LENNON, P. J.
This is an appeal upon a bill of exceptions from a judgment in an action of claim and delivery, wherein the plaintiff was awarded possession of a “Ford” automobile, or the sum of $600, the value thereof, in the event that a delivery could not be had, and damages for its detention in the sum of $250.
The pleadings and the evidence in the ease show the undisputed facts, out of which the controversy arose, to be that Morris, the plaintiff, was on September 17, 1907, the owner of the car in dispute, and on that date, by a contract in writing, made a conditional sale of the same to F. J. Zajac and A. Korwin for the sum of $750. Of -the purchase price $350 was paid in cash, and the balance was agreed to be paid in specified installments. It was further provided in the contract of sale that the vendees would not suffer the car to be attached, and that if it was attached, the vendee would immediately notify the vendor of that fact and procure a release of the attachment, and deliver the car to the vendor. Time was of the essence of the contract; and it was especially agreed that until all of the conditions of the contract were performed, the title to the property should remain in the vendor, and that if any of the covenants of the contract were broken by the vendees, the contract, at the option of the vendor, should terminate, whereupon the vendor would be permitted to retake the car, and all payments made and all payments due under .the contract were to be applied and considered as rent.
On October 14, 1907, while the car was in the possession of Zajac and Eorwin, and still subject to the terms and conditions of the contract of conditional sale, the defendant Howard
procured a writ of attachment to be issued out of the justice court, in an action instituted against Zajac alone, and the defendant Allen, as constable, and by virtue of the writ, levied upon and took possession of the car. Korwin’s interest in the car was never attached or purchased by Howard. Neither Zajac nor Korwin procured a release of the attachment, and the balance due on the purchase price not having been paid or offered to be paid, either by the vendees or the defendants, the plaintiff demanded of the defendants, in a written, verified claim, which set out his title and the source thereof, that they deliver the car to him. Compliance with this demand was refused, and on March 7, 1908, plaintiff brought this action.
No claim was made upon behalf of the defendants that they had paid, or even offered to pay, to the plaintiff the balance of the purchase price due under the
contract;
and as their answer in effect repudiated the rights and title of the plaintiff by pleading that Zajac was the owner of the ear by absolute purchase, there is no merit in the contention that the judgment of the lower court should have subrogated them to whatever rights the vendees had in the car prior to the levy of the writ of attachment.
(Liver
v.
Mills,
155 Cal. 463, [101 Pao. 299].)
The plaintiff’s complaint is in the form usually employed in actions of claim and delivery, and general damages only, in the sum of $300, for the wrongful taking and detention are pleaded and prayed for.
At the trial it was established without conflict or objection that at the date of the taking the value of the car was $600, but over the objection of the defendants the plaintiff, upon the issue of general damages, was permitted to testify that during the one year and six months the ear was in the possession of the defendants it had depreciated in value to the extent of $400.
The defendants objected to this testimony solely upon the ground that it was immaterial; and it is now insisted that the ruling of the trial court was erroneous because, as it is claimed, the damages proved and recovered were special in their nature, and could not, in the face of the objection, be shown in evidence without being specially pleaded.
This contention cannot he maintained. The plaintiff in an action for the recovery of personal property may have judgment for the possession of the property or for the value thereof, in the event that a delivery cannot be had, and damages for its detention. (Code Civ. Proc., sec. 667.) Under this section of the code the value of the property replevied and damages for its detention are separate and independent items, and the damages which may be pleaded, proven and recovered are general, or special, or both. It is the general rule, where the plaintiff prevails, that even though the property has been delivered to him on the writ, he is entitled to a judgment, not only affirming his right of possession, but awarding him as well such pleaded and proven damages 'as will compensate him for the injury sustained by reason of the wrongful taking and detention.
While it is true, as suggested by the defendant, that the damages, either general or special, which a successful plaintiff may recover in replevin, must be connected with and incident to the possession of the property in dispute, it is equally true that the plaintiff must receive full indemnity for the injury he has sustained; and it necessarily follows that where the property sought to be replevied diminishes in value while it is wrongfully detained the depreciation is a proper element of damages. (Wells on Replevin, sec. 535; Cobbey on Replevin, 853; 2 Sedgwick on Damages, sec. 536.)
