Mr. Chief Justice Scott
delivered the opinion of the court:
Self-defense was interposed as a justification for the killing of Fillipo Anarino. There was also evidence tending •to show that the fatal shot might have been fired by Antonio Pusatere. The testimony of the witnesses called by the respective parties is very conflicting. We do not think the verdict is against the manifest preponderance of the evidence. Whether, under the proof in this case, there was reasonable doubt of .the guilt of the plaintiff in error was a question peculiarly within the province of the jury, and their determination cannot be here successfully attacked.on the ground that it was contrary .to the evidence.
Saveria Pusatere testified, for the People, that she saw plaintiff in error fire at deceased with a revolver three times. She was .then asked, “What happened to Fillipo when the shots were fired, if anything?” and she replied that the shots killed him. A motion was made to strike this answer out, on the ground that it was not responsive. That motion was denied. The answer stated an ultimate fact that was material to the issue being tried, and where the only objection made was that it was not responsive, we think the determination of the question whether the motion should have been allowed rested to some extent in the discretion of the trial court, and we are not disposed to hold, in the light of other testimony in this record tending to show that one of these shots did cause the death, that there was any abuse of discretion in denying the motion. Had the motion been put on the ground that the necessary preliminary proof showing that the witness knew what caused the death of the deceased had not been made, a different question would be presented.
Antonio Delisi testified, on behalf of plaintiff in error, that Morello and the deceased began to exchange shots back of the house; that Morello started .to run through the alley, with the deceased after him; that after that he saw Antonio Pusatere following, shooting into the ground; that Joseph Anarino started after Morello and Antonio Pusatere, shooting at Pusatere with a shot-gun; that the witness and Vorass, the owner of the house at 91 Lake street, went out in the alley, caught Joseph Anarino and took the gun away from him. Plaintiff in error then sought to show what Joseph Anarino said at the time he was disarmed, on the theory that it was a part of the res gestee. It does not appear from the testimony of this witness that Joseph Anarino and his brother, the deceased, were .then acting in concert. The activities of Joseph Anarino with the shot-gun, according to Delisi, seem to have been directed against Antonio Pusatere, and at the time Joseph was disarmed the shot which caused the death had been fired, plaintiff in error had fled and the deceased was not present. It is manifest that anything then said by Joseph Anarino was not part of the res gestee.
The first instruction asked by plaintiff in error was refused. It would have advised the jury that they could not convict the defendant unless they were satisfied, beyond a reasonable doubt, that he intended to murder the deceased at the time he fired the shot; and this instruction is said to be a correct statement of the law for the reason that it appears from .the opinion in Henry v. People, 198 Ill. 162, to have been given in that case. The instruction referred to is found at the foot of page 183 of that volume, but the propriety of that instruction does not seem to have been considered in that case and the court did not there determine whether or not it was a correct statement of the law. If Morello fired with unlawful purpose to maim, wound or disable the deceased, and death resulted from the shot, he was guilty of murder. “Intent to kill does not enter into the definition of murder. It is enough if the unlawful killing be with malice aforethought, either express or implied.” Adams v. People, 109 Ill. 444.
The second and third instructions asked by Morello and refused by the court are .to the effect that if the defendant, at the time of the shooting, reasonably apprehended that the deceased had formed a design to take his life or do him great bodily harm, then there shquld be an acquittal. Both of these instructions were wrong, in that they omitted the element of real or apparent danger at .the time the shot was fired. It may be that at that time the deceased had formed a design to take the life of plaintiff in error or do him great bodily harm but .that there was no real or apparent danger of his carrying out that design.
The fourth and fifth instructions asked by the plaintiff in error were properly refused for the reason that justified the refusal of the first instruction requested by him.
In considering the instructions asked, the court marked the .twenty-first instruction requested by plaintiff in error “refused,” his purpose .then being not to give that instruction to the jury, but thereafter, and before the jury was instructed, the court said to counsel for Morello that if counsel would make a certain modification in .that instruction it would be given to the jury. Thereupon counsel took the instruction and made the suggested modification, tendered it to the court and requested that it be given in its modified form, whereupon the court erased the word “réfused,” which he had theretofore written on the instruction, marked it “given,” and read it to the jury with the other instructions given. It is now insisted that the instruction as originally drawn stated a correct proposition of law and that as modified it is erroneous, and the court’s refusal to give it as first requested is relied upon for reversal. Plaintiff in error is not in a position to urge this objection. It is not as though the court had informed counsel that he had determined to modify the instruction and had requested counsel to make the modification for him, indicating what it should be. In that event, no.doubt, the modification would be the modification of the court. In this instance, however, the court had determined to refuse the instruction, but suggested that if a certain modification was made he would give it. Counsel made the modification and asked that the instruction as modified be given. We think under such circumstances the modification was that of plaintiff in error, and not of the court.
