified that
days before the September 28, 2021 hearing, a Senior al Qaeda
figure in Syria was killed in an “over-the-horizon operation.”
Id. at 11.
12 On September 9, 2021, President Biden reaffirmed that
“[t]he terrorist threat that led to the declaration on September
14, 2001 of a national emergency continues.” Letter to the
Speaker of the House of Representatives and the President of the
Senate on the Continuation of the National Emergency with
Respect to Certain Terrorist Attacks (Sept. 9, 2021), ECF No.
590-9 at 2.
Respondents also point to the two classified declarations
submitted with their Surreply that “further detail the nature of
the current ongoing conflict against [al Qaeda] and associated
forces in areas of Africa and the Middle East, including
Afghanistan, noting specifically that U.S. forces remain engaged
in active hostilities with [al Qaeda] and associated forces in
these regions.” Surreply, ECF No. 590 at 19. The Court has
reviewed the classified declarations and finds that they support
the statements made.
The 2021 annual report of worldwide threats to the national
security of the U.S. states as follows:
[Al Qaeda’s] senior leadership cadre has suffered severe losses in the past few years, but remaining leaders will encourage cooperation among regional elements, continue calls for attacks against the United States and other international targets, and seek to advance plotting around the world. [Al Qaeda’s] regional affiliates will exploit local conflicts and ungoverned spaces to threaten US and Western interests, as well as local governments and populations abroad.
13 [Al Qaeda’s] affiliates in the Sahel and Somalia have made gains during the past two years, but the group experienced setbacks elsewhere, including losing key leaders or managing only limited operations in North Africa, South Asia, Syria and Yemen.
Office of the Director of National Intelligence, Annual Threat
Assessment (Apr. 9, 2021), ECF No. 590-10 at 24.
Respondents further state that “[al Qaeda] considers its
war against the United States to continue and remains intent on
perpetrating attacks against the United States,” Surreply, ECF
No. 590 at 20; citing a video released on September 11, 2021
featuring al Qaeda’s current leader, Ayman al-Zawahiri, see
FDD’s Long War Journal, Ayman al Zawahiri promotes “Jerusalem
Will Not Be Judaized” campaign in new video (Sept. 11, 2021)
(“Long War Journal”), ECF No. 590-12; see also Congressional
Research Service, Al Qaeda: Background, Current Status, and U.S.
Policy (“CRS Report”) (June 14, 2021), ECF No. 590-11 at 2 (“[Al
Qaeda’s] leader, or emir, is Ayman al Zawahiri, an Egyptian who
succeeded Bin Laden.”). The article describing the video
reports, among other things, that al-Zawahiri states that “[w]e
must fight the battle on different fronts,” id. at 7; “[w]e must
understand that repelling this Crusader campaign entails the
efforts of successive generations,” id. at 8; that “operations
on enemy soil and beyond enemy lines” are important, id.; and
14 that “[w]e are a united Ummah, waging one war on different
fronts,” id.
According to the June 2021 CRS Report cited supra,
U.S. officials assess that many [al Qaeda] core leaders are based in Afghanistan, where the group has been weakened but not eliminated. According to a December 2020 Department of Defense (DOD) report, “[Al Qaeda’s] remaining core leaders pose a limited threat to U.S. coalition forces in Afghanistan because they are focused primarily on survival.”
The Taliban committed to preventing [a]l Qaeda from using Afghan soil as part of the February 2020 U.S.-Taliban agreement under which U.S. troops are being withdrawn from Afghanistan. Still, [a]l Qaeda’s decades-long ties with the Taliban appear strong.
CRS Report, ECF No. 590-11 at 2-3. The Report notes that that
there are a number of al Qaeda affiliates throughout the Middle
East and Africa. Id. at 3. The Report states that the U.S. “has
conducted airstrikes on [al Qaeda] targets in at least seven
countries since 2012, and U.S. forces have engaged in ground
combat against [al Qaeda] in Afghanistan, Somalia and Yemen in
recent years,” id.; and that in addition to direct military
action, “the U.S. seeks to combat [a]l Qaeda and other terrorist
threats ‘by, with, and through’ local partners [and that] [al
Qaeda]-linked groups are a leading threat to, and target of,
countries to which the U.S. has provided millions of dollars in
security assistance,” id.
15 According to a June 1, 2021 Analytical Support and
Sanctions Monitoring Team Report to the United Nations Security
Council, “[l]arge numbers of [al Qaeda] fighters and other
foreign extremist elements aligned with the Taliban are located
in various parts of Afghanistan.” Report of the Analytic Support
and Sanctions Monitoring Team, U.N. Doc. S/2021/486 (June 1,
2021), ECF No. 590-13 at 4.
Finally, on June 8, 2021, the President reported the
following military actions against al Qaeda: (1) “working by,
with, and through local partners in conducting airstrikes and
other necessary operations . . . against [al Qaeda] in Syria”;
and (2) “[a] small number of United States military personnel
are deployed in Yemen to conduct operations against [al Qaeda]
in the Arabian Peninsula.” Letter from the President, Letter to
the Speaker of the House and President Pro Tempore of the Senate
Regarding the War Powers Report (June 8, 2021), ECF No. 590-16
at 3, 4.
