Dismiss and Opinion Filed September 20, 2022
In The Court of Appeals Fifth District of Texas at Dallas No. 05-22-00385-CR
MORGAN RENEE MCCOMB, Appellant V. THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee
On Appeal from the 380th Judicial District Court Collin County, Texas Trial Court Cause No. 380-84981-2021
MEMORANDUM OPINION Before Justices Molberg, Partida-Kipness, and Carlyle Opinion by Justice Molberg
In an effort to give new life to a long-dead question, appellant Morgan Renee
McComb asks us, in essence, to allow the same type of interlocutory criminal appeal
the Texas Supreme Court foreclosed more than 150 years ago in Chavis v. State, 33
Tex. 446 (Tex. 1870), where the court stated, in an appeal of a denial of a motion to
quash an indictment:
It is very difficult to imagine how this case gets before us. The appellant is indicted for [an offense]. A motion is made to quash the indictment; the motion is overruled, and an appeal is attempted to be taken to this court.
No appeal should have been allowed. . . . . . . Were such a practice permitted, no person charged with crime could ever be brought to trial, as there would be no end of motions to quash, and no end of appeals from the judgments of the court.
Id. at 447.
In this case, McComb attempts a similar appeal, but with a new tool: the
Texas Citizens Participation Act (TCPA), first enacted by the legislature in 2011 as
chapter twenty-seven of the Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code.1 Specifically,
McComb appeals the trial court’s April 13, 2022 order denying her motion to dismiss
her indictment2 under the TCPA. In a single issue, she argues the trial court “erred
by not dismissing a prosecution related to the exercise of free speech, brought in
violation of the First Amendment, a right specifically enumerated within the
protection of the TCPA.”
For the reasons stated below, we conclude we lack jurisdiction over this
interlocutory criminal appeal and dismiss the appeal for lack of jurisdiction.
1 See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE §§ 27.001–.011. All citations to the TCPA are to the current version unless otherwise indicated. 2 McComb is charged with online impersonation under penal code section 33.07, which states, in part: (a) A person commits an offense if the person, without obtaining the other person’s consent and with the intent to harm, defraud, intimidate, or threaten any person, uses the name or persona of another person to:
(1) create a web page on a commercial social networking site or other Internet website; or
(2) post or send one or more messages on or through a commercial social networking site or other Internet website, other than on or through an electronic mail program or message board program.
–2– BACKGROUND On November 18, 2021, the State filed a true bill of indictment against
McComb which stated, in part:
The indictment charges McComb with online impersonation under Texas
Penal Code section 33.07(a). See TEX. PENAL CODE § 33.07(a) (stating, in part, a
person commits an offense “if the person, without obtaining the other person’s
consent and with the intent to harm, defraud, intimidate, or threaten any person, uses
the name or persona of another person to: (1) create a web page on a commercial
social networking site or other Internet website[.]”).
On January 18, 2022, McComb moved to dismiss the indictment under the
TCPA, arguing the prosecution is related to her exercise of free speech and is subject
–3– to the TCPA’s protections. The State opposed the motion and argued the prosecution
is an enforcement action exempted from the TCPA under section 27.010(a)(1). See
TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE § 27.010(a)(1) (stating chapter 27 does not apply to
“an enforcement action that is brought in the name of this state or a political
subdivision of this state by the attorney general, a district attorney, a criminal district
attorney, or a county attorney”).
The trial court heard the motion on March 24, 2022. McComb called one
witness, and two exhibits were admitted into evidence. The court took the matter
under advisement at the end of the hearing, and on April 13, 2022, the trial court
signed an order denying the motion. The order stated, in pertinent part, “After
considering the evidence, the Court finds that the motion must be denied. It is
therefore ORDERED that Defendant Morgan McComb’s motion to dismiss is
denied and overruled.”
Twelve days later, McComb filed a notice of appeal. Nothing in the record
before us indicates the trial court has ever certified McComb’s right to do so.
Over the next three months, we received the clerk’s record and reporter’s
record. On August 8, 2022, we sent a letter to the parties expressing concerns
regarding our jurisdiction, in part, because the record appeared not to contain a final
judgment or other signed appealable order.3 We also noted the record also appeared
3 See TEX. R. APP. P. 25.2, 26.2(a)(1); TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. art. 44.02; State v. Sanavongxay, 407 S.W.3d 252, 259 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012); Nikrasch v. State, 698 S.W.2d 443, 450 (Tex. App.—Dallas 1985, no pet.) (court of appeals has no jurisdiction over appeal absent written judgment or order). –4– not to contain any certification of appellant’s right to appeal. See TEX. R. APP. P.
