The opinion of the court was delivered by
Johnston, C. J.:
The only question presented for consideration is whether the failure of appellant to have the lease in question recorded within ninety days after its execution and to have the property listed for taxation renders the lease null and void. The trial ■court, it is stated, held that the lease was void for noncompliance with section 1 of chapter 244 of the Laws •of 1897 (Gen. Stat. 1909, § 9334), which reads:
• “That where the fee to the surface of any tract, parcel or lot of land is in any person or persons, natural or ■artificial, and the right or title to any minerals therein is in another or in others, the right to such minerals shall be valued and listed separately from the fee of said land, in separate entries and descriptions, and such land itself and said right to the minerals therein shall be separately taxed to the owners thereof respectively. The register of deeds shall furnish to the county clerk, who shall furnish on the first day of March each year to each assessor where such mineral reserves exist and are a matter of record, a certified description of all such reserves; provided, that when such reserves or leases are not recorded within ninety days after execution, they shall become void if not listed for taxation.”
This provision has been interpreted and its validity upheld. (Mining Co. v. Crawford County, 71 Kan. 276; Gas Co. v. Neosho County, 75 Kan. 335.) It is [140]*140argued that the act was only intended to apply to solid minerals, such as coal, lead and zinc, and that because' of their peculiar attributes oil and gas are not capable of ownership in place and can not have been within the-legislative purpose. The terms of the act are broad enough to embrace minerals of every kind, and it is well settled that oil and gas, although fugitive fluids, are minerals. (Zinc Co. v. Freeman, 68 Kan. 691; Murray v. Allred, 100 Tenn. 100.) It has also been determined that although oil and gas in place are a part of the realty, the stratum in which they are found is capable of severance, and by an appropriate writing the owner of the land may.transfer the stratum containing oil and gas to another. Such party acquires an estate in and title to the stratum of oil ,and gas, and thereafter it becomes the subject of taxation, encumbrance or conveyance. (Kurt v. Lanyon, 72 Kan. 60; Moore v. Griffin, 72 Kan. 164; Barrett v. Coal Co., 70 Kan. 649; Chartiers Block Coal Co., Appellant, v. Mellon, 152 Pa. St. 286.)
It being competent for an owner of land, by contract or conveyance, to sever an underlying layer or stratum of oil or gas from other parts of the land and thus vest, the title of the layer in another, there remains the question whether the writing executed by Henry Carbon is. sufficient to accomplish a severance of the mineral from the remainder of the land. The ordinary agreement, giving the lessee the right to enter and explore for oil and gas and to sever and own any that may be found* paying a royalty to the owner of the land, is a license* which does not operate as a severance of the minerals. In Gas Co. v. Neosho County, 75 Kan. 335, the act providing for taxing separate mineral interests in lands, was considered, and it was there pointed out that a. lease of the type just mentioned grants no estate, gives, no title, does not operate to sever the oil and gas from the land, and is therefore not separately taxable to the lessee. On the other hand, attention is called to an[141]*141other class of writings which do transfer an estate in the mineral and operate to sever the ownership of the oil and gas from the ownership of the surface. It will be observed that the lease in question gives more than a license, more than an incorporeal hereditament. It “grants, conveys and warrants unto Robert Fleming, second party, his heirs, successors and assigns, all the oil, coal and gas in and under the following described premises.” In connection with the grant the right is given to enter and use the surface so far as may be necessary for the second party to avail himself of the use and benefit of the part conveyed. The consideration was a certain quantity of the coal and oil produced and a certain amount annually for each gas well used, together with gas sufficient to supply the residence of the grantor. In another paragraph of the instrument provision is made for the reconveyance of the premises by the second party, it being stipulated that if no well is drilled within ten years he shall reconvey the property to the first party, and when this is done the instrument first made shall be null and void. There is also a provision that the first party reserves to himself oil and gas for his own use on the premises for domestic purposes. The language of the instrument is manifestly that of a grant, and not of a license. It purports to convey all of the coal, oil and gas underneath the tract of land, instead of a privilege, or license, to prospect for and to sever and own so much of it as the lessee might find. It transfers at once, and makes him the owner of, the minerals under this tract of land- — a very different thing from giving him the right to prospect and to own only that which he finds and brings to the surface. The character of the instrument is indicated to some extent by the fact that the grant, together with the accompanying rights and privileges, was extended to the heirs, successors and assigns of the grantee. Then there is the reservation of oil and gas for domestic purposes, by which the grantor proceeds [142]*142on the theory that he is taking back something out of that which was granted and which would have passed to the grantee but for the reservation. The name by which the writing is designated is not a matter of great consequence, as what is called a lease may as effectually transfer the minerals underneath a tract of land as a more formal instrument of conveyance. A severance, such as the statute in question contemplates, may be made by an exception or reservation in a deed, or by an express grant in any other instrument.
