Eiely, J.,
delivered the opinion of the court.
This is the sequel of the case of Moore v. Triplett, reported in 23 S. E. 69.
The main question involved by the appeal is the propriety of the decree of the Circuit Court subjecting to the payment of the debts of Israel Allen and others the land conveyed by Morgan M. Moore to his mother by the deed of July 11, 1885, and settled by her by a eotemporaneous deed on his wife and children.
The debts were due by him, and assumed by his mother. They constituted a large part of the consideration for the conveyance to her of his land, and were successfully relied upon at the hearing of the former appeal to sustain the validity of the said deeds. She died without having paid the debts, and they have not since been otherwise discharged. They have remained unpaid from 1885 down to the present time, upwards of thirteen years. The debts of Allen were secured by prior deeds of trust on parts of the land conveyed by Morgan Moore to his mother.
[608]*608By accepting the conveyance and promising to pay the debts, she became personally liable for them, and, as between her son and herself, she was primarily bound. This doctrine has been so repeatedly recognized by this court as no longer to admit of question. Willard v. Worsham, 76 Va. 392; Osborne v. Cabell, 77 Va. 462; Francisco v. Shelton, 85 Va. 779; Tatum v. Ballard 94 Va. 370; and Ellett v. McGhee, Id. 377.
The assumpsit by the mother of Morgan Moore of his debts constituting a part of the consideration for the conveyance to her of his land, it would be against equity and good conscience to permit her to make a voluntary settlement of the property so as to protect it from liability for the debts, so assumed, in the hands of her beneficiaries. A man must be just before he is generous. He cannot make a valid gift of his property and leave his obligations unsatisfied or unprovided for. Indeed, the deed of settlement itself seems to contemplate the payment of the debts assumed from the property conveyed, and makes provision for a sale of a part thereof for that purpose. The grantor was apparently in doubt as to her right to make the settlement, but expresses her desire to do so “ as far as legal and proper for her to do.” The deed is inartistically drawn, but it is fairly plain that the grantor intended to provide, in the deed of settlement, for the payment, from the property thereby settled, of the debts which she had assumed, in the event that they were not otherwise paid. There is, therefore, no error in the decree for the sale of the land to pay the said debts.
Another assignment of error was the refusal of the court to accept the upset bids put in on certain parcels of the land, and its confirmation of the sale that had been made thereof.
Whether a court should confirm a report of sale depends in a great measure upon the circumstances of the particular case. In acting upon the report, it must exercise not an arbitrary, but a sound legal discretion in view of all the circumstances. It must be exercised in the interest of fairness and prudence, and with a just regard to the rights of all concerned. This is [609]*609the result of many eases on the subject. Hudgins v. Lanier, Bro. & Co., 23 Gratt. 494; Brock v. Rice, 27 Gratt. 812; Roudabush v. Miller, 32 Gratt. 454; Berlin v. Melhorn, 75 Va. 639; and Hansucker v. Walker, 76 Va. 753.
In Todd v. Gallego Mills Mfg, Co. 84 Va. 577, it is said: “All the eases agree that the court must sell at the best price obtainable, and when a substantial upset bid, well secured and safe, for ten per cent, advance, is put in before confirmation, it is as much a valid bid as if made at the auction. This is the settled law of this court, and will doubtless so remain until the Legislature shall [otherwise] provide by law as has been done by the English Parliament.” This same language was quoted with approval in Ewald v. Crockett, 85 Va. 299.
