By the Court,
Valentine, J.
Catharine Ward, the plaintiff below, and her husband, John T. Ward, sold and conveyed to Isaac Morris, the defendant below, a certain piece of land and took in payment therefor, a certain instrument in writing, whereby the said Morris promised to pay the said Catharine Ward, $2,150, with interest on condition “ that the title to the land shall be perfected to the said Morris free from all incumbrance, within six months.”
Morris claims that the condition on which he promised to pay the money has not been complied with — that the land is still incumbered. Catharine Ward claims that there was no incumbrance on the land at the time that she and her husband conveyed it to Morris, but that they conveyed it to him free and clear from all incumbrance; and the only question presented in. this court for our consideration is whether the land was free and clear from all incumbrance at the time it was so sold and conveyed.
The title to the land was in the husband, John T. Ward, and long prior to any supposed incumbrance upon it he and his wife, together with their family, resided upon and occupied the same as a homestead, and they continuously occupied it as a homestead from the time they first so occupied it until after they sold and conveyed it to Morris. During the time that they so occupied said land as a homestead, the husband mortgaged it to H. J. Strickler, and after they sold and conveyed it to Morris and abandoned it as a homestead, Strickler foreclosed [243]*243Ms mortgage by a suit against the husband and Morris in the district court. Also during the time that they so occupied said land as a homestead, a judgment was rendered in the district court in favor of O. H. Sweeney and Margaret Sweeney against the husband, and after said sale and abandonment of the homestead, an execution was issued on said judgment, and the land was sold thereon by the sheriff to John M. Gallagher. The wife was not a party to any of these proceedings. ■ The question is narrowed down to this, as we think, whether said mortgage or the said judgment was at the time of said-sale and conveyance by the said Wards to said.Morris any incumbrance on said land; for if the land was at that time, or at any time within six months from the day of sale, free from all incumbrance, then the condition of Morris’ promise had been fulfilled, and he became liable for^the money. We may, however, incidently consider the effect of the foreclosure'decree, and the sale on execution on the land as against Gatharine Ward,-the plaintiff below.
Homestead : Mens upon. These questions depend entirely upon the construction given to our homestead laws. There are at least two views which may be taken of these laws; one is, that the occupying of a piece of land as a homestead merely suspends the operation of any liens, alienations or incumbrances concerning it, during the time that it is so occupied as a homestead; for instance, that every deed, mortgage or other conveyance of the homestead by the husband alone, and every lien or incumbrance obtained through his act, or against him alone, is as effective and binding upon the homestead as it would be upon any other land, except that its operation is merely suspended while it is so occupied as a homestead; and that as soon as the land ceases to be occupied as a homestead [244]*244such deed, mortgage, conveyance, lien or incumbrance, springs full-grown into practical and effective operation; or in other words, that the husband alone, by his own act, may alienate his homestead, as fully and completely as he could any other land, by making a deed, mortgage or other conveyance to it, or by allowing a decree of court to go against him for it, or by allowing a judgment lien to attach thereto, except, however, that such alienation is subject only to the contingency of his continuing to occupy the land as a homestead.. We do not adopt this construction of our homestead laws; we do not believe that the framers of the constitution intended to found the homestead of the family upon such a precarious foundation, or to protect it by such slight and fragile safeguards. The homestead was not intended for the play and sport of capricious husbands merely, nor can it be made liable for his weaknesses or misfortunes. It was not established for the benefit of the husband alone, but for the benefit of the family and of society — to protect the family from destitution, and society from the danger of her citizens becoming paupers.
The other view of the homestead laws, and'the one which we adopt, is that no incumbrance or lien or interest can ever attach to or affect the homestead, except the ones specifically mentioned in the constitution. Hkcpressio unius est exdusio alterius. These are liens for taxes, for the purchase money, for improvements made on the homestead, and liens given by the “joint consent of the husband and wife.” No alienation of the homesteadby the husband alone, in whatever way it may be effected, is of any validity; nothing that he alone can do or suffer to be done, can cast the slightest cloud upon the title to the homestead; it remains absolutely free from all liens and incumbrances except those mentioned in the constitution.