In support of his contention that al Qaeda has been
defeated and there are no active hostilities, Petitioner cites
book reviews and news reports to support the proposition that
“the al Qaeda that existed when [Petitioner] was captured and
almost killed way back in 2002 no longer exists [because it] has
morphed into a shadowy and ill-defined network in quasi-
franchise form all over the world.” Reply, ECF No. 585 at 16.
16 However, the Executive Branch’s evidence set forth above
demonstrates that al Qaeda is anything but “shadowy” and “ill-
defined.”
Petitioner rejects Respondents’ position that his detention
would remain authorized if, for example, hostilities broke out
between the U.S. and the al Qaeda affiliate in Somalia because
he is being “imprisoned on account of his allegedly hostile
activities in Afghanistan.” Reply, ECF No. 585 at 16. However,
and as explained above, Petitioner’s detention is based on his
allegedly being part of and substantially supported al Qaeda and
associated forces, not because the allegations occurred in
Afghanistan. Furthermore, Petitioner’s reliance of al Odah v.
United States is entirely misplaced. In al Odah, the Court
declined entirely to address the merits of Petitioner’s request
that the Court order his immediate release and repatriation upon
the cessation of active hostilities Afghanistan on the ground
that the the issue was not yet ripe. 62 F. 3d 101, 109 (D.D.C.
2014).
Petitioner argues that “that the original al Qaeda no
longer exists” because all of the al Qaeda leaders other than
Ayman al-Zawahiri, who is rumored to have died, have either been
killed or captured. Sursurreply, ECF No. 600 at 9-10. However,
as explained supra, Respondent has provided evidence of a
September 11, 2021 video in which al-Zawahiri states, among
17 other things, “[w]e must fight the battle on different fronts.”
Long War Journal, ECF No. 590-12 at 7. More generally, and as
explained in detail supra, hostilities against al Qaeda have not
ceased. Respondent acknowledges that “[al Qaeda’s] remaining
core leadership has been degraded and currently posts a more
limited threat to the U.S. homeland” but represents, and
provides support in the record, that the existing “leadership
continues to assert direction for, seek the loyalty of, and
encourage cooperation and growth among regional [al Qaeda]
affiliates, which continue to pursue recruitment and plotting,
especially in unstable or vulnerable areas, and threaten local
U.S. personnel, interests, and partners.” Surreply, ECF No. 590
at 19 (citing Annual Threat Assessment at 23.)
Petitioner also asserts that “when the government speaks of
al Qaeda, it often fails to identify precisely which entity it
is referring to, even though it has the burden of proof to do
so.” Id. at 4. Petitioner points to a 2005 document entitled
“The History of al Qaeda,” prepared by a scholar and Near and
Middle East expert for the Office of Net Assessment in the
Department of Defense. 7 Sursurreply, ECF No. 600 at 10 n.14. In
7The Office of Net Assessment “provide[s] long-term comparative assessments of trends, key competitions, risks, opportunities, and future prospects of U.S. military capability to the Secretary of Defense and Deputy Secretary of Defense.” See https://www.defense.gov/About/Office-of-the-Secretary-of- Defense/Office-of-Net-Assessment/, last visited May 26, 2022.
18 this report, the author argues that U.S. officials have had a
poor understanding of al Qaeda for most of the time it has
existed. Sursurreply, ECF No. 600 at 10. Based on this
assessment, Petitioner disputes that it is appropriate for
Respondent to “insist now, without providing even an iota of
proof, that every group that decides to assume the al Qaeda name
for whatever reasons (because using the same aids in recruiting
fighters and provides cachet, etc.), is indeed part of the
original al Qaeda.” Id. at 13. The Court disagrees. Respondents
have described in detail the current status of al Qaeda in
Afghanistan, the various al Qaeda affiliates, and the
relationship between those affiliates and al-Zawahiri.
Petitioner complains that Respondents have failed to
provide information “on exactly what ‘military operations
against al-Qaeda and associated forces’ are still being
conducted by U.S. forces in Afghanistan.” Sursurreply, ECF No.
600 at 8. However, whether or not such military operations are
being conducted in Afghanistan is beside the point since as
explained supra, Petitioner’s detention is not based on whether
military operations against al Qaeda and associated forces in
For all of these reasons, and in view of the deference due
to the Executive Branch’s determination, the Court concludes
19 that hostilities against al Qaeda and associated forces remain
ongoing. 8
III. Conclusion and Order
For the reasons stated above, it is hereby
ORDERED that Petitioner’s Motion for an Order Requiring his
Immediate Release and Repatriation, ECF No. 576, is DENIED.
SO ORDERED.
Signed: Emmet G. Sullivan United States District Judge June 10, 2022
8 The Court need not address Respondents’ arguments regarding Army Regulation 190-8, ECF No. 578 at 40-51; as Petitioner does not invoke it as a source of his rights, Reply, ECF No. 585 at 25.