The above statement of law was construed by the counsel of the appellants to be a departure from the previous cases and the former practice in this State, and to mean that “ a substantial upset bid, well secured and safe, for ten per cent, advance, put in before confirmation,” was always to be accepted, without regard to the circumstances of the case, and that the court had no discretion in the matter. Such a construction is a misapprehension of the import of that decision. The court in that case found no equitable circumstances, which, in the exercise of a sound legal discretion, called for a rejection of the upset bid. It was in amount a large advance on the price obtained at the sale, and in that view substantial. It was well secured and safe. The creditors whom it benefitted desired its acceptance, and the purchaser, as the court took pains to show at length, had no just ground of complaint. We understand the decision in that case to mean simply that a substantial and well secured upset bid should be accepted, unless there are circumstances going to show that injustice would be done to the purchaser or other person. That such was the purport of that decision, and the understanding of the judge who delivered the opinion of the court in that case, and also in Ewald v. Crockett, supra, is clearly manifested in the subsequent case of [610]*610Carr v. Carr, 88 Va. 735, where he enunciates the long and well established rule in Virginia that “ the court, in acting upon the matter, was called upon to act in the exercise of a sound legal discretion in view of all the circumstances. It is to be exercised in the interest of fairness, prudence, and with a just regard to the rights of all concerned.” And he refers to the cases decided long before Todd v. Gallego Mills Mfg. Co. to sustain his declaration of the practice and the law on the subject in this State.
Considering the circumstances of the case at bar, and applying the rule prevailing in this State, our conclusion is that the Circuit Court did not err in rejecting the upset bids and confirming the report of sale of the parcels of land in question.
The sale took place under favorable circumstances, was fairly made, and there is not a suggestion of misconduct or impropriety on the part of any one.
There is no evidence or complaint even that the land did not sell for a fair price, and bring its market value. The commissioners state in their report that it brought a good price, and recommend the confirmation of the sale.
The main upset bid was put in by one who had an agent at the sale, who bid for him. It has been generally understood by the profession, and enforced by the courts, that one who was a bidder at the sale, by himself or by an agent, which is the same thing,,or was present and had the opportunity to bid, would not, as a general rule, be permitted to put in an upset bid. He must bid at the sale in open competition with all others what he is willing to give for the property. A different rule would have a pernicious effect upon judicial sales of property.
The contention over the rejection of the upset bids is not made by the parties who put in the same, but by the owners of the land.
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Eiely, J.,
delivered the opinion of the court.
This is the sequel of the case of Moore v. Triplett, reported in 23 S. E. 69.
The main question involved by the appeal is the propriety of the decree of the Circuit Court subjecting to the payment of the debts of Israel Allen and others the land conveyed by Morgan M. Moore to his mother by the deed of July 11, 1885, and settled by her by a eotemporaneous deed on his wife and children.
The debts were due by him, and assumed by his mother. They constituted a large part of the consideration for the conveyance to her of his land, and were successfully relied upon at the hearing of the former appeal to sustain the validity of the said deeds. She died without having paid the debts, and they have not since been otherwise discharged. They have remained unpaid from 1885 down to the present time, upwards of thirteen years. The debts of Allen were secured by prior deeds of trust on parts of the land conveyed by Morgan Moore to his mother.
[608]*608By accepting the conveyance and promising to pay the debts, she became personally liable for them, and, as between her son and herself, she was primarily bound. This doctrine has been so repeatedly recognized by this court as no longer to admit of question. Willard v. Worsham, 76 Va. 392; Osborne v. Cabell, 77 Va. 462; Francisco v. Shelton, 85 Va. 779; Tatum v. Ballard 94 Va. 370; and Ellett v. McGhee, Id. 377.
The assumpsit by the mother of Morgan Moore of his debts constituting a part of the consideration for the conveyance to her of his land, it would be against equity and good conscience to permit her to make a voluntary settlement of the property so as to protect it from liability for the debts, so assumed, in the hands of her beneficiaries. A man must be just before he is generous. He cannot make a valid gift of his property and leave his obligations unsatisfied or unprovided for. Indeed, the deed of settlement itself seems to contemplate the payment of the debts assumed from the property conveyed, and makes provision for a sale of a part thereof for that purpose. The grantor was apparently in doubt as to her right to make the settlement, but expresses her desire to do so “ as far as legal and proper for her to do.” The deed is inartistically drawn, but it is fairly plain that the grantor intended to provide, in the deed of settlement, for the payment, from the property thereby settled, of the debts which she had assumed, in the event that they were not otherwise paid. There is, therefore, no error in the decree for the sale of the land to pay the said debts.