[245]*245In: Constitut¡onai Law. Our constitution provides f§ 9, Article 151 that "a homestead to the extent of one hundred and sixty acres of farming lands, or of one acre within the limits of an incorporated town or city, occupied, as a residence by the family of the owner, together with all the improvements on the same, shall be exempted from forced sale under any process of law, and shall not be alienated without the joint consent of husband and wife when that relation exists, but no property shall be exempt from sale for taxes or for the payment of obligations contracted for the purchase of said premises, or for the erection of improvements thereon; provided, the provisions of this section shall not apply to any process of law obtained by virtue of a lien given by the consent of both husband and wife.”
ID Statute Law-And at the time these supposed incumbrances attached, if they ever attached, the statutes provided [§ 2, Comp. Latos, 548] “ such exemption shall not extend to any mortgage or any instrument in the nature thereof, lawfully obtained, but such mortgage or other alienation or incumbrance of such land by the owner thereof, if a married man, shall not be valid without the signature of the wife to the same, unless such mortgage or other instrument shall be given to secure the payment of the purchase money or some portion thereof.”
Judgment Liens. Section 432 [Comp. Laws, 194] reads as follows: “Lands, tenements, goods and chattels not exempt by law, shall be subject to the payment of debts, and shall be liable to be taken on execution and sold as hereinafter provided.” Section 433 [ Comp. Laws, 194] reads as follows': “ The lands and tenements of the debtor within the county where the judgment is entered shall be bound for the satisfaction thereof, from the first day of the term at which judgment is rendered, but judg[246]*246ment by confession and judgment rendered at the same term at wbicb the action is commenced, shall bind such lands only from the day on which such judgments are rendered. All other lands as well as goods and chattels of the debtor, shall be bound from the time they shall be seized in execution.”
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By the Court,
Valentine, J.
Catharine Ward, the plaintiff below, and her husband, John T. Ward, sold and conveyed to Isaac Morris, the defendant below, a certain piece of land and took in payment therefor, a certain instrument in writing, whereby the said Morris promised to pay the said Catharine Ward, $2,150, with interest on condition “ that the title to the land shall be perfected to the said Morris free from all incumbrance, within six months.”
Morris claims that the condition on which he promised to pay the money has not been complied with — that the land is still incumbered. Catharine Ward claims that there was no incumbrance on the land at the time that she and her husband conveyed it to Morris, but that they conveyed it to him free and clear from all incumbrance; and the only question presented in. this court for our consideration is whether the land was free and clear from all incumbrance at the time it was so sold and conveyed.
The title to the land was in the husband, John T. Ward, and long prior to any supposed incumbrance upon it he and his wife, together with their family, resided upon and occupied the same as a homestead, and they continuously occupied it as a homestead from the time they first so occupied it until after they sold and conveyed it to Morris. During the time that they so occupied said land as a homestead, the husband mortgaged it to H. J. Strickler, and after they sold and conveyed it to Morris and abandoned it as a homestead, Strickler foreclosed [243]*243Ms mortgage by a suit against the husband and Morris in the district court. Also during the time that they so occupied said land as a homestead, a judgment was rendered in the district court in favor of O. H. Sweeney and Margaret Sweeney against the husband, and after said sale and abandonment of the homestead, an execution was issued on said judgment, and the land was sold thereon by the sheriff to John M. Gallagher. The wife was not a party to any of these proceedings. ■ The question is narrowed down to this, as we think, whether said mortgage or the said judgment was at the time of said-sale and conveyance by the said Wards to said.Morris any incumbrance on said land; for if the land was at that time, or at any time within six months from the day of sale, free from all incumbrance, then the condition of Morris’ promise had been fulfilled, and he became liable for^the money. We may, however, incidently consider the effect of the foreclosure'decree, and the sale on execution on the land as against Gatharine Ward,-the plaintiff below.