In Sanderson v. Scranton, 105 Pa. St. 469, where there was an agreement by an owner leasing all of the coal under the surface of land and providing that a certain quantity should be mined by the lessee each year, that monthly payments should be made by the lessee in proportion to the quantity mined, and extending the rights and privileges conferred by the lease to the heirs, executors, administrators and assigns, it was held “that this agreement was not merely a license or lease to mine coal to become the lessee’s when mined, but it operated as such a severance of the surface and subjacent strata, and a sale or assignment of the coal in place, as would relieve the owner of the surface from responsibility for taxes levied upon the coal.” (Syllabus. See, also, Peterson v. Hall, 57 W. Va. 535.)
We see no difference in applying the act to cases such as this, where the underlying strata of land have become vested in different owners. Counsel for appellant say the lease or reserve must be taxed, if at all, as personal property, and suggest difficulties in determining the situs of such property. It is the interests or estates severed and created which are to be taxed, and not the instrument creating the separate interests. In Gas Co. v. Neosho County, 75 Kan. 335, it was demonstrated that the mineral rights carved out and made subject to taxation were to be treated as realty, and not as personal property. It was said:
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The opinion of the court was delivered by
Johnston, C. J.:
The only question presented for consideration is whether the failure of appellant to have the lease in question recorded within ninety days after its execution and to have the property listed for taxation renders the lease null and void. The trial ■court, it is stated, held that the lease was void for noncompliance with section 1 of chapter 244 of the Laws •of 1897 (Gen. Stat. 1909, § 9334), which reads:
• “That where the fee to the surface of any tract, parcel or lot of land is in any person or persons, natural or ■artificial, and the right or title to any minerals therein is in another or in others, the right to such minerals shall be valued and listed separately from the fee of said land, in separate entries and descriptions, and such land itself and said right to the minerals therein shall be separately taxed to the owners thereof respectively. The register of deeds shall furnish to the county clerk, who shall furnish on the first day of March each year to each assessor where such mineral reserves exist and are a matter of record, a certified description of all such reserves; provided, that when such reserves or leases are not recorded within ninety days after execution, they shall become void if not listed for taxation.”
This provision has been interpreted and its validity upheld. (Mining Co. v. Crawford County, 71 Kan. 276; Gas Co. v. Neosho County, 75 Kan. 335.) It is [140]*140argued that the act was only intended to apply to solid minerals, such as coal, lead and zinc, and that because' of their peculiar attributes oil and gas are not capable of ownership in place and can not have been within the-legislative purpose. The terms of the act are broad enough to embrace minerals of every kind, and it is well settled that oil and gas, although fugitive fluids, are minerals. (Zinc Co. v. Freeman, 68 Kan. 691; Murray v. Allred, 100 Tenn. 100.) It has also been determined that although oil and gas in place are a part of the realty, the stratum in which they are found is capable of severance, and by an appropriate writing the owner of the land may.transfer the stratum containing oil and gas to another. Such party acquires an estate in and title to the stratum of oil ,and gas, and thereafter it becomes the subject of taxation, encumbrance or conveyance. (Kurt v. Lanyon, 72 Kan. 60; Moore v. Griffin, 72 Kan. 164; Barrett v. Coal Co., 70 Kan. 649; Chartiers Block Coal Co., Appellant, v. Mellon, 152 Pa. St. 286.)