Another assignment of error was the refusal of the court to accept the upset bids put in on certain parcels of the land, and its confirmation of the sale that had been made thereof.
Whether a court should confirm a report of sale depends in a great measure upon the circumstances of the particular case. In acting upon the report, it must exercise not an arbitrary, but a sound legal discretion in view of all the circumstances. It must be exercised in the interest of fairness and prudence, and with a just regard to the rights of all concerned. This is [609]*609the result of many eases on the subject. Hudgins v. Lanier, Bro. & Co., 23 Gratt. 494; Brock v. Rice, 27 Gratt. 812; Roudabush v. Miller, 32 Gratt. 454; Berlin v. Melhorn, 75 Va. 639; and Hansucker v. Walker, 76 Va. 753.
In Todd v. Gallego Mills Mfg, Co. 84 Va. 577, it is said: “All the eases agree that the court must sell at the best price obtainable, and when a substantial upset bid, well secured and safe, for ten per cent, advance, is put in before confirmation, it is as much a valid bid as if made at the auction. This is the settled law of this court, and will doubtless so remain until the Legislature shall [otherwise] provide by law as has been done by the English Parliament.” This same language was quoted with approval in Ewald v. Crockett, 85 Va. 299.
The above statement of law was construed by the counsel of the appellants to be a departure from the previous cases and the former practice in this State, and to mean that “ a substantial upset bid, well secured and safe, for ten per cent, advance, put in before confirmation,” was always to be accepted, without regard to the circumstances of the case, and that the court had no discretion in the matter. Such a construction is a misapprehension of the import of that decision. The court in that case found no equitable circumstances, which, in the exercise of a sound legal discretion, called for a rejection of the upset bid. It was in amount a large advance on the price obtained at the sale, and in that view substantial. It was well secured and safe. The creditors whom it benefitted desired its acceptance, and the purchaser, as the court took pains to show at length, had no just ground of complaint. We understand the decision in that case to mean simply that a substantial and well secured upset bid should be accepted, unless there are circumstances going to show that injustice would be done to the purchaser or other person. That such was the purport of that decision, and the understanding of the judge who delivered the opinion of the court in that case, and also in Ewald v. Crockett, supra, is clearly manifested in the subsequent case of [610]*610Carr v. Carr, 88 Va. 735, where he enunciates the long and well established rule in Virginia that “ the court, in acting upon the matter, was called upon to act in the exercise of a sound legal discretion in view of all the circumstances. It is to be exercised in the interest of fairness, prudence, and with a just regard to the rights of all concerned.” And he refers to the cases decided long before Todd v. Gallego Mills Mfg. Co. to sustain his declaration of the practice and the law on the subject in this State.
Considering the circumstances of the case at bar, and applying the rule prevailing in this State, our conclusion is that the Circuit Court did not err in rejecting the upset bids and confirming the report of sale of the parcels of land in question.
The sale took place under favorable circumstances, was fairly made, and there is not a suggestion of misconduct or impropriety on the part of any one.
There is no evidence or complaint even that the land did not sell for a fair price, and bring its market value. The commissioners state in their report that it brought a good price, and recommend the confirmation of the sale.
The main upset bid was put in by one who had an agent at the sale, who bid for him. It has been generally understood by the profession, and enforced by the courts, that one who was a bidder at the sale, by himself or by an agent, which is the same thing,,or was present and had the opportunity to bid, would not, as a general rule, be permitted to put in an upset bid. He must bid at the sale in open competition with all others what he is willing to give for the property. A different rule would have a pernicious effect upon judicial sales of property.