25.2(a)(2) (trial court shall enter certification of defendant’s right to appeal each time
it enters judgment of guilt or other appealable order).
Our letter instructed appellant to provide a letter brief regarding jurisdiction
by a certain date, directed the State to provide a response by a certain date, and
informed the parties that after reviewing the jurisdictional briefs, the Court would
either dismiss the appeal for want of jurisdiction or notify the parties by letter the
Court has jurisdiction over the appeal and of any pending deadlines.
Meanwhile, before either of the deadlines for the parties’ jurisdictional letter
briefs passed, we received a supplemental clerk’s record containing the signed April
13, 2022 order from which McComb appeals. On August 15, 2022, we issued an
order informing the parties that the filing of the signed appealable order satisfied the
jurisdictional concerns the Court had previously expressed and stated we have
jurisdiction over this appeal.4 Neither party submitted a jurisdictional letter brief
after that order. Both parties did, however, file appellate briefs.
ANALYSIS Jurisdiction
In Ex parte Armstrong, 8 S.W.2d 674, 676 (Tex. Crim. App. 1928) (orig.
proceeding), the court stated: “Unless the power or authority of a court to perform
4 Our order did not directly address this, but even after the supplemental clerk’s record was filed, the record on appeal still contains no certification by the trial court of appellant’s right to appeal. See TEX. R. APP. P. 25.2(a)(2). –5– a contemplated act can be found in the Constitution or laws enacted thereunder, it is
without jurisdiction and [it] acts without validity.”
In her appellate brief, McComb asked us to reverse the trial court’s April 13,
2022 order, dismiss the indictment, and enter a judgment of acquittal pursuant to
rule of appellate procedure 43.2(c)5 and argued we have jurisdiction over this appeal
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Dismiss and Opinion Filed September 20, 2022
In The Court of Appeals Fifth District of Texas at Dallas No. 05-22-00385-CR
MORGAN RENEE MCCOMB, Appellant V. THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee
On Appeal from the 380th Judicial District Court Collin County, Texas Trial Court Cause No. 380-84981-2021
MEMORANDUM OPINION Before Justices Molberg, Partida-Kipness, and Carlyle Opinion by Justice Molberg
In an effort to give new life to a long-dead question, appellant Morgan Renee
McComb asks us, in essence, to allow the same type of interlocutory criminal appeal
the Texas Supreme Court foreclosed more than 150 years ago in Chavis v. State, 33
Tex. 446 (Tex. 1870), where the court stated, in an appeal of a denial of a motion to
quash an indictment:
It is very difficult to imagine how this case gets before us. The appellant is indicted for [an offense]. A motion is made to quash the indictment; the motion is overruled, and an appeal is attempted to be taken to this court.
No appeal should have been allowed. . . . . . . Were such a practice permitted, no person charged with crime could ever be brought to trial, as there would be no end of motions to quash, and no end of appeals from the judgments of the court.
Id. at 447.
In this case, McComb attempts a similar appeal, but with a new tool: the
Texas Citizens Participation Act (TCPA), first enacted by the legislature in 2011 as
chapter twenty-seven of the Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code.1 Specifically,
McComb appeals the trial court’s April 13, 2022 order denying her motion to dismiss
her indictment2 under the TCPA. In a single issue, she argues the trial court “erred
by not dismissing a prosecution related to the exercise of free speech, brought in
violation of the First Amendment, a right specifically enumerated within the
protection of the TCPA.”
For the reasons stated below, we conclude we lack jurisdiction over this
interlocutory criminal appeal and dismiss the appeal for lack of jurisdiction.
1 See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE §§ 27.001–.011. All citations to the TCPA are to the current version unless otherwise indicated. 2 McComb is charged with online impersonation under penal code section 33.07, which states, in part: (a) A person commits an offense if the person, without obtaining the other person’s consent and with the intent to harm, defraud, intimidate, or threaten any person, uses the name or persona of another person to:
(1) create a web page on a commercial social networking site or other Internet website; or
(2) post or send one or more messages on or through a commercial social networking site or other Internet website, other than on or through an electronic mail program or message board program.
