CARLTON, Judge.
The primary question for determination is whether the trial court erred in allowing the motions for summary judgment.
G.S. 1A-1, Rule 56(c) provides in part as follows:
The [summary] judgment sought shall be rendered forthwith if the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that any party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.
By the clear language of the rule itself, the motion for summary judgment can be granted only upon a showing by the mov-ant (1) that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact, and (2) that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.
Kiser v. Snyder,
17 N.C. App. 445, 194 S.E. 2d 638 (1973).
Upon motion for summary judgment the burden is on the moving party to establish the lack of a triable issue of fact. 11 Strong, N. C. Index 3d, Rules of Civil Procedure, § 56.2, p. 354. Where a moving party supports his motion for summary judgment by appropriate means, which are uncontroverted, the trial judge is fully justified in granting relief thereon. However, it is further clear that summary judgment should be granted with caution and only where the movant has established the nonexistence of any genuine issue of fact. That showing must be made in the light most favorable to the party opposing the summary judgment and that party should be accorded all favorable inferences that may be deduced from the showing. The reason for this is that a party should not be deprived of an adequate opportunity fully to develop his case by witnesses in a trial where the issues involved make such procedure the appropriate one.
Rogers v. Peabody Coal Co.,
342 F. 2d 749 (6th Cir. 1965). The papers of the moving party are carefully scrutinized and those of the opposing party are, on the whole, indulgently regarded.
Singleton v. Stewart,
280 N.C. 460, 186 S.E. 2d 400 (1972).
While G.S. 1A-1, Rule 56, like its federal counterpart, is available in all types of litigation to both plaintiff and defendant, both state and federal decisions have established the proposition that issues of negligence are ordinarily not susceptible of summary adjudication either for or against the claimant, but should be resolved by trial in the ordinary manner. It is only in exceptional negligence cases that summary judgment is appropriate. Stricter application of the summary judgment motion to negligence cases has evolved because, in those situations, the rule of the prudent man (or other applicable standard of care) must be applied, and ordinarily the jury should apply it under appropriate instructions from the court.
Page v. Sloan,
281 N.C. 697, 190 S.E. 2d 189 (1972); 6 Moore’s Federal Practice, § 56.17, at 2583 (2d ed. 1971);
Rogers v. Peabody Coal Company, supra; Kiser v. Snyder, supra.
The intrinsic procedural difficulty of summary judgment, and the confusion in dealing with the device in negligence actions, is that even though there is no dispute about how an accident occurred, the presence or absence of negligence often remains a question of fact which requires a trial under traditional principles of the law of negligence. 73 Am. Jur. 2d, Summary Judgment, § 6, p. 729.
In applying the foregoing rules to the evidentiary material before us in the case at bar, we conclude that the motion for summary judgment was improperly allowed for the defendants Thrifty Gas Company, Clarence Jones and Gladys Warlick.
These defendants and the plaintiffs offered directly conflicting affidavits. The affidavit of the consulting engineer, Ronald E. Kirk, offered by plaintiffs, concluded as follows:
Based on the foregoing stated reasons, it is my professional opinion that the Wallace report of the subject explosion, and the affidavit given by Mr. Wallace to the court, which I am personally familiar with, do not conclusively establish as a matter of scientific fact any one of the following:
(1) That a space heater valve was in the “on” position before the explosion; and,
(2) That the installation of the heating system was done in complete compliance with the American National Standards Institute and other recognized codes of safety standards.
In light of the conflicting expert affidavits, it is clear that a genuine issue of fact as to negligence was raised and that the defendants failed to carry the burden of showing that there was a lack of any triable issue of fact and that they were therefore entitled to judgment as a matter of law.
Obviously necessary to our decision above is a finding that the affidavit of Ronald E. Kirk was admissible at the hearing. These defendants argue that it was not properly admissible. We disagree.
G.S. 1A-1, Rule 56(e) provides that affidavits in support of or in opposition to a motion for summary judgment “shall be made on personal knowledge, shall set forth such facts as would be admissible in evidence, and shall show affirmatively that the affiant is competent to testify to the matters stated therein.” These defendants argue that the Kirk affidavit is-not based on personal knowledge in that it is a critique of the Wallace affidavit and therefore is based on hearsay.