General damages are those which necessarily result from the act complained of, and may be shown in evidence under a general allegation of damages.
Special damages are those that are the natural, but 'not the necessary, result of the act complained of, and not being implied by law, they must be particularly pleaded and proven.
That the defendant may not be taken unawares is the reason for the rule requiring the cause of a special damage to be specifically pleaded, and it is obvious that when the source of the damage is the direct and necessary result of the act complained of, the rule cannot be invoked or applied.
(Stevenson
v.
Smith,
28 Cal. 102, [87 Am. Dec. 107] ;
Treadwell
v.
Whittier,
80 Cal. 579, [13 Am. St. Rep. 175, 22 Pac. 266, 5 L. R. A. 498].) The manufacture of motor vehicles is still largely in its infancy; and it is a matter of common knowl
edge that by reason of the many changes and improvements that are made from year to year an automobile manufactured and marketed in any one year necessarily decreases in value asía salable commodity with each succeeding year of its existence. This being so, damage from depreciation by reason of lapse of time was the direct and necessary result of the wrongful taking and detention in the case at bar, and was rightfully proven and assessed under the" general allegation of damages. (2 Sedgwick on Damages, sec. 536;
Young
v.
Willet,
8 Bosw. (N. Y.) 486.)
The case of
Stevenson
v.
Smith,
28 Cal. 102, [87 Am. Dec. 107], is cited to the point, and strongly relied upon by the defendants, but nothing that is said there is opposed to the views here expressed.
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LENNON, P. J.
This is an appeal upon a bill of exceptions from a judgment in an action of claim and delivery, wherein the plaintiff was awarded possession of a “Ford” automobile, or the sum of $600, the value thereof, in the event that a delivery could not be had, and damages for its detention in the sum of $250.
The pleadings and the evidence in the ease show the undisputed facts, out of which the controversy arose, to be that Morris, the plaintiff, was on September 17, 1907, the owner of the car in dispute, and on that date, by a contract in writing, made a conditional sale of the same to F. J. Zajac and A. Korwin for the sum of $750. Of -the purchase price $350 was paid in cash, and the balance was agreed to be paid in specified installments. It was further provided in the contract of sale that the vendees would not suffer the car to be attached, and that if it was attached, the vendee would immediately notify the vendor of that fact and procure a release of the attachment, and deliver the car to the vendor. Time was of the essence of the contract; and it was especially agreed that until all of the conditions of the contract were performed, the title to the property should remain in the vendor, and that if any of the covenants of the contract were broken by the vendees, the contract, at the option of the vendor, should terminate, whereupon the vendor would be permitted to retake the car, and all payments made and all payments due under .the contract were to be applied and considered as rent.
On October 14, 1907, while the car was in the possession of Zajac and Eorwin, and still subject to the terms and conditions of the contract of conditional sale, the defendant Howard
procured a writ of attachment to be issued out of the justice court, in an action instituted against Zajac alone, and the defendant Allen, as constable, and by virtue of the writ, levied upon and took possession of the car. Korwin’s interest in the car was never attached or purchased by Howard. Neither Zajac nor Korwin procured a release of the attachment, and the balance due on the purchase price not having been paid or offered to be paid, either by the vendees or the defendants, the plaintiff demanded of the defendants, in a written, verified claim, which set out his title and the source thereof, that they deliver the car to him. Compliance with this demand was refused, and on March 7, 1908, plaintiff brought this action.
No claim was made upon behalf of the defendants that they had paid, or even offered to pay, to the plaintiff the balance of the purchase price due under the
contract;
and as their answer in effect repudiated the rights and title of the plaintiff by pleading that Zajac was the owner of the ear by absolute purchase, there is no merit in the contention that the judgment of the lower court should have subrogated them to whatever rights the vendees had in the car prior to the levy of the writ of attachment.