Homestead : Mens upon. These questions depend entirely upon the construction given to our homestead laws. There are at least two views which may be taken of these laws; one is, that the occupying of a piece of land as a homestead merely suspends the operation of any liens, alienations or incumbrances concerning it, during the time that it is so occupied as a homestead; for instance, that every deed, mortgage or other conveyance of the homestead by the husband alone, and every lien or incumbrance obtained through his act, or against him alone, is as effective and binding upon the homestead as it would be upon any other land, except that its operation is merely suspended while it is so occupied as a homestead; and that as soon as the land ceases to be occupied as a homestead [244]*244such deed, mortgage, conveyance, lien or incumbrance, springs full-grown into practical and effective operation; or in other words, that the husband alone, by his own act, may alienate his homestead, as fully and completely as he could any other land, by making a deed, mortgage or other conveyance to it, or by allowing a decree of court to go against him for it, or by allowing a judgment lien to attach thereto, except, however, that such alienation is subject only to the contingency of his continuing to occupy the land as a homestead.. We do not adopt this construction of our homestead laws; we do not believe that the framers of the constitution intended to found the homestead of the family upon such a precarious foundation, or to protect it by such slight and fragile safeguards. The homestead was not intended for the play and sport of capricious husbands merely, nor can it be made liable for his weaknesses or misfortunes. It was not established for the benefit of the husband alone, but for the benefit of the family and of society — to protect the family from destitution, and society from the danger of her citizens becoming paupers.
The other view of the homestead laws, and'the one which we adopt, is that no incumbrance or lien or interest can ever attach to or affect the homestead, except the ones specifically mentioned in the constitution. Hkcpressio unius est exdusio alterius. These are liens for taxes, for the purchase money, for improvements made on the homestead, and liens given by the “joint consent of the husband and wife.” No alienation of the homesteadby the husband alone, in whatever way it may be effected, is of any validity; nothing that he alone can do or suffer to be done, can cast the slightest cloud upon the title to the homestead; it remains absolutely free from all liens and incumbrances except those mentioned in the constitution.
[245]*245In: Constitut¡onai Law. Our constitution provides f§ 9, Article 151 that "a homestead to the extent of one hundred and sixty acres of farming lands, or of one acre within the limits of an incorporated town or city, occupied, as a residence by the family of the owner, together with all the improvements on the same, shall be exempted from forced sale under any process of law, and shall not be alienated without the joint consent of husband and wife when that relation exists, but no property shall be exempt from sale for taxes or for the payment of obligations contracted for the purchase of said premises, or for the erection of improvements thereon; provided, the provisions of this section shall not apply to any process of law obtained by virtue of a lien given by the consent of both husband and wife.”
ID Statute Law-And at the time these supposed incumbrances attached, if they ever attached, the statutes provided [§ 2, Comp. Latos, 548] “ such exemption shall not extend to any mortgage or any instrument in the nature thereof, lawfully obtained, but such mortgage or other alienation or incumbrance of such land by the owner thereof, if a married man, shall not be valid without the signature of the wife to the same, unless such mortgage or other instrument shall be given to secure the payment of the purchase money or some portion thereof.”
Judgment Liens. Section 432 [Comp. Laws, 194] reads as follows: “Lands, tenements, goods and chattels not exempt by law, shall be subject to the payment of debts, and shall be liable to be taken on execution and sold as hereinafter provided.” Section 433 [ Comp. Laws, 194] reads as follows': “ The lands and tenements of the debtor within the county where the judgment is entered shall be bound for the satisfaction thereof, from the first day of the term at which judgment is rendered, but judg[246]*246ment by confession and judgment rendered at the same term at wbicb the action is commenced, shall bind such lands only from the day on which such judgments are rendered. All other lands as well as goods and chattels of the debtor, shall be bound from the time they shall be seized in execution.”
The whole question in this, case probably depends upon the construction given to these sections of the constitution and statute quoted. The question has been decided both ways in other states, (see authorities cited in counsels’ briefs,) but as the constitutions and statutes of those states differ from ours, the decisions in those states can have but very little'application in this state.