We believe the Kirk affidavit meets the test of G.S. 1A-1, Rule 56(e). The affiant was clearly competent to testify to the matters stated therein. While Kirk had no “personal knowledge”
of the explosion itself, his affidavit was not tendered to evaluate the cause of the explosion but for the express purpose of evaluating the professional report of his counterpart, Mr. Wallace. His affidavit is narrowly drawn to accomplish that purpose. The “personal knowledge” required by the rule refers to personal knowledge of the matter about which the affiant testifies. Here, Kirk had personal knowledge of the Wallace report and affidavit and limited his testimony to an evaluation of them. In that context, we do not consider his affidavit to be based on hearsay.
While it constituted harmless error, we agree with these defendants that the affidavit of David Smith was improperly admitted.
Official writings must be authenticated in some manner in order to be admitted into evidence. 1 Stansbury, N.C. Evidence, § 153 (Brandis Rev. 1973). The authentication procedure for official writings in North Carolina is prescribed by G.S. 8-34 and G.S. 1A-1, Rule 44(a).
G.S. 8-34 provides in part as follows:
Copies of all official . . . writings, papers, or documents, recorded or filed as records in any court, or public office, . . . shall be as competent evidence as the originals, when certified by the keeper of such records or writings under the seal of his office when there is such seal, or under his hand when there is no such seal, unless the court shall order the production of the original.
G.S. 1A-1, Rule 44(a) provides in part as follows:
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CARLTON, Judge.
The primary question for determination is whether the trial court erred in allowing the motions for summary judgment.
G.S. 1A-1, Rule 56(c) provides in part as follows:
The [summary] judgment sought shall be rendered forthwith if the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that any party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.
By the clear language of the rule itself, the motion for summary judgment can be granted only upon a showing by the mov-ant (1) that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact, and (2) that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.
Kiser v. Snyder,
17 N.C. App. 445, 194 S.E. 2d 638 (1973).
Upon motion for summary judgment the burden is on the moving party to establish the lack of a triable issue of fact. 11 Strong, N. C. Index 3d, Rules of Civil Procedure, § 56.2, p. 354. Where a moving party supports his motion for summary judgment by appropriate means, which are uncontroverted, the trial judge is fully justified in granting relief thereon. However, it is further clear that summary judgment should be granted with caution and only where the movant has established the nonexistence of any genuine issue of fact. That showing must be made in the light most favorable to the party opposing the summary judgment and that party should be accorded all favorable inferences that may be deduced from the showing. The reason for this is that a party should not be deprived of an adequate opportunity fully to develop his case by witnesses in a trial where the issues involved make such procedure the appropriate one.
Rogers v. Peabody Coal Co.,
342 F. 2d 749 (6th Cir. 1965). The papers of the moving party are carefully scrutinized and those of the opposing party are, on the whole, indulgently regarded.
Singleton v. Stewart,
280 N.C. 460, 186 S.E. 2d 400 (1972).
While G.S. 1A-1, Rule 56, like its federal counterpart, is available in all types of litigation to both plaintiff and defendant, both state and federal decisions have established the proposition that issues of negligence are ordinarily not susceptible of summary adjudication either for or against the claimant, but should be resolved by trial in the ordinary manner. It is only in exceptional negligence cases that summary judgment is appropriate. Stricter application of the summary judgment motion to negligence cases has evolved because, in those situations, the rule of the prudent man (or other applicable standard of care) must be applied, and ordinarily the jury should apply it under appropriate instructions from the court.
Page v. Sloan,
281 N.C. 697, 190 S.E. 2d 189 (1972); 6 Moore’s Federal Practice, § 56.17, at 2583 (2d ed. 1971);
Rogers v. Peabody Coal Company, supra; Kiser v. Snyder, supra.
The intrinsic procedural difficulty of summary judgment, and the confusion in dealing with the device in negligence actions, is that even though there is no dispute about how an accident occurred, the presence or absence of negligence often remains a question of fact which requires a trial under traditional principles of the law of negligence. 73 Am. Jur. 2d, Summary Judgment, § 6, p. 729.
In applying the foregoing rules to the evidentiary material before us in the case at bar, we conclude that the motion for summary judgment was improperly allowed for the defendants Thrifty Gas Company, Clarence Jones and Gladys Warlick.
These defendants and the plaintiffs offered directly conflicting affidavits. The affidavit of the consulting engineer, Ronald E. Kirk, offered by plaintiffs, concluded as follows:
Based on the foregoing stated reasons, it is my professional opinion that the Wallace report of the subject explosion, and the affidavit given by Mr. Wallace to the court, which I am personally familiar with, do not conclusively establish as a matter of scientific fact any one of the following:
(1) That a space heater valve was in the “on” position before the explosion; and,
(2) That the installation of the heating system was done in complete compliance with the American National Standards Institute and other recognized codes of safety standards.