(Liver
v.
Mills,
155 Cal. 463, [101 Pao. 299].)
The plaintiff’s complaint is in the form usually employed in actions of claim and delivery, and general damages only, in the sum of $300, for the wrongful taking and detention are pleaded and prayed for.
At the trial it was established without conflict or objection that at the date of the taking the value of the car was $600, but over the objection of the defendants the plaintiff, upon the issue of general damages, was permitted to testify that during the one year and six months the ear was in the possession of the defendants it had depreciated in value to the extent of $400.
The defendants objected to this testimony solely upon the ground that it was immaterial; and it is now insisted that the ruling of the trial court was erroneous because, as it is claimed, the damages proved and recovered were special in their nature, and could not, in the face of the objection, be shown in evidence without being specially pleaded.
This contention cannot he maintained. The plaintiff in an action for the recovery of personal property may have judgment for the possession of the property or for the value thereof, in the event that a delivery cannot be had, and damages for its detention. (Code Civ. Proc., sec. 667.) Under this section of the code the value of the property replevied and damages for its detention are separate and independent items, and the damages which may be pleaded, proven and recovered are general, or special, or both. It is the general rule, where the plaintiff prevails, that even though the property has been delivered to him on the writ, he is entitled to a judgment, not only affirming his right of possession, but awarding him as well such pleaded and proven damages 'as will compensate him for the injury sustained by reason of the wrongful taking and detention.
While it is true, as suggested by the defendant, that the damages, either general or special, which a successful plaintiff may recover in replevin, must be connected with and incident to the possession of the property in dispute, it is equally true that the plaintiff must receive full indemnity for the injury he has sustained; and it necessarily follows that where the property sought to be replevied diminishes in value while it is wrongfully detained the depreciation is a proper element of damages. (Wells on Replevin, sec. 535; Cobbey on Replevin, 853; 2 Sedgwick on Damages, sec. 536.)
General damages are those which necessarily result from the act complained of, and may be shown in evidence under a general allegation of damages.
Special damages are those that are the natural, but 'not the necessary, result of the act complained of, and not being implied by law, they must be particularly pleaded and proven.
That the defendant may not be taken unawares is the reason for the rule requiring the cause of a special damage to be specifically pleaded, and it is obvious that when the source of the damage is the direct and necessary result of the act complained of, the rule cannot be invoked or applied.
(Stevenson
v.
Smith,
28 Cal. 102, [87 Am. Dec. 107] ;
Treadwell
v.
Whittier,
80 Cal. 579, [13 Am. St. Rep. 175, 22 Pac. 266, 5 L. R. A. 498].) The manufacture of motor vehicles is still largely in its infancy; and it is a matter of common knowl
edge that by reason of the many changes and improvements that are made from year to year an automobile manufactured and marketed in any one year necessarily decreases in value asía salable commodity with each succeeding year of its existence. This being so, damage from depreciation by reason of lapse of time was the direct and necessary result of the wrongful taking and detention in the case at bar, and was rightfully proven and assessed under the" general allegation of damages. (2 Sedgwick on Damages, sec. 536;
Young
v.
Willet,
8 Bosw. (N. Y.) 486.)
The case of
Stevenson
v.
Smith,
28 Cal. 102, [87 Am. Dec. 107], is cited to the point, and strongly relied upon by the defendants, but nothing that is said there is opposed to the views here expressed. In that ease the distinction which exists between general and special damages is clearly pointed out, and the rule of pleading applied when the latter form of damages is relied upon for the wrongful taking and detention of personal property. Beyond this the case affords no relief to the defendants, for it was there held that neither of the items sought to be proved necessarily resulted from the mere taking and detention of the property sought to be replevied, and that one of them was not even consequential upon any of the facts alleged in the complaint but resulted from other and independent acts of the defendant.