Mortage on Homestead. It seems very plain to us that the mortgage g^ven on the homestead by the husband to StricMer, and not signed by the wife, is absolutely void for all purposes, not binding upon either husband or wife, nor' upon any one else; and we are equally clear that no subsequent sale and conveyance and abandonment of the homestead, nor any other act, could by retroaction, breathe into such a mortgage any vitality.
We are also of opinion that no judgment or decree or other legal proceeding against the husband alone can, so far as it affects the homestead, be binding upon either husband or wife, or upon any one else. Revolk v. Kramer, 8 Cal., 66.
It is claimed that under section 433, [Comp. L., 194] the judgment creditor obtains a lien on the homestead as well as upon other real estate of the judgment debtor, which may be enforced after the land is abandoned as a homestead, but whether it requires the whole family to abandon it, or only a portion of the family, or the husband alone, we are not told. If we read this section, however, in connection with the nest preceeding section [247]*247[Cbmp. L., § 482,194,] we think it will he seen that it is only such lands, as are not exempt by law, that are subject to the payment of debts upon execution, or upon which judgment liens can attach. But suppose we give section 438 the construction claimed for it. Then to obtain a lien upon real estate is to obtain an interest therein, which may in time ripen into a perfect estate, in fee simple. Such interest is really an incumbrance upon the land, such as is claimed by the defendant below. If the judgment claimed to be a lien upon the land, is against the husband alone, then it is obtaining an interest in the homestead of the family through the agency— the act or omission — of the husband alone. It is, so far, an alienation of the homestead by the act or omission of the husband alone, and without the consent of the wife. Such a construction is in direct conflict with the spirit of the constitution, if not with the letter.
It is not for the interest of society that families should forever remain stationary and their homesteads be perpetual prisons; on the contrai’y, it is for the interest of society, as well as of families, that families should be free to go, and reside wherever they can do the best. But if the law-is, as is claimed by the defendant below, then whenever a judgment is rendered against the husband, the family must forever remain where they are at the time such judgment is rendered, or lose not only their homestead, but also the means of acquiring another. The innocent family and society must suffer, through the improvidence — perhaps the- fraud — or the misfortunes of the husband.
It is claimed that the judgment lien remains simply dormant during the time that the land is occupied as a homestead, and that as soon as'it is transferred and ceases to be occupied as a homestead, the lien attaches and be[248]*248comes effective. Now suppose the husband, in whom the title is, dies. The title to the property is immediately, by law, transferred from him to his widow and children, and he ceases to occupy the property as a homestead, will the judgment lien then attach and take the homestead away from the widow and children ? And suppose the whole family die, except those children born after the judgment was rendered, can those children hold the property as a homestead ? If they can, then where is the certainty of a judgment lien ever attaching to a homestead, and becoming effective ? And as long as the lien is not effective, it is practically no lien at all. In the case at bar, several days before the land was abandoned as a homestead, and therefore several days before the judgment lien could have any practical existence, the land was conveyed to Morris. Then when did this lien attach and become effective ?
Upon the whole, we decide the questions in this case as follows:
1. A mortgage of the homestead, executed by the husband alone, is void.
2. A judgment rendered against the husband alone is not a lien on the homestead.
3. Neither is such a mortgage, nor such a judgment any incumbrance on land owned by the husband and occupied by himself and family as a homestead.
4. Such land may be sold and conveyed by the husband and wife, jointly, and the purchaser will take the title, free and clear from all incumbrances, notwithstanding said mortgage and judgment.
5. After said sale and conveyance, and after the land has been abandoned as a homestead, if an execution issue on said judgment, and the land be sold under said execution, the sale is void.
[249]*2496. After said sale and conveyance and abandonment, if a decree of foreclosure be entered on said mortgage, against the husband, in a suit in which the wife is not a party, the decree is void, so far as it affects her interests, and is no evidence of anything as against her. ~We would refer more especially to the following decisions : Lamb v. Shays, 14 Iowa, 567; Cummings v. Long, 16 id., 41; Revolk v. Kramer, 8 Cal., 66.
The judgment of the court below is affirmed.
All the justices concurring.