The second instruction given at the request of the People is said to be in contravention of the law as stated in Kipley v. People, 215 Ill. 358, in that it ignores the defenses interposed. The first part of this instruction is, in substance, the same as instruction No. 61 set out on page 367 of the last mentioned volume, such first part being as follows, .to-wit:
“The court instructs the jury that if the People of - the State of Illinois have proven by the evidence, beyond a reasonable doubt, each and every one of the following facts, you should find the defendant guilty: First, that somebody is dead; second, that the person is Fillipo Anarino; third, that the said Fillipo Anarino came to his death on or about March 25, 1905, in the county of Cook and State of Illinois; fourth, that the death of the said Fillipo Anarino was caused by criminal means in manner and form as charged in the indictment and as defined in the instructions of this court; fifth, that the person who so used such criminal means to pause the death of the said Fillipo Anarino is the defendant, Francesco Morello.”
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Mr. Chief Justice Scott
delivered the opinion of the court:
Self-defense was interposed as a justification for the killing of Fillipo Anarino. There was also evidence tending •to show that the fatal shot might have been fired by Antonio Pusatere. The testimony of the witnesses called by the respective parties is very conflicting. We do not think the verdict is against the manifest preponderance of the evidence. Whether, under the proof in this case, there was reasonable doubt of .the guilt of the plaintiff in error was a question peculiarly within the province of the jury, and their determination cannot be here successfully attacked.on the ground that it was contrary .to the evidence.
Saveria Pusatere testified, for the People, that she saw plaintiff in error fire at deceased with a revolver three times. She was .then asked, “What happened to Fillipo when the shots were fired, if anything?” and she replied that the shots killed him. A motion was made to strike this answer out, on the ground that it was not responsive. That motion was denied. The answer stated an ultimate fact that was material to the issue being tried, and where the only objection made was that it was not responsive, we think the determination of the question whether the motion should have been allowed rested to some extent in the discretion of the trial court, and we are not disposed to hold, in the light of other testimony in this record tending to show that one of these shots did cause the death, that there was any abuse of discretion in denying the motion. Had the motion been put on the ground that the necessary preliminary proof showing that the witness knew what caused the death of the deceased had not been made, a different question would be presented.
Antonio Delisi testified, on behalf of plaintiff in error, that Morello and the deceased began to exchange shots back of the house; that Morello started .to run through the alley, with the deceased after him; that after that he saw Antonio Pusatere following, shooting into the ground; that Joseph Anarino started after Morello and Antonio Pusatere, shooting at Pusatere with a shot-gun; that the witness and Vorass, the owner of the house at 91 Lake street, went out in the alley, caught Joseph Anarino and took the gun away from him. Plaintiff in error then sought to show what Joseph Anarino said at the time he was disarmed, on the theory that it was a part of the res gestee. It does not appear from the testimony of this witness that Joseph Anarino and his brother, the deceased, were .then acting in concert. The activities of Joseph Anarino with the shot-gun, according to Delisi, seem to have been directed against Antonio Pusatere, and at the time Joseph was disarmed the shot which caused the death had been fired, plaintiff in error had fled and the deceased was not present. It is manifest that anything then said by Joseph Anarino was not part of the res gestee.
The first instruction asked by plaintiff in error was refused. It would have advised the jury that they could not convict the defendant unless they were satisfied, beyond a reasonable doubt, that he intended to murder the deceased at the time he fired the shot; and this instruction is said to be a correct statement of the law for the reason that it appears from .the opinion in Henry v. People, 198 Ill. 162, to have been given in that case. The instruction referred to is found at the foot of page 183 of that volume, but the propriety of that instruction does not seem to have been considered in that case and the court did not there determine whether or not it was a correct statement of the law. If Morello fired with unlawful purpose to maim, wound or disable the deceased, and death resulted from the shot, he was guilty of murder. “Intent to kill does not enter into the definition of murder. It is enough if the unlawful killing be with malice aforethought, either express or implied.” Adams v. People, 109 Ill. 444.