By the terms of the judgment the plaintiff was awarded the possession of the automobile or the value thereof, which was fixed at $600, in the event that -a delivery could not be had. In addition, however, the sum of $250 as damages for the detention was awarded unconditionally, and the defendants now complain that if the judgment were to be executed as it is written, the plaintiff, in the event that the property could not be returned, would recover, in addition to the $350 previously paid on the purchase price, the value of the automobile, in the sum of $600, and $250 more for its detention.
Incidentally, it may be stated that the point immediately under discussion savors much of a moot question, for it was conceded by both parties at the oral argument that the judgment had been partially satisfied by a delivery of the automobile into the possession of the plaintiff under a writ of execution.
However that may be, if the judgment in question were not susceptible of a more liberal construction than that which the defendants here contend for, it would indeed require modification at our hands, for it would practically give the plaintiff $1,200 for property which was sold originally for $700. (Cobbey on Replevin, sec. 961;
Garrett
v.
Wood,
3 Kan. 231.) Certainly no such result was contemplated by the trial court, nor would it be countenanced here.
While the judgment would have been free from ambiguity if the award of damages had been expressly made dependent upon the return of the property in suit, yet a fair and reasonable interpretation of the judgment warrants the conclusion that the award of damages relates to and is dependent upon the execution of the clause awarding possession. In brief, the sum and substance of the judgment is that, in the event a delivery cannot be had, plaintiff shall recover $600, the value of the automobile, but in case a delivery can be had, the plaintiff shall recover only $250 by way of damages for its detention. So construed the judgment meets the requirements of the pleadings, the proof and the law.
The defendants make their last stand upon the contention that the contract of conditional sale is void because the clause entitling the vendor to immediate possession of the property sold, if it be taken on attachment or execution, is repugnant to the interest created 'and in restraint of alienation.
This contention, it seems to us, is refuted by the very statement of the proposition upon which it is founded. Admittedly the contract of sale in the case at bar is conditional; and it is the settled law of this state that where, as here, title to the thing sold is, by the terms of the contract, reserved in the vendor until the purchase price is fully paid, no title passes to the vendee, notwithstanding delivery, until there has been a full performance of the condition as to payment.
(Putnam
v.
Lamphier,
36 Cal. 151;
Vermont Marble Co.
v.
Brow,
109 Cal. 236, [50 Am. St. Rep. 37, 41 Pac. 1031];
Van Allen
v.
Francis,
123 Cal. 477, [56 Pac. 339] ;
Ward Land Co.
v.
Mapes,
147 Cal. 747, [82 Pac. 426].) Section 711 of the Civil Code, which declares “that conditions restraining alienation, when repugnant to the interest created, are void,” is but a codification of the ever-existing policy of the law declaring
void conditions ¡accompanying the
absolute
transfer of property which attempt to restrain or restrict the subsequent sale thereof. To .alienate property signifies its transfer, and implies the right by title to do so. Obviously a person without title to property cannot make a valid transfer of it; and as the vendees in the ease at bar never had any title to the property in dispute, it cannot be said that the condition in the contract, which provided that the vendees would not permit the property to-be attached, was repugnant to or in any sense in restraint of their right and power to alienate whatever interest or rights they may have had in the contract itself. While it may be true that the vendee under a contract of conditional sale acquires a defeasible interest in the property sold, which, before default, he may sell or assign, nevertheless he has no attachable interest in the property until such time as he has fully complied with the condition concerning payment of the purchase price. (Drake on Attachment, sec. 246;
Central Loan Co.
v.
Campbell Com. Co., 5
Okl. 396, [49 Pac. 48];
McIver
v.
Williamson etc. Co.,
19 Okl. 454, [92 Pac. 170, 13 L. R. A., N. S., 696].)
The condition in the contract in controversy which provides that the seller will not suffer the property to be attached manifestly was intended solely for the protection of the vendor’s rights against the encroachments of the vendees’ creditors, and it was no more a condition in restraint of alienation than was the condition that title should not pass until the payment of the purchase price.
The judgment appealed from is affirmed.
Hall, J., and Kerrigan, J., concurred.
A petition for a rehearing of this cause was denied by the district court of appeal on January 20, 1912.