The contention over the rejection of the upset bids is not made by the parties who put in the same, but by the owners of the land. As respects the rights of the latter, it appears that every fair means was resorted to that was likely to realize the best possible price at the sale. It was advertised in two of the county newspapers for upward of sixty days, and the several [611]*611tracts divided into two or more convenient parcels for the purposes of the sale. The parcels were first offered for sale, and then the tract as a whole, with the understanding that the largest amount realized would be reported to the court as the sale. That by parcels realized the largest amount. The entire farm, embracing all the tracts and parcels, with the exception of the mansion house and fifty-four acres that had been cried out to the wife of Morgan M. Moore, was then offered as a whole, without, however, any advance bid being made on the sale by parcels. The mansion house and fifty-four acres was excepted from the offer of the whole farm at the request of Morgan Moore. As stated by the judge of the Circuit Court, “the sale* of the land seems to have been conducted by the commissioners in strict accordance with the wishes of the Moores, the owners of the land. Tbe terms of tbe sale were modified to advance their interest. The land was offered in such parcels as they indicated, and offered as long and as often as they requested. They did not then, nor do they now, make any complaint that the sale was not an open and fair bidding, and the prices obtained were not all that could have been expected and desired.” The circumstances of the sale furnish them no ground for any complaint.
The case of the purchaser would be very different if the upset bids were accepted. . They were made on only a part of his purchases, and his other purchases would stand and be confirmed. The farm is composed of lowlands and uplands. The bottom lands are fertile and productive; the uplands are poor, and in part wild and uncultivated. In dividing the farm for the purposes of sale, it was wisely so laid off into parcels that any one buying a parcel of the productive bottom land could also buy a contiguous or conveniently located parcel of upland, and the two be utilized together. The owner of the one would find it convenient and desirable to own theother, but he would not desire to own any part of the upland unless he could also own some convenient part of the bottom land. The purchaser, [612]*612J. I. Triplett, having at the sale first bought a parcel of the lowland, was thereby induced and willing to buy upland that could be advantageously used along with it. The latter, without the bottom land, he did not want, and would not have given as much for it as he bid, if, indeed, he had bid for it at all. The upset bids were made on only a part of his purchases, and one of them so circumscribed that, if accepted, he could not bid on the parcels as at the last sale. It was an offer of an advance of seven and a fraction per cent, on a parcel of the bottom land bought by him, and upon another parcel of like land bought by another person, and made a condition that both parcels be again offered as one tract. The other upset bid is a small advance on one of the parcels of upland bought by Triplett. If the upset bids were accepted the effect would be to compel him to take, in any event, all the parcels of upland except one, which he would not have purchased at all if he had not first bought the parcel of bottom land, and force him to buy not only it on the resale, but also the other parcel of bottom land coupled with it as a condition of the upset bid, and incur the risk of having to pay an exorbitant price for them both. This would be eminently unfair and unjust, and a court of equity will never put a judicial purchaser in such a situation. The' court, in the interest of fairness and justice, in view of all the circumstances, rightly rejected the upset bids and confirmed the sales of the land as made by the trustee and commissioners under its decree.
Judicial sales are constantly taking place, and it must continue to be so as long as there are debts to be collected, and liens to be enforced. Great care should be observed that the practice of the court in acting upon a report of sale should not be such as to deter or discourage bidders, but such as to induce possible purchasers to attend such sales, to encourage fair, open and competitive bidding in order that the highest possible price be obtained, and to inspire confidence in the stability of judicial sales. This is due not merely to the purchaser, but [613]*613also to creditors, debtors, and the owners of property which has to be sold by the court.
There were a number of other errors assigned which related to minor matters, such as the appointment of the receiver in the case, andjthe settlement of his accounts. Due notice was given for his appointment and no objection made, and, as respects his accounts, it is sufficient to say, without particularizing, that no error appears in the action of the court.
The decrees appealed from must be affirmed.
Affirmed.