MARTIN (Harry C.), Judge.
This appeal presents the question whether plaintiffs can convey to defendant Hunter a good, fee simple, marketable title to the property described in the contract of sale. In order to answer this question, we must interpret the will of E. B. Moore. Although the specific provision in question is Item IV of the will, previously set out, in construing a will we are required to view it from its four corners.
Campbell v. Jordan,
274 N.C. 233, 162 S.E. 2d 545 (1968).
The intention of the testator, gathered from the four corners of the instrument, is the “polar star which is to guide in the interpretation of all wills, and, when ascertained, effect will be given to it unless it violates some rule of law, or is contrary to public policy.”
Clark v. Connor,
253 N.C. 515, 520, 117 S.E. 2d 465, 468 (1960).
Isolated clauses or sentences are not to be considered by themselves, but the will is to be considered as a whole, and its different clauses and provisions examined and compared, so as to ascertain the general plan and purpose of the testator, if there be one. Ordinarily nothing is to be added to or taken from the language used, and every clause and every word must be given effect if possible. Generally, ordinary words are to be given their usual and ordinary meaning, and technical words are presumed to have been used in a technical sense. If words or phrases are used which have a well-defined legal significance, established by a line of judicial
decisions, they will be presumed to have been used in that sense, in the absence of evidence of a contrary intent. If, when so considered, the intention of the testator can be discerned, that is the end of the investigation.
Id.
at 521, 117 S.E. 2d at 468-69.
The epigram of Sir William Jones, “no will has a brother,” remains true today. Little or no aid can be derived by a court in construing a will from prior decisions in other will cases. It is not sufficient that the same words in substance, or even literally, have been construed in other cases. It often happens that identical words require very different constructions according to context and the peculiar circumstances of each case.
Morris v. Morris,
246 N.C. 314, 98 S.E. 2d 298 (1957). “Probing the minds of persons long dead as to what they meant by words used when they walked this earth in the flesh is, at best, perilous labor.”
Gatling v. Gatling,
239 N.C. 215, 221, 79 S.E. 2d 466, 471 (1954). When engaging in this task, we should give effect to every clause, phrase and word in accordance with the general purpose of the will, where possible.
Morris, supra.
“Every string should give its sound.”
Edens v. Williams,
7 N.C. 27, 31 (1819).
In applying these rules of construction to the will of E. B. Moore, we are of the opinion that the result reached by the trial court is correct. We find that with respect to the property in Item IV of the will, the Selwyn Farm property and the Clarke County, Virginia, land, it was the intention of the testator to devise a fee simple interest in the property to his son, Edgar Blackburn Moore, subject only to the right of testator’s wife, Beulah, to live on the property and to receive certain of the income from the property and to the stipulation that Edgar not predecease testator without leaving issue. The devise to Edgar was also subject to the condition that the land and any part thereof shall not be sold or encumbered for twenty-five years after the death of testator. The will was executed in 1913, when Edgar was sixteen years old. At that time the property was a working farm and testator made provisions in his will for several of his farm employees. The testator realized his son was only sixteen years old and would likely receive the farm when he was still a young man. Knowing Item IV of the will would give Edgar a fee simple title to the farm and desiring both to provide an in
come for his wife and protect Edgar from losing his estate by inexperience, he attempted to restrict the alienation of the property. This shows his intent that Edgar would have the fee upon the death of testator. The words “in fee simple” are technical words and shall be given their technical meaning in the absence of a clear expression of a contrary intention in the will itself.
Olive v. Biggs,
276 N.C. 445, 173 S.E. 2d 301 (1970).
Defendants contend that testator’s use of the words “unless he shall die without leaving issue,” followed by a contingent devise to testator’s nieces and nephews, is such a clear expression. They rely upon these pertinent provisions of N.C.G.S. 41-4: “Every contingent limitation of any . . . will, made to depend upon the dying of any person . . . without issue . . . shall be held and interpreted a limitation to take effect when such person dies not having such . . . issue . . . living at the time of his death.” The statute contains this condition: “. . . unless the intention of such limitation be otherwise, and expressly and plainly declared in the face of the . . . will creating it.”
We hold the intent of E. B. Moore that the limitation is to take effect upon the death of testator is expressly and plainly declared on the face of the will and the statute is not applicable. If Edgar had predeceased testator without leaving issue, then the property would have gone to the contingent devisees. However, Edgar survived his father. The law favors early absolute vesting of estates, and in the interpretations of wills with conditional expressions, which render a testamentary devise defeasible, their operation should be confined to as early a period as the words of the will allow so that it becomes an absolute interest as soon as the language of the testator will permit.
Elmore v. Austin,
232 N.C. 13, 59 S.E. 2d 205 (1950). Where there is ambiguity in a will whether the contingent limitation is to occur at the death of the testator or that of the first taker, the law favors the early vesting of estates and it will be held to occur at the death of the testator. Where it clearly appears from the words of the will and surrounding circumstances that the testator so intended, the statute, N.C.G.S. 41-4, will not apply.
