In the Missouri Court of Appeals Eastern District DIVISION ONE
M.S., ) No. ED102861 ) Respondent, ) Appeal from the Circuit Court ) of St. Louis County vs. ) ) Honorable Nancy N. Watkins N.M., ) ) Appellant. ) FILED: April 5, 2016
Appellant N.M. appeals from the trial court's granting, following a hearing, of
Respondent M.S.'s request for a Judgment of the Full Order of Protection against N.M., pursuant
to the Adult Abuse Act, Sections 455.010-455.090, RSMo (Cum. Supp. 2013)1. We reverse.
I. BACKGROUND
N.M. and M.S. have known each other since 2012, when N.M. worked as a coach in an
amateur baseball league run by M.S. On March 13, 2015, M.S. filed a Petition for Order of
Protection, checking the pre-printed box alleging N.M. was "Stalking" M.S. The trial court
issued an Ex Parte Order of Protection against N.M.
A hearing was held on April 2, 2015, at which four witnesses testified. M.S. presented
testimony regarding two separate events in which he alleged N.M. engaged in unwanted conduct
1 The Adult Abuse Act was revised effective August 28, 2015; however, the prior version was still in effect at the time of the events in the matter at hand. that caused him alarm. First, M.S. testified that in the summer of 2012, while N.M. was still
coaching for a team in M.S.'s league, M.S., along with the league's commissioner and chief
umpire, met with N.M. to discuss his coaching style, which had resulted in several ejections from
games. M.S. testified that the conversation turned into N.M. "screaming" and "hollering" at
them.
M.S. then testified that N.M. was allowed to stay in the league and coach the team until
the end of the 2012 season, after which he was dismissed. M.S. said he had no contact with
N.M. after the summer of 2012 until the second incident, a phone call made by N.M. on March 3,
2015. N.M. called M.S. at his office, and M.S. alleges N.M. threatened to cut M.S.'s head off,
break his knees, put his boot down M.S.'s throat and knock his dentures out. N.M. was upset
about the way M.S. was running his league. M.S. testified that after the call, he was very upset
and decided to call the Clayton Police. He said he took N.M.'s threats very seriously and "swore
to God he would kill me."
At the hearing, N.M. testified that his conversation with M.S. in the summer of 2012 was
heated but he does not remember making any threats to M.S. N.M. admitted that he called M.S.
on March 3, 2015, and claimed they again had a "heated" discussion about their baseball leagues.
N.M. admitted he made "references to cartoon violence, such as putting one's foot up one's rear."
S.G., a coworker of M.S., testified that he was there on March 3, 2015, and saw M.S.'s
reaction after the phone call. He said M.S. looked "pretty shaken" after the call, and that M.S.
called the police a few minutes after hanging up with N.M.
After all evidence was presented, the trial court found N.M. had engaged in "Stalking" as
defined by Section 455.010(13), RSMo (Cum. Supp. 2013), and entered a Judgment of the Full
Order of Protection against N.M.. This appeal follows.
2 II. DISCUSSION
N.M. raises three points on appeal, all alleging the trial court erred in entering a Judgment
of the Full Order of Protection against N.M. because M.S. failed to prove the necessary elements
required for a finding of stalking. N.M. claims there was insufficient evidence to show that his
actions were part of an unwanted course of conduct, which did not have a legitimate purpose,
and that M.S. was in fear of physical harm.
Standard of Review
On appeal from a court-tried case, we will affirm the judgment unless there is no
substantial evidence to support it, it is against the weight of the evidence, or it erroneously
declares or applies the law. E.M.B. v. A.L., 462 S.W.3d 450, 452 (Mo. App. E.D. 2015) (citing
Murphy v. Carron, 536 S.W.3d 30 (Mo. banc 1976)). We view all evidence and permissible
inferences drawn therefrom in the light most favorable to the judgment. E.M.B., 462 S.W.3d at
452. "Because of the potential stigma that may attach to an individual who is labeled a 'stalker'
under the Missouri Adult Abuse Act, trial courts must exercise great care to ensure sufficient
evidence exists to support all elements of the statute before entering a full order of protection."
Id.