–2– BACKGROUND On November 18, 2021, the State filed a true bill of indictment against
McComb which stated, in part:
The indictment charges McComb with online impersonation under Texas
Penal Code section 33.07(a). See TEX. PENAL CODE § 33.07(a) (stating, in part, a
person commits an offense “if the person, without obtaining the other person’s
consent and with the intent to harm, defraud, intimidate, or threaten any person, uses
the name or persona of another person to: (1) create a web page on a commercial
social networking site or other Internet website[.]”).
On January 18, 2022, McComb moved to dismiss the indictment under the
TCPA, arguing the prosecution is related to her exercise of free speech and is subject
–3– to the TCPA’s protections. The State opposed the motion and argued the prosecution
is an enforcement action exempted from the TCPA under section 27.010(a)(1). See
TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE § 27.010(a)(1) (stating chapter 27 does not apply to
“an enforcement action that is brought in the name of this state or a political
subdivision of this state by the attorney general, a district attorney, a criminal district
attorney, or a county attorney”).
The trial court heard the motion on March 24, 2022. McComb called one
witness, and two exhibits were admitted into evidence. The court took the matter
under advisement at the end of the hearing, and on April 13, 2022, the trial court
signed an order denying the motion. The order stated, in pertinent part, “After
considering the evidence, the Court finds that the motion must be denied. It is
therefore ORDERED that Defendant Morgan McComb’s motion to dismiss is
denied and overruled.”
Twelve days later, McComb filed a notice of appeal. Nothing in the record
before us indicates the trial court has ever certified McComb’s right to do so.
Over the next three months, we received the clerk’s record and reporter’s
record. On August 8, 2022, we sent a letter to the parties expressing concerns
regarding our jurisdiction, in part, because the record appeared not to contain a final
judgment or other signed appealable order.3 We also noted the record also appeared
3 See TEX. R. APP. P. 25.2, 26.2(a)(1); TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. art. 44.02; State v. Sanavongxay, 407 S.W.3d 252, 259 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012); Nikrasch v. State, 698 S.W.2d 443, 450 (Tex. App.—Dallas 1985, no pet.) (court of appeals has no jurisdiction over appeal absent written judgment or order). –4– not to contain any certification of appellant’s right to appeal. See TEX. R. APP. P.
25.2(a)(2) (trial court shall enter certification of defendant’s right to appeal each time
it enters judgment of guilt or other appealable order).
Our letter instructed appellant to provide a letter brief regarding jurisdiction
by a certain date, directed the State to provide a response by a certain date, and
informed the parties that after reviewing the jurisdictional briefs, the Court would
either dismiss the appeal for want of jurisdiction or notify the parties by letter the
Court has jurisdiction over the appeal and of any pending deadlines.
Meanwhile, before either of the deadlines for the parties’ jurisdictional letter
briefs passed, we received a supplemental clerk’s record containing the signed April
13, 2022 order from which McComb appeals. On August 15, 2022, we issued an
order informing the parties that the filing of the signed appealable order satisfied the
jurisdictional concerns the Court had previously expressed and stated we have
jurisdiction over this appeal.4 Neither party submitted a jurisdictional letter brief
after that order. Both parties did, however, file appellate briefs.
ANALYSIS Jurisdiction
In Ex parte Armstrong, 8 S.W.2d 674, 676 (Tex. Crim. App. 1928) (orig.
proceeding), the court stated: “Unless the power or authority of a court to perform
4 Our order did not directly address this, but even after the supplemental clerk’s record was filed, the record on appeal still contains no certification by the trial court of appellant’s right to appeal. See TEX. R. APP. P. 25.2(a)(2). –5– a contemplated act can be found in the Constitution or laws enacted thereunder, it is
without jurisdiction and [it] acts without validity.”
In her appellate brief, McComb asked us to reverse the trial court’s April 13,
2022 order, dismiss the indictment, and enter a judgment of acquittal pursuant to
rule of appellate procedure 43.2(c)5 and argued we have jurisdiction over this appeal
under TCPA section 27.008(b).6 In its response brief, the State did not address
jurisdiction and instead focused on the exemption listed in TCPA section
27.010(a)(1).7
We disagree with McComb’s jurisdictional argument for many reasons.
First, we have previously stated civil laws do not apply in a criminal
proceeding. See Florance v. State, No. 05-08-00984-CR, 2009 WL 2648177, at *6
(Tex. App.—Dallas Aug. 28, 2009, pet. ref’d) (not designated for publication)
(stating, but without identifying the civil laws he cited and relied upon in that appeal,
“The civil laws cited by [appellant] do not apply in this criminal proceeding.”). We
reach the same conclusion here with respect to TCPA section 27.008: as a civil law,
it simply does not apply in this criminal proceeding. See id.