The second and third instructions asked by Morello and refused by the court are .to the effect that if the defendant, at the time of the shooting, reasonably apprehended that the deceased had formed a design to take his life or do him great bodily harm, then there shquld be an acquittal. Both of these instructions were wrong, in that they omitted the element of real or apparent danger at .the time the shot was fired. It may be that at that time the deceased had formed a design to take the life of plaintiff in error or do him great bodily harm but .that there was no real or apparent danger of his carrying out that design.
The fourth and fifth instructions asked by the plaintiff in error were properly refused for the reason that justified the refusal of the first instruction requested by him.
In considering the instructions asked, the court marked the .twenty-first instruction requested by plaintiff in error “refused,” his purpose .then being not to give that instruction to the jury, but thereafter, and before the jury was instructed, the court said to counsel for Morello that if counsel would make a certain modification in .that instruction it would be given to the jury. Thereupon counsel took the instruction and made the suggested modification, tendered it to the court and requested that it be given in its modified form, whereupon the court erased the word “réfused,” which he had theretofore written on the instruction, marked it “given,” and read it to the jury with the other instructions given. It is now insisted that the instruction as originally drawn stated a correct proposition of law and that as modified it is erroneous, and the court’s refusal to give it as first requested is relied upon for reversal. Plaintiff in error is not in a position to urge this objection. It is not as though the court had informed counsel that he had determined to modify the instruction and had requested counsel to make the modification for him, indicating what it should be. In that event, no.doubt, the modification would be the modification of the court. In this instance, however, the court had determined to refuse the instruction, but suggested that if a certain modification was made he would give it. Counsel made the modification and asked that the instruction as modified be given. We think under such circumstances the modification was that of plaintiff in error, and not of the court.
The second instruction given at the request of the People is said to be in contravention of the law as stated in Kipley v. People, 215 Ill. 358, in that it ignores the defenses interposed. The first part of this instruction is, in substance, the same as instruction No. 61 set out on page 367 of the last mentioned volume, such first part being as follows, .to-wit:
“The court instructs the jury that if the People of - the State of Illinois have proven by the evidence, beyond a reasonable doubt, each and every one of the following facts, you should find the defendant guilty: First, that somebody is dead; second, that the person is Fillipo Anarino; third, that the said Fillipo Anarino came to his death on or about March 25, 1905, in the county of Cook and State of Illinois; fourth, that the death of the said Fillipo Anarino was caused by criminal means in manner and form as charged in the indictment and as defined in the instructions of this court; fifth, that the person who so used such criminal means to pause the death of the said Fillipo Anarino is the defendant, Francesco Morello.”
In the Kipley case doubt was expressed as to the accuracy of that instruction, and in the case at bar the prosecution has attempted to obviate the objection considered by the court in the Kipley case by adding to the fourth proposition a clause which does not change its meaning and by adding to the instruction a lengthy and involved paragraph, the purpose of which evidently was to call the attention of the jury to the question of self-defense, and to any evidence or lack of evidence which might reduce the grade of the crime from murder to manslaughter. The language used in the added paragraph, however, is not apt and certain and is not in every respect accurate, and does not entirely obviate the objection to the instruction which was pointed out by the court in the Kipley case. The instruction is unnecessarily long, covering more than a page of the printed abstract, and this increased the possibility of the jury being confused thereby. The simple propositions covered should have been concisely stated in a dozen lines. Instructions of the general character of this one do not meet with the unqualified approval of this court, even when the language is accurate. They are apt to be found persuasive by a jury. In the instruction the first three of the numbered propositions, as above set out, are ones about which there is little or no controversy-; the fourth is seriously controverted, and the fifth is crucial. The manifest purpose of so drawing an instruction is to lead the jury, by' a progressive process, to assent to a proposition from which conviction follows. It is unlike an instruction which states to a jury, for their determination, several material propositions which are really controverted.
If this instruction stood alone it would necessitate a reversal, but we think its ambiguity and uncertainty are cured by the .twenty-sixth, thirty-fourth, thirty-fifth, thirty-sixth and thirty-seventh instructions given on the part of plaintiff in error, by which the law pertaining to self-defense and to the right of the defendant to a verdict of acquittal if there remains in the mind of the jury, upon a consideration of the evidence, any reasonable doubt of the truth of the charge against him, is fully and clearly stated to the jury in terse, vigorous and unmistakable terms.
