Hardin, P. J.
1. On the 16th of May, 1887, Sage held a commission from the defendant, which authorized him to act as its agent in conducting the business of fire insurance. The language of the commission is very similar to the language used in the commission of McCoy, quoted in the opinion of the court, as found in 50 N. Y. 406, (Ellis v. Insurance Co.,) as in that case the defendant had delivered a quantity of blank policies of insurance and other papers relating to the business, and the question in that case was whether McCoy was authorized to make a contract binding upon his principal for the issuing of a policy of insurance; and, in- discussing that question, Grover, J., said: “In determining this question, the prevailing usage in transacting such business must be regarded, as it is an elementary principle that the delegation of an authority to transact any business includes an authority to transact it in the usual way, and to do the acts usual in its accomplishment. It must also be kept in mind that he was clothed with full authority to make all necessary surveys to determine the risk, its duration, and the rate of premium, without any reference to a consultation with the company or any of its officers; in short, to negotiate and conclude all the terms of the contract, and [46] to consummate it by filling up and countersigning the policy. This necessarily includes power to make a preliminary contract for the issuing of a policy; as it is manifest that no policy could ever be issued in the absence of such a contract. The question is whether this preliminary contract is binding upon the company; in other words, whether, when made, and the premium therefor paid by the assured, the company is bound, before the policy is actually filled up, countersigned, and delivered. It is clear that, if binding upon the company at all for the shortest period of time, it will so continue until, by some act of the assured, or in some other way, it is discharged therefrom. Mere lapse of time, short of the running of the statute of limitations, will not have this effect. The usage of making agreements for insurance, and paying the premiums providing for the issuing of policies thereafter, to be" dated at and in force from the time of making the agreement, is so general that judicial notice must be taken of it. It would, upon principle, follow that an unrestricted authority to negotiate a contract of insurance by issuing a policy included authority to make a valid preliminary contract for such issue.” When Angell v. Insurance Co., 59 N. Y. 173, was tried before me at the Jefferson circuit, I followed the principle laid down in the case from which the quotation had been made, and the determination made at that circuit, as well as the case of Ellis v. Insurance Co., supra, were approved by the court of appeals in deciding the case of Angell v. Insurance Co., 59 N. Y. 173. From the evidence found in the appeal-book, it is very apparent that Sage knew, on the 16th day of May, 1887, that the plaintiffs had made application for insurance in the sum of $1,800, and that they had agreed upon the terms, and that the insurance was to take effect from the 12th day of May, 1887. If he had then issued a policy to them, he would have done so in pursuance of his authority as the agent of the defendant. On the 16th, he knew that the plaintiffs relied upon the defendant as an insurer of their property. .Doubtless, when he received the application, he should have rejected the same; but his silence and acquiescence in the application, so far as the plaintiffs had any knowledge thereof, was, in effect, an, approval of the application, and a consent on the part of the defendant to enter into the contract of insurance which was contemplated by the parties to the negotiations, and evidenced in part by the application furnished to Sage. He allowed the plaintiffs to repose upon the faith that they had effected valid insurance with the defendant until after the fire occurred. If he had been more diligent in the discharge of his duty to the defendants as well as to the plaintiffs, as soon as he learned that the defendant desired to reject the application for the insurance of the plaintiff’s property, he would have communicated that fact to the plaintiffs. This he wholly omitted to do. By reason of his omission, the plaintiffs were authorized to assume that their contract for a policy of the defendant was valid and binding. The cases to which we have already referred clearly sustain the position that it was within the scope of the agency of Sage to make the contract claimed by the plaintiffs. He had not only an apparent authority, but an actual authority, to make such contract. It is a familiar rule that, “where confidence has been reposed in an agent, and an apparent authority conferred upon him, that the principal must suffer from an actual exercise of authority not exceeding the appearance of that which is granted. When one of two innocent persons must suffer in such a case, that person must bear the loss who reposed the confidence.” See opinion of Dwight, C., in Armour v. Railroad Co., 65 N. Y. 121.