It being competent for an owner of land, by contract or conveyance, to sever an underlying layer or stratum of oil or gas from other parts of the land and thus vest, the title of the layer in another, there remains the question whether the writing executed by Henry Carbon is. sufficient to accomplish a severance of the mineral from the remainder of the land. The ordinary agreement, giving the lessee the right to enter and explore for oil and gas and to sever and own any that may be found* paying a royalty to the owner of the land, is a license* which does not operate as a severance of the minerals. In Gas Co. v. Neosho County, 75 Kan. 335, the act providing for taxing separate mineral interests in lands, was considered, and it was there pointed out that a. lease of the type just mentioned grants no estate, gives, no title, does not operate to sever the oil and gas from the land, and is therefore not separately taxable to the lessee. On the other hand, attention is called to an[141]*141other class of writings which do transfer an estate in the mineral and operate to sever the ownership of the oil and gas from the ownership of the surface. It will be observed that the lease in question gives more than a license, more than an incorporeal hereditament. It “grants, conveys and warrants unto Robert Fleming, second party, his heirs, successors and assigns, all the oil, coal and gas in and under the following described premises.” In connection with the grant the right is given to enter and use the surface so far as may be necessary for the second party to avail himself of the use and benefit of the part conveyed. The consideration was a certain quantity of the coal and oil produced and a certain amount annually for each gas well used, together with gas sufficient to supply the residence of the grantor. In another paragraph of the instrument provision is made for the reconveyance of the premises by the second party, it being stipulated that if no well is drilled within ten years he shall reconvey the property to the first party, and when this is done the instrument first made shall be null and void. There is also a provision that the first party reserves to himself oil and gas for his own use on the premises for domestic purposes. The language of the instrument is manifestly that of a grant, and not of a license. It purports to convey all of the coal, oil and gas underneath the tract of land, instead of a privilege, or license, to prospect for and to sever and own so much of it as the lessee might find. It transfers at once, and makes him the owner of, the minerals under this tract of land- — a very different thing from giving him the right to prospect and to own only that which he finds and brings to the surface. The character of the instrument is indicated to some extent by the fact that the grant, together with the accompanying rights and privileges, was extended to the heirs, successors and assigns of the grantee. Then there is the reservation of oil and gas for domestic purposes, by which the grantor proceeds [142]*142on the theory that he is taking back something out of that which was granted and which would have passed to the grantee but for the reservation. The name by which the writing is designated is not a matter of great consequence, as what is called a lease may as effectually transfer the minerals underneath a tract of land as a more formal instrument of conveyance. A severance, such as the statute in question contemplates, may be made by an exception or reservation in a deed, or by an express grant in any other instrument.
In Sanderson v. Scranton, 105 Pa. St. 469, where there was an agreement by an owner leasing all of the coal under the surface of land and providing that a certain quantity should be mined by the lessee each year, that monthly payments should be made by the lessee in proportion to the quantity mined, and extending the rights and privileges conferred by the lease to the heirs, executors, administrators and assigns, it was held “that this agreement was not merely a license or lease to mine coal to become the lessee’s when mined, but it operated as such a severance of the surface and subjacent strata, and a sale or assignment of the coal in place, as would relieve the owner of the surface from responsibility for taxes levied upon the coal.” (Syllabus. See, also, Peterson v. Hall, 57 W. Va. 535.)
We see no difference in applying the act to cases such as this, where the underlying strata of land have become vested in different owners. Counsel for appellant say the lease or reserve must be taxed, if at all, as personal property, and suggest difficulties in determining the situs of such property. It is the interests or estates severed and created which are to be taxed, and not the instrument creating the separate interests. In Gas Co. v. Neosho County, 75 Kan. 335, it was demonstrated that the mineral rights carved out and made subject to taxation were to be treated as realty, and not as personal property. It was said:
“It is contemplated that there shall be an estate con[143]*143sisting of what is left after the mineral rights have been carved out, and that there shall be an estate consisting of the mineral rights which have been segregated. The statute further contemplates that each estate must vest in a separate person. The respective proprietors are called ‘owners,’ and the estate in the. minerals is nothing short of the right or title to the minerals themselves as they lie in the ground.” (p. 338.)
In Mining Co. v. Crawford County, 71 Kan. 276, it was suggested that there would be difficulty in enforcing the act and in the assessment of such segregated property, but the suggestion was met by saying that the value of such property might be ascertained and the assessment made under the general rules governing the assessment of real property. As it is the interest in the land and not the instrument which transfers the interest that is taxed, the indefiniteness which counsel see in the act largely disappears. The lease does not become void by the mere failure to record it, but only when there is the additional delinquency of omitting to list it for taxation. If it is recorded as the statute enjoins, the taxing officer has an opportunity to find and assessjthe property conveyed by it; and if the owners omit to record the lease and also omit to list it, and thus bring it to the attention of the taxing officials within the time fixed for listing property, the lease then becomes void, and may be so declared by the court at the instance of any interested party. As the owner of the interest in question failed to record the lease within the prescribed time, and also failed to list the property for taxation, the lease was a nullity, and the judgment of the trial court deciding that it was void is affirmed.