Objection is also made to the twelfth instruction given on the part of the People, which follows the language of section 149 of chapter 38, Hurd’s Revised Statutes of 1905, in reference to self-defense, and the language of section 148 of that chapter in so far as it is applicable to that defense. This instruction seems to be unobjectionable. The only thing that is urged against it is that section 148, supra, being the section which defines justifiable homicide, should have been given to the jury in full. That question would have arisen had plaintiff in error asked an instruction of that character and had that instruction been refused.
The thirteenth instruction for the People, which counsel also deem erroneous, advised the jury that the law of self-defense could not be successfully invoked by the defendant if he acted from a spirit of revenge or from a spirit of utter disregard of human life, at a time when he had no reasonable cause to apprehend injury to himself. It is said that there is no evidence in the record upon which to base this instruction. That statement disregards the testimony of several witnesses for the prosecution which tends to prove a state of facts to which the law announced by the instruction would be applicable.
The nineteenth instruction given on the part of the People states the law by which the jury should be governed in determining the credibility of witnesses, and tells them that they may consider all the circumstances under which any witness has testified. The language in the portion of the instruction which follows refers to such witness as “he,” and speaks of the demeanor and interest of that witness as “his demeanor” and “his interest,” and this is said .to be erroneous, for the reason that it applies only to male witnesses, • while two female witnesses testified for the prosecution and no female witness testified for the defendant. We do not think that a jury possessing the statutory qualifications could be so obtuse as to believe from this instruction that they should apply any different tests in determining the credibility of male witnesses than they should apply in determining the credibility of female witnesses.
By instruction No. 20, given at the request of the People, circumstantial evidence was defined, and the jury were instructed that evidence of that character was legal evidence in a criminal case. Relying upon Cunningham v. People, 210 Ill. 410, and Sokel v. People, 212 id. 238, plaintiff in error urges that this instruction was erroneous because there was in this case" no circumstantial evidence tending to show his guilt. If the jury believed that the plaintiff in error fled to avoid prosecution, that was a circumstance indicating guilt. The claim of plaintiff in error that the shot which killed the deceased was, or may have been, fired by Antonio Pusatere makes important many circumstances indicating that the fatal shot was fired by Morello. Such circumstances made the instruction proper.
One of the grounds of the motion for a new trial was the existence of newly discovered evidence alleged to be important to the cause of the defendant below. That evidence was shown by the affidavit of Antonio Pusatere. The statements contained therein are to the effect that the affiant has been residing in Coal City, Grundy county, Illinois, since March 24, 1905; that he was in the rear of the house at 80 Center avenue, in River Forest, on the evening of March 21, 1905; that as he stood there he heard shooting north of him, and that presently Morello came from the north through a passageway and ran south, pursued by the deceased, who was about ten feet behind Morello; that the deceased had a revolver in his hand and fired one shot at Morello after they came within the range of affiant’s vision • that affiant admonished the deceased not to shoot any more, when the deceased opened fire upon the affiant, whereupon the latter drew a revolver from his pocket and fired two shots into the ground; that .the deceased turned and went to the north towards the alley, and as he did so Joseph Anarino appeared in the alley with a shot-gun and fired one shot. According to the affidavit Morello fired no shot after affiant saw him, but continued on to the south, and was still proceeding in that direction when affiant last saw him, which was at the moment when the deceased fired upon the affiant. It appeared from this affidavit and from the, affidavit of plaintiff in error that it was impossible for plaintiff in error to produce this witness upon the trial of the cause, for the reason that, although Morello used due diligence, he was unable to ascertain the whereabouts of the witness until after the verdict had been rendered. It is certain from the affidavit of Antonio Pusatere that the shot which killed the deceased had been fired before affiant saw the deceased or Morello on this occasion. His testimony, therefore, would throw no light whatever upon the question as to whether or not Morello acted in self-defense. The fact that the deceased, after receiving the wound which proved fatal, may have attempted to kill Morello is not inconsistent with the theory of the prosecution that Morello fired .the shot which inflicted that wound, without any lawful excuse or justification. The statements of the affidavits were not such as to warrant the court in granting a new trial.
We have discussed and disposed of every point presented by the brief and argument of plaintiff in error. Several of the errors relied upon are wholly devoid of merit and might weil have been disposed of without being discussed in this opinion. In view of the importance of the case, however, we have stated at length our views in regard to each of .the questions raised, and conclude that there is in this record no reversible error.
The judgment of the criminal court of Cook county will be affirmed.
Judgment affirmed.