In light of the conflicting expert affidavits, it is clear that a genuine issue of fact as to negligence was raised and that the defendants failed to carry the burden of showing that there was a lack of any triable issue of fact and that they were therefore entitled to judgment as a matter of law.
Obviously necessary to our decision above is a finding that the affidavit of Ronald E. Kirk was admissible at the hearing. These defendants argue that it was not properly admissible. We disagree.
G.S. 1A-1, Rule 56(e) provides that affidavits in support of or in opposition to a motion for summary judgment “shall be made on personal knowledge, shall set forth such facts as would be admissible in evidence, and shall show affirmatively that the affiant is competent to testify to the matters stated therein.” These defendants argue that the Kirk affidavit is-not based on personal knowledge in that it is a critique of the Wallace affidavit and therefore is based on hearsay.
We believe the Kirk affidavit meets the test of G.S. 1A-1, Rule 56(e). The affiant was clearly competent to testify to the matters stated therein. While Kirk had no “personal knowledge”
of the explosion itself, his affidavit was not tendered to evaluate the cause of the explosion but for the express purpose of evaluating the professional report of his counterpart, Mr. Wallace. His affidavit is narrowly drawn to accomplish that purpose. The “personal knowledge” required by the rule refers to personal knowledge of the matter about which the affiant testifies. Here, Kirk had personal knowledge of the Wallace report and affidavit and limited his testimony to an evaluation of them. In that context, we do not consider his affidavit to be based on hearsay.
While it constituted harmless error, we agree with these defendants that the affidavit of David Smith was improperly admitted.
Official writings must be authenticated in some manner in order to be admitted into evidence. 1 Stansbury, N.C. Evidence, § 153 (Brandis Rev. 1973). The authentication procedure for official writings in North Carolina is prescribed by G.S. 8-34 and G.S. 1A-1, Rule 44(a).
G.S. 8-34 provides in part as follows:
Copies of all official . . . writings, papers, or documents, recorded or filed as records in any court, or public office, . . . shall be as competent evidence as the originals, when certified by the keeper of such records or writings under the seal of his office when there is such seal, or under his hand when there is no such seal, unless the court shall order the production of the original.
G.S. 1A-1, Rule 44(a) provides in part as follows:
An official record or an entry therein, when admissible for any purpose, may be evidenced by an official publication thereof or by a copy attested by the officer having the legal custody of the record, or by his deputy, and accompanied with a certificate that such officer has the custody.
The affidavit of Mr. Smith does not show on its face that he is the “keeper of such records” as required by G.S. 8-34. It also does not show on its face that he is the “officer having the legal custody of the records” as required by G.S. 1A-1, Rule 44(a). Moreover, it does not have any seal or certificate on its face which indicates that Mr. Smith was the person having official custody of the record.
We also note from the record the stipulation that plaintiffs requested the court to take judicial notice of G.S. 119-49. This statute sets forth the minimum standards to be applied in installing gas appliances and gas piping. In their brief, plaintiffs also note that they submitted a copy of pamphlet no. 54 of the National Fire Protection Association which establishes the safety codes to be complied with in installing gas appliances and gas piping similar to the system installed at the premises in question. G.S. 119-49 specifically incorporates the provisions of this pamphlet by reference.
Plaintiffs argue that the trial court committed reversible error in failing to take judicial notice of the statute and the rules promulgated thereunder in granting the defendants’ motion for summary judgment. They base this argument on the fact that there is no indication in the trial court’s order that these standards were considered in granting defendants’ motion for summary judgment.
This assignment of error is without merit. We cannot conclude that the trial judge did not consider the statute simply because he did not say so in his judgment. Moreover, a violation of the statute was not pled by the plaintiffs as a specific act of negligence.
Rodgers v. Thompson,
256 N.C. 265, 123 S.E. 2d 785 (1962).
For the reasons stated above, we hold that the motion for summary judgment by the defendants Thrifty Gas Company, Jones, and Warlick was improperly allowed.
With respect to the defendant Williams Energy Company, we agree with the trial court’s ruling. From the uncontroverted affidavit of its division manager asserting that it is a business entirely independent from the other defendants and that it only sold gas to plaintiffs on one occasion, it is clear that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact between that defendant and plaintiffs.
Affirmed as to Williams Energy Company.
Reversed as to Thrifty Gas Company, Inc., Clarence Jones and Gladys Warlick.
Chief Judge MORRIS and Judge MARTIN (Harry C.) concur.