Westfeldt v. Reynolds,
191 N.C. 802, 133 S.E. 168 (1926).
Chief Justice Stacy in
Westfeldt
was construing a will with a like question to the one at bar. Testatrix in her will left half of
her property to Jenny Westfeldt, “to revert to Lulie Westfeldt in case of Jenny Fleetwood Westfeldt’s decease.” What the great Chief Justice said in
Westfeldt
is persuasive in our case:
We now come to the first real battleground of debate between the parties, but from the reasoning in all the decisions on the subject, the question would seem to be involved in no serious doubt as to its proper solution. Jenny Fleet-wood Westfeldt survived the testatrix. The limitation that her interest under the second devise is “to revert to Lulie Westfeldt in case of Jenny Fleetwood Westfeldt’s decease,” has reference to the death of Jenny Fleetwood Westfeldt during the lifetime of the testatrix.
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MARTIN (Harry C.), Judge.
This appeal presents the question whether plaintiffs can convey to defendant Hunter a good, fee simple, marketable title to the property described in the contract of sale. In order to answer this question, we must interpret the will of E. B. Moore. Although the specific provision in question is Item IV of the will, previously set out, in construing a will we are required to view it from its four corners.
Campbell v. Jordan,
274 N.C. 233, 162 S.E. 2d 545 (1968).
The intention of the testator, gathered from the four corners of the instrument, is the “polar star which is to guide in the interpretation of all wills, and, when ascertained, effect will be given to it unless it violates some rule of law, or is contrary to public policy.”
Clark v. Connor,
253 N.C. 515, 520, 117 S.E. 2d 465, 468 (1960).
Isolated clauses or sentences are not to be considered by themselves, but the will is to be considered as a whole, and its different clauses and provisions examined and compared, so as to ascertain the general plan and purpose of the testator, if there be one. Ordinarily nothing is to be added to or taken from the language used, and every clause and every word must be given effect if possible. Generally, ordinary words are to be given their usual and ordinary meaning, and technical words are presumed to have been used in a technical sense. If words or phrases are used which have a well-defined legal significance, established by a line of judicial
decisions, they will be presumed to have been used in that sense, in the absence of evidence of a contrary intent. If, when so considered, the intention of the testator can be discerned, that is the end of the investigation.
Id.
at 521, 117 S.E. 2d at 468-69.
The epigram of Sir William Jones, “no will has a brother,” remains true today. Little or no aid can be derived by a court in construing a will from prior decisions in other will cases. It is not sufficient that the same words in substance, or even literally, have been construed in other cases. It often happens that identical words require very different constructions according to context and the peculiar circumstances of each case.
Morris v. Morris,
246 N.C. 314, 98 S.E. 2d 298 (1957). “Probing the minds of persons long dead as to what they meant by words used when they walked this earth in the flesh is, at best, perilous labor.”
Gatling v. Gatling,
239 N.C. 215, 221, 79 S.E. 2d 466, 471 (1954). When engaging in this task, we should give effect to every clause, phrase and word in accordance with the general purpose of the will, where possible.
Morris, supra.
“Every string should give its sound.”
Edens v. Williams,
7 N.C. 27, 31 (1819).
In applying these rules of construction to the will of E. B. Moore, we are of the opinion that the result reached by the trial court is correct. We find that with respect to the property in Item IV of the will, the Selwyn Farm property and the Clarke County, Virginia, land, it was the intention of the testator to devise a fee simple interest in the property to his son, Edgar Blackburn Moore, subject only to the right of testator’s wife, Beulah, to live on the property and to receive certain of the income from the property and to the stipulation that Edgar not predecease testator without leaving issue. The devise to Edgar was also subject to the condition that the land and any part thereof shall not be sold or encumbered for twenty-five years after the death of testator. The will was executed in 1913, when Edgar was sixteen years old. At that time the property was a working farm and testator made provisions in his will for several of his farm employees. The testator realized his son was only sixteen years old and would likely receive the farm when he was still a young man. Knowing Item IV of the will would give Edgar a fee simple title to the farm and desiring both to provide an in
come for his wife and protect Edgar from losing his estate by inexperience, he attempted to restrict the alienation of the property. This shows his intent that Edgar would have the fee upon the death of testator. The words “in fee simple” are technical words and shall be given their technical meaning in the absence of a clear expression of a contrary intention in the will itself.