Analysis
Section 455.010(13) defines "stalking" as when "any person purposely and repeatedly
engages in an unwanted course of conduct that causes alarm to another person when it is
reasonable in that person's situation to have been alarmed by the conduct." "Alarm" is defined as
causing fear of danger of physical harm." Section 455.010(13)(a). "Course of conduct" is
defined as "a pattern of conduct composed of repeated acts over a period of time, however short,
that serves no legitimate purpose. Such conduct may include, but is not limited to, following the
3 other person or unwanted communication or unwanted contact." Section 455.010(13)(b).
"Repeated" is defined as two or more incidents "evidencing a continuity of purpose." Section
455.010(13)(c).
N.M. alleges the trial court erred in finding that his behavior toward M.S. amounted to
stalking, arguing insufficient evidence was presented to show his behavior met the elements of
stalking. We agree. First, M.S. failed to present sufficient evidence of the statutorily required
repeated course of conduct. Again, repeated is defined for statutory purposes as "two or more
incidents evidencing a continuity of purpose." Section 455.010(13)(c). Here, M.S. claims that
an argument in the summer of 2012 and a phone call in March of 2015 are the two incidents
which make up the course of conduct that served no legitimate purpose and caused him to feel
alarmed.
However, these two incidents, separated by almost three years, lack the necessary
connection and qualities to try and show a repeated, unwanted course of conduct by N.M. which
made M.S. feel alarmed. First, the incident in the summer of 2012 was initiated by M.S.. He,
along with the commissioner and chief umpire of his amateur baseball league, approached N.M.
about adjusting his behavior while coaching. The discussion turned into an argument both sides
describe as "heated," with M.S. alleging that N.M. began screaming and hollering at the other
men.
Fowler v. Minehart contains discussion of a similar situation. 412 S.W.3d 917, 922 (Mo.
App. S.D. 2013). In Fowler, the court found that because a "heated conversation" was initiated
by Fowler, the petitioner for the protective order, "the conversation could not qualify as an
'unwanted communication' or 'unwanted contact.'" 412 S.W.3d at 922. Thus, even if the
4 conversation between N.M. and M.S. turned "heated," it does not qualify as part of an "unwanted
course of conduct" because M.S. initiated the conversation with N.M..
Further, no evidence exists that N.M.'s behavior during the incident in the summer of
2012 caused M.S. to feel alarmed. M.S. did not testify that the argument caused him to be
alarmed, and in fact N.M. was allowed to remain a coach in the baseball league for the remainder
of the summer. "'Proof of alarm involves both a subjective and an objective component.'"
E.A.B. v.
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In the Missouri Court of Appeals Eastern District DIVISION ONE
M.S., ) No. ED102861 ) Respondent, ) Appeal from the Circuit Court ) of St. Louis County vs. ) ) Honorable Nancy N. Watkins N.M., ) ) Appellant. ) FILED: April 5, 2016
Appellant N.M. appeals from the trial court's granting, following a hearing, of
Respondent M.S.'s request for a Judgment of the Full Order of Protection against N.M., pursuant
to the Adult Abuse Act, Sections 455.010-455.090, RSMo (Cum. Supp. 2013)1. We reverse.
I. BACKGROUND
N.M. and M.S. have known each other since 2012, when N.M. worked as a coach in an
amateur baseball league run by M.S. On March 13, 2015, M.S. filed a Petition for Order of
Protection, checking the pre-printed box alleging N.M. was "Stalking" M.S. The trial court
issued an Ex Parte Order of Protection against N.M.
A hearing was held on April 2, 2015, at which four witnesses testified. M.S. presented
testimony regarding two separate events in which he alleged N.M. engaged in unwanted conduct
1 The Adult Abuse Act was revised effective August 28, 2015; however, the prior version was still in effect at the time of the events in the matter at hand. that caused him alarm. First, M.S. testified that in the summer of 2012, while N.M. was still
coaching for a team in M.S.'s league, M.S., along with the league's commissioner and chief
umpire, met with N.M. to discuss his coaching style, which had resulted in several ejections from
games. M.S. testified that the conversation turned into N.M. "screaming" and "hollering" at
them.