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Hardin, P. J.
1. On the 16th of May, 1887, Sage held a commission from the defendant, which authorized him to act as its agent in conducting the business of fire insurance. The language of the commission is very similar to the language used in the commission of McCoy, quoted in the opinion of the court, as found in 50 N. Y. 406, (Ellis v. Insurance Co.,) as in that case the defendant had delivered a quantity of blank policies of insurance and other papers relating to the business, and the question in that case was whether McCoy was authorized to make a contract binding upon his principal for the issuing of a policy of insurance; and, in- discussing that question, Grover, J., said: “In determining this question, the prevailing usage in transacting such business must be regarded, as it is an elementary principle that the delegation of an authority to transact any business includes an authority to transact it in the usual way, and to do the acts usual in its accomplishment. It must also be kept in mind that he was clothed with full authority to make all necessary surveys to determine the risk, its duration, and the rate of premium, without any reference to a consultation with the company or any of its officers; in short, to negotiate and conclude all the terms of the contract, and [46] to consummate it by filling up and countersigning the policy. This necessarily includes power to make a preliminary contract for the issuing of a policy; as it is manifest that no policy could ever be issued in the absence of such a contract. The question is whether this preliminary contract is binding upon the company; in other words, whether, when made, and the premium therefor paid by the assured, the company is bound, before the policy is actually filled up, countersigned, and delivered. It is clear that, if binding upon the company at all for the shortest period of time, it will so continue until, by some act of the assured, or in some other way, it is discharged therefrom. Mere lapse of time, short of the running of the statute of limitations, will not have this effect. The usage of making agreements for insurance, and paying the premiums providing for the issuing of policies thereafter, to be" dated at and in force from the time of making the agreement, is so general that judicial notice must be taken of it. It would, upon principle, follow that an unrestricted authority to negotiate a contract of insurance by issuing a policy included authority to make a valid preliminary contract for such issue.” When Angell v. Insurance Co., 59 N. Y. 173, was tried before me at the Jefferson circuit, I followed the principle laid down in the case from which the quotation had been made, and the determination made at that circuit, as well as the case of Ellis v. Insurance Co., supra, were approved by the court of appeals in deciding the case of Angell v. Insurance Co., 59 N. Y. 173. From the evidence found in the appeal-book, it is very apparent that Sage knew, on the 16th day of May, 1887, that the plaintiffs had made application for insurance in the sum of $1,800, and that they had agreed upon the terms, and that the insurance was to take effect from the 12th day of May, 1887. If he had then issued a policy to them, he would have done so in pursuance of his authority as the agent of the defendant. On the 16th, he knew that the plaintiffs relied upon the defendant as an insurer of their property. .Doubtless, when he received the application, he should have rejected the same; but his silence and acquiescence in the application, so far as the plaintiffs had any knowledge thereof, was, in effect, an, approval of the application, and a consent on the part of the defendant to enter into the contract of insurance which was contemplated by the parties to the negotiations, and evidenced in part by the application furnished to Sage. He allowed the plaintiffs to repose upon the faith that they had effected valid insurance with the defendant until after the fire occurred. If he had been more diligent in the discharge of his duty to the defendants as well as to the plaintiffs, as soon as he learned that the defendant desired to reject the application for the insurance of the plaintiff’s property, he would have communicated that fact to the plaintiffs. This he wholly omitted to do. By reason of his omission, the plaintiffs were authorized to assume that their contract for a policy of the defendant was valid and binding. The cases to which we have already referred clearly sustain the position that it was within the scope of the agency of Sage to make the contract claimed by the plaintiffs. He had not only an apparent authority, but an actual authority, to make such contract. It is a familiar rule that, “where confidence has been reposed in an agent, and an apparent authority conferred upon him, that the principal must suffer from an actual exercise of authority not exceeding the appearance of that which is granted. When one of two innocent persons must suffer in such a case, that person must bear the loss who reposed the confidence.” See opinion of Dwight, C., in Armour v. Railroad Co., 65 N. Y. 121.