5 Rule 43.2(c) states the court of appeals may “reverse the trial court’s judgment in whole or in part and render the judgment that the trial court should have entered.” 6 TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE § 27.008(b) (“An appellate court shall expedite an appeal or other writ, whether interlocutory or not, from a trial court order on a motion to dismiss a legal action under Section 27.003 or from a trial court’s failure to rule on that motion in the time prescribed by Section 27.005.”). 7 See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE § 27.010(a)(1) (This chapter does not apply to “an enforcement action that is brought in the name of this state or a political subdivision of this state by the attorney general, a district attorney, a criminal district attorney, or a county attorney[.]”). –6– Second, contrary to McComb’s argument, even if the TCPA otherwise
applied, section 27.008(b) does not address jurisdiction but instead requires appellate
courts to expedite an appeal or other writ from a trial court’s order on a TCPA motion
to dismiss. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE § 27.008(b).
Third, although McComb does not cite it in her jurisdictional argument, to the
extent she implies it, we reject any implication that our interlocutory jurisdiction
over denials of TCPA motions under TCPA section 51.014(a)(12)8 extends to this
criminal proceeding. We do so based on the same reasoning as that employed by
our sister court in Silver v. State, No. 04-22-00190-CR, 2022 WL 1478571, at *1
(Tex. App.—San Antonio May 11, 2022, no pet.) (mem. op.) (per curiam), which
stated, “[A]s the underlying case is a criminal matter, and not a civil one, neither
section 51.014(a)(7) nor Rule 120a[9] is applicable to this appeal.” Because this is a
criminal matter, not civil, section 51.014(a)(12) of the civil practice and remedies
code does not apply to this appeal. See id.
Fourth, Chavis rejects the notion a criminal defendant can pursue an
interlocutory appeal of an order denying a motion to dismiss an indictment. See 33
Tex. at 47. We conclude we lack jurisdiction and vacate our August 15, 2022 order.
8 See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE § 51.014(a)(12) (“A person may appeal from an interlocutory order of a district court, county court at law, statutory probate court, or county court that . . . denies a motion to dismiss filed under Section 27.003.”). 9 Section 54.014(a)(7) authorizes an interlocutory appeal from an order that grants or denies the special appearance of a defendant under Texas Rule of Civil Procedure 120a. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE § 51.014(a)(7); TEX. R. CIV. P. 120a. –7– Exemption under TCPA Section 27.010(a)(1) Even if we had jurisdiction, and even if the TCPA otherwise applied in this
criminal proceeding, the exemption in TCPA section 27.010(a)(1) would foreclose
the relief McComb seeks. Section 27.010(a)(1) states that chapter 27 of the civil
practice and remedies code “does not apply to . . . an enforcement action that is
brought in the name of this state or a political subdivision of this state by the attorney
general, a district attorney, a criminal district attorney, or a county attorney.” TEX.
CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE § 27.010(a)(1). Unlike many other terms, the TCPA does
not specifically define the phrase “enforcement action.” However, in State ex rel.
Best v. Harper, 562 S.W.3d 1, 12 (Tex. 2018), the court concluded, “[W]ithin the
TCPA, the term ‘enforcement action’ refers to a governmental attempt to enforce a
substantive legal prohibition against unlawful conduct.” This is such a proceeding,
as the indictment is brought in the name of the State and is, by its plain terms, “a
governmental attempt to enforce a substantive legal prohibition against unlawful
conduct”—namely, penal code section 33.07(a).
CONCLUSION We vacate our order of August 15, 2022, overrule McComb’s sole issue, and
dismiss the appeal for want of jurisdiction.
/Ken Molberg// KEN MOLBERG 220385f.u05 JUSTICE
Do Not Publish TEX. R. APP. P. 47.2 –8– Court of Appeals Fifth District of Texas at Dallas JUDGMENT
MORGAN RENEE MCCOMB, On Appeal from the 380th Judicial Appellant District Court, Collin County, Texas Trial Court Cause No. 380-84981- No. 05-22-00385-CR V. 2021. Opinion delivered by Justice THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee Molberg. Justices Partida-Kipness and Carlyle participating.
Based on the Court’s opinion of this date, we VACATE our August 15, 2022 order and DISMISS the appeal for want of jurisdiction.
Judgment entered this 20th day of September, 2022.
–9–