M.S. then testified that N.M. was allowed to stay in the league and coach the team until
the end of the 2012 season, after which he was dismissed. M.S. said he had no contact with
N.M. after the summer of 2012 until the second incident, a phone call made by N.M. on March 3,
2015. N.M. called M.S. at his office, and M.S. alleges N.M. threatened to cut M.S.'s head off,
break his knees, put his boot down M.S.'s throat and knock his dentures out. N.M. was upset
about the way M.S. was running his league. M.S. testified that after the call, he was very upset
and decided to call the Clayton Police. He said he took N.M.'s threats very seriously and "swore
to God he would kill me."
At the hearing, N.M. testified that his conversation with M.S. in the summer of 2012 was
heated but he does not remember making any threats to M.S. N.M. admitted that he called M.S.
on March 3, 2015, and claimed they again had a "heated" discussion about their baseball leagues.
N.M. admitted he made "references to cartoon violence, such as putting one's foot up one's rear."
S.G., a coworker of M.S., testified that he was there on March 3, 2015, and saw M.S.'s
reaction after the phone call. He said M.S. looked "pretty shaken" after the call, and that M.S.
called the police a few minutes after hanging up with N.M.
After all evidence was presented, the trial court found N.M. had engaged in "Stalking" as
defined by Section 455.010(13), RSMo (Cum. Supp. 2013), and entered a Judgment of the Full
Order of Protection against N.M.. This appeal follows.
2 II. DISCUSSION
N.M. raises three points on appeal, all alleging the trial court erred in entering a Judgment
of the Full Order of Protection against N.M. because M.S. failed to prove the necessary elements
required for a finding of stalking. N.M. claims there was insufficient evidence to show that his
actions were part of an unwanted course of conduct, which did not have a legitimate purpose,
and that M.S. was in fear of physical harm.
Standard of Review
On appeal from a court-tried case, we will affirm the judgment unless there is no
substantial evidence to support it, it is against the weight of the evidence, or it erroneously
declares or applies the law. E.M.B. v. A.L., 462 S.W.3d 450, 452 (Mo. App. E.D. 2015) (citing
Murphy v. Carron, 536 S.W.3d 30 (Mo. banc 1976)). We view all evidence and permissible
inferences drawn therefrom in the light most favorable to the judgment. E.M.B., 462 S.W.3d at
452. "Because of the potential stigma that may attach to an individual who is labeled a 'stalker'
under the Missouri Adult Abuse Act, trial courts must exercise great care to ensure sufficient
evidence exists to support all elements of the statute before entering a full order of protection."
Id.
Analysis
Section 455.010(13) defines "stalking" as when "any person purposely and repeatedly
engages in an unwanted course of conduct that causes alarm to another person when it is
reasonable in that person's situation to have been alarmed by the conduct." "Alarm" is defined as
causing fear of danger of physical harm." Section 455.010(13)(a). "Course of conduct" is
defined as "a pattern of conduct composed of repeated acts over a period of time, however short,
that serves no legitimate purpose. Such conduct may include, but is not limited to, following the
3 other person or unwanted communication or unwanted contact." Section 455.010(13)(b).
"Repeated" is defined as two or more incidents "evidencing a continuity of purpose." Section
455.010(13)(c).
N.M. alleges the trial court erred in finding that his behavior toward M.S. amounted to
stalking, arguing insufficient evidence was presented to show his behavior met the elements of
stalking. We agree. First, M.S. failed to present sufficient evidence of the statutorily required
repeated course of conduct. Again, repeated is defined for statutory purposes as "two or more
incidents evidencing a continuity of purpose." Section 455.010(13)(c). Here, M.S. claims that
an argument in the summer of 2012 and a phone call in March of 2015 are the two incidents
which make up the course of conduct that served no legitimate purpose and caused him to feel
alarmed.
However, these two incidents, separated by almost three years, lack the necessary
connection and qualities to try and show a repeated, unwanted course of conduct by N.M. which
made M.S. feel alarmed. First, the incident in the summer of 2012 was initiated by M.S.. He,
along with the commissioner and chief umpire of his amateur baseball league, approached N.M.
about adjusting his behavior while coaching. The discussion turned into an argument both sides
describe as "heated," with M.S. alleging that N.M. began screaming and hollering at the other
men.
Fowler v. Minehart contains discussion of a similar situation. 412 S.W.3d 917, 922 (Mo.