We see nothing in the commission of Sage, which he received from the defendant, or in the authority which he received from it, or in the authority inferable from his course of business with the defendant, or the nature of the business in which he was engaged, which would warrant us in saying that only such acts as he personally supervised in the accomplishment of the business of the defendant could be binding upon the defendant. Upon [47] the other hand, we think the inference reasonable that the authority which he derived from the defendant was such that he might call to his aid others in the execution of the details of the business which he undertook for the defendant. He resided at Catskill, and was engaged for the Co-operative Insurance Company, in a line of business which required his personal presence most of the time in Catskill. He was carrying on business for the defendant in three large and extensive counties. Some of the territory embraced within the limits prescribed for him by the defendant was 150 miles distant by rail from its home office. Therefore, the circumstances surrounding his relation to the defendant and its business, in which he was to act as their agent, justify the inference that the defendant understood, during the existence of such agency, that he would call to his aid the services of clerks or solicitors. We think the language used by the court in Bodine v. Insurance Co., 51 N. Y. 123, is quite applicable to the aspect of the case we have been considering. The court said: “We must infer that John Whelp had all the power of ordinary insurance agents. He had acted for this company for nine or ten years in procuring risks for it, and in delivering policies and renewal certificates. His name was indorsed upon the original policy as the company’s agent. It was, therefore, according to the decisions above cited, just as competent for him to waive the condition of prepayment as for any other officer or agent of the company. But, conceding this, it is claimed on the part of the appellant that his son, Charles Whelp, had no authority to waive the prepayment of the premium so as to bind the company. Charles had been the clerk and assistant of his father for three or four years. He had' procured policies and renewal certificates from the company, and frequently delivered them to the persons insured, waiving prepayment of the premiums. All this he did with the knowledge and assent of his father, and hence we must infer that he was authorized by his father to do it. The agency of John Whelp was not such as to require his personal attention to all the details of the business intrusted to him. We know, according to the ordinary course of business, that insurance agents frequently have clerks to assist them, and that they could not transact their business if obliged to attend to all the details in person; and these clerks can bind their principals in any of the business which they are authorized to transact. An insurance agent can authorize his clerk to contract for risks, to deliver policies, to collect premiums, and to take payment of premiums in cash or securities, and to give credit for premiums or to demand cash; and the act of the clerk in all such cases is the act of the agent, and binds the company just as effectually as if it were done by the agent in person.” The same view of an age.nt’s authority and the powers of a subordinate assistant was stated by me in delivering the opinion of the court in Kuney v. Insurance Co., when it was before this court on the first appeal, and the same doctrine was repeated when the casé was before this court on a second appeal, as appears by the report thereof in 36 Hun, 66.
Sage neglected for a period of 18 days to cancel or revoke the agreement which had been made with the plaintiffs, and during that whole time allowed them to rely upon the arrangement for insurance which had been communicated to him as early as the 16th of May, 1887. We think it reasonable to hold that the defendant is bound by his acts, and that, as one of two parties must suffer by his omission, it should be the defendant rather than the plaintiffs, as it had clothed him with power and apparent authority to make the contract, which he had sanctioned and allowed the plaintiffs to repose upon until after the loss occurred.
2. Although our attention has been called to chapter 488 of the Laws of 1886, providing for a standard fire insurance policy, and to the clause in such a policy, viz., “In any matter relating to this insurance, no person, unless duly authorized in writing, shall be deemed the agent of this company,” we [48] think, under the circumstances of this case, no such force or effect can be given to the language just quoted as would relieve the defendant from the liability which its agent, Sage, cast upon it by his negligence in discharging his duty.
8. The views which we have already expressed render it unimportant to consider the exceptions taken upon the trial to the admission of some evidence which was perhaps immaterial, as, in the view we have considered the case, it was unimportant.
We think the conclusion reached by the referee should be sustained. Judgment affirmed, with costs.
Martin, J., concurs. Merwin, J., not voting.