Olive v. Biggs,
276 N.C. 445, 173 S.E. 2d 301 (1970).
Defendants contend that testator’s use of the words “unless he shall die without leaving issue,” followed by a contingent devise to testator’s nieces and nephews, is such a clear expression. They rely upon these pertinent provisions of N.C.G.S. 41-4: “Every contingent limitation of any . . . will, made to depend upon the dying of any person . . . without issue . . . shall be held and interpreted a limitation to take effect when such person dies not having such . . . issue . . . living at the time of his death.” The statute contains this condition: “. . . unless the intention of such limitation be otherwise, and expressly and plainly declared in the face of the . . . will creating it.”
We hold the intent of E. B. Moore that the limitation is to take effect upon the death of testator is expressly and plainly declared on the face of the will and the statute is not applicable. If Edgar had predeceased testator without leaving issue, then the property would have gone to the contingent devisees. However, Edgar survived his father. The law favors early absolute vesting of estates, and in the interpretations of wills with conditional expressions, which render a testamentary devise defeasible, their operation should be confined to as early a period as the words of the will allow so that it becomes an absolute interest as soon as the language of the testator will permit.
Elmore v. Austin,
232 N.C. 13, 59 S.E. 2d 205 (1950). Where there is ambiguity in a will whether the contingent limitation is to occur at the death of the testator or that of the first taker, the law favors the early vesting of estates and it will be held to occur at the death of the testator. Where it clearly appears from the words of the will and surrounding circumstances that the testator so intended, the statute, N.C.G.S. 41-4, will not apply.
Westfeldt v. Reynolds,
191 N.C. 802, 133 S.E. 168 (1926).
Chief Justice Stacy in
Westfeldt
was construing a will with a like question to the one at bar. Testatrix in her will left half of
her property to Jenny Westfeldt, “to revert to Lulie Westfeldt in case of Jenny Fleetwood Westfeldt’s decease.” What the great Chief Justice said in
Westfeldt
is persuasive in our case:
We now come to the first real battleground of debate between the parties, but from the reasoning in all the decisions on the subject, the question would seem to be involved in no serious doubt as to its proper solution. Jenny Fleet-wood Westfeldt survived the testatrix. The limitation that her interest under the second devise is “to revert to Lulie Westfeldt in case of Jenny Fleetwood Westfeldt’s decease,” has reference to the death of Jenny Fleetwood Westfeldt during the lifetime of the testatrix. This not having occurred, the devise to Jenny Fleetwood Westfeldt, under the second clause, became absolute upon her survival of the testatrix.
Goode v. Hearne,
180 N.C., 475;
Bank v.
Murray, 175 N.C., 62.
It is the recognized rule of testamentary construction, here and elsewhere, that, in the absence of a contrary intention clearly expressed in the will, or to be derived from its context, read in the light of the surrounding circumstances, when a defeasible estate is created by devise, with no definite time fixed for the same to become absolute, and the alternative is either to adopt the time of the testator’s death, or the death of the devisee, at which the estate may fairly be relieved of the contingency and become absolute, the time of the testator’s death will ordinarily be adopted, unless prohibited by some statutory provision, as this makes for the early vesting of estates, which the law favors.
Id.
at 806, 133 S.E. at 170-71.
The other half of the Westfeldt property was devised to Lulie Westfeldt, “and should Lulie Westfeldt die without heirs the property to go over to Overton Westfeldt Price’s children.” Here the Court held the statute (now N.C.G.S. 41-4) did not affect the general rule of interpretation (set out with respect to Jenny’s devise) as a contrary intent clearly appeared upon the face of the will.
The testator, E. B. Moore, had three primary beneficiaries in mind as expressed in his will: his wife Beulah, who received his residuary estate and certain interests under Item IV of the will;
his son Edgar, who received the property described in Item IV subject to the interests of his mother; and his collateral heirs. It is proper to consider the state of his family and the nature of his property in determining testator’s intent as expressed in his will.
Edens v. Williams, supra.
E. B. Moore intended his son to have the farms if he survived him. He intended his son to hold this property for at least twenty-five years after testator’s death and use the income for the benefit of Beulah and Edgar. Testator knew that time changes all things and that after twenty-five years from his death it might be necessary and wise to sell the property or parts of it for the benefit of Edgar or Beulah. Without a fee simple title in Edgar, this was a practical impossibility.
Edgar’s estate was limited by his surviving the testator. He did so. We hold Edgar took a fee simple title to the property described in Item IV at the death of his father, subject only to the interests of Beulah, Edgar’s mother. She died 23 December 1948 and her interests in the subject property terminated at her death. Edgar Blackburn Moore now owns a fee simple title to the subject property and plaintiffs can convey the land described in the contract of sale by good, marketable fee simple title to defendant Hunter.
We agree with plaintiffs that the Court should not at this time determine matters beyond those raised by plaintiffs’ complaint and Hunter’s answer, and we will not undertake to determine the rights and interests of the Hardesty heirs as raised in their brief.
The judgment of the superior court ordering specific performance of the contract between plaintiffs and defendant Hunter is
Affirmed.
Judges PARKER and HILL concur.