App. S.D. 2013). In Fowler, the court found that because a "heated conversation" was initiated
by Fowler, the petitioner for the protective order, "the conversation could not qualify as an
'unwanted communication' or 'unwanted contact.'" 412 S.W.3d at 922. Thus, even if the
4 conversation between N.M. and M.S. turned "heated," it does not qualify as part of an "unwanted
course of conduct" because M.S. initiated the conversation with N.M..
Further, no evidence exists that N.M.'s behavior during the incident in the summer of
2012 caused M.S. to feel alarmed. M.S. did not testify that the argument caused him to be
alarmed, and in fact N.M. was allowed to remain a coach in the baseball league for the remainder
of the summer. "'Proof of alarm involves both a subjective and an objective component.'"
E.A.B. v. C.G.W., 415 S.W.3d 795, 799 (Mo. App. E.D. 2013) (quoting Skovira v. Talley, 369
S.W.3d 780, 785 (Mo. App. S.D. 2012)). Thus, M.S. "had to prove that: (1) [N.M.]'s conduct
caused him to subjectively fear physical harm; and (2) a reasonable person under the same
circumstances would have feared physical harm." Id.
No evidence was presented that M.S. did fear physical harm following the summer of
2012 argument, nor that a reasonable person would have feared physical harm after the
argument. N.M. was allowed to remain as a coach in the league run by M.S., and there were no
further issues between the two during that summer prior to N.M. being dismissed at the end of
the season. Thus, M.S. failed to meet his burden of showing the summer of 2012 incident was
unwanted and failed to show that he was alarmed and feared physical harm afterwards.
The next event M.S. attempts to use to establish and unwanted course of conduct is the
March 3, 2015 phone call made by N.M. to M.S. M.S. alleges N.M. made several threats toward
him, and N.M. admits that he made "references to cartoon violence, such as putting one's foot up
one's rear." M.S., however, took N.M.'s threats very seriously and "swore to God he would kill
me." M.S.'s coworker, S.G., testified that M.S. looked "pretty shaken" after the phone call, and
that M.S. quickly called the police afterwards.
5 There is certainly sufficient evidence to show that M.S. felt the requisite level of alarm
from N.M.'s unwanted conduct. N.M. initiated the contact between the two, and his screaming
of physical threats at M.S. caused M.S. to fear he was in danger of physical harm, as evidenced
by his quickly calling the police after the phone conversation with N.M.. However, another
requirement of the stalking statute is that the unwanted course of conduct be engaged in
"repeatedly" by the accused party. Section 455.010(13). The statute defines repeated as
consisting of two or more incidents "evidencing a continuity of purpose." We find M.S. has
failed to show that the two incidents he cites show a continuity of purpose on N.M.'s part.
Again, after the summer of 2012 incident, M.S. did not testify that he was scared or felt
threatened in any way by N.M. N.M. was allowed to coach in M.S.'s baseball league for the
remainder of the season. They then went their separate ways, having no contact for almost three
years. This lack of any contact whatsoever, much less "repeated" contact amounting to "an
unwanted course of conduct," leads us to find M.S. has failed to meet his evidentiary burden in
showing he was being stalked by N.M.. "[A] single event causing alarm 'is insufficient to prove
stalking because of the absence of repeated acts over a period of time.'" E.A.B., 415 S.W.3d at
799, quoting Dennis v. Henley, 314 S.W.3d 786, 791 (Mo. App. S.D. 2010). M.S. has failed to
show repeated acts by N.M. which made him fear for his physical safety.
We find the trial court's decision to enter a Judgment for the Full Order of Protection
against N.M. was not supported by the evidence, in that M.S. failed to show a repeated,
unwanted course of conduct that alarmed him and made him fear physical harm. N.M.'s first and
third points on appeal are granted. As we are granting N.M.'s first and third points, we decline to
reach his second point on appeal regarding the trial court's decision to refuse evidence of M.S.'s
business activities in an attempt to show N.M.'s conduct had a legitimate purpose.
6 III. CONCLUSION
The judgment of the trial court is reversed and we remand the cause with instruction to
the trial court to vacate the Full Order of Protection and deny M.S.'s petition.
___________________________________ ROY L. RICHTER, Judge
Robert G. Dowd, Jr., P.J., concurs. Mary K. Hoff, J., concurs.