Dutton, J.
This is an action on a probate bond. Such bonds are required by the statute laws of this state on the settlement of every estate. They must be of sufficient amount, and the bondsmen of sufficient responsibility to secure every claim against the estate, and every interest involved in it. The law puts the property into the hands of the executor or administrator as a trustee, to manage and dispose of the same for the parties in interest under the supervision of the judge of probate. One of his most important duties, and this is named in the condition of the bond, is to “make a true and perfect inventory of all the goods, chattels, credits and estate that have or shall come to his hands, possession or knowledge or to the hands, possession or knowledge of any other person for him,” and lodge the same with the judge of probate. This must be done within sixty days, unless a sufficient excuse can, be shown for a further delay, on a penalty of $ 17 for every month’s neglect. No special provision is made by the statute for the case of other property subsequently coming to the possession or knowledge of the >executor or administrator, but tbe reason and spirit of the law evidently require that an additional inventory should be made, or something equivalent to it.
In Pratt v. Northern, 5 Mason, 95, it appeared that administration had been granted on an estate in Rhode Island,’ in the year 1800. The administration bond in that case was almost identical with that given by the defendants. In 1803 [559]*559money came into the hands of the administrator from an ancillary administration in England. He took no notice of this money in the settlement of the estate. Story, J., says, (page 108,) “ What then was the duty of the administrator upon the receipt of these assets ? It was plainly his duty to inventory them, and to account for them as part of the testator’s estate in his hands and possession.” On page 104 he remarks, that “ the money received by him through the instrumentality of the ancillary administration in England was clearly assets in his hands, and ought as such to have been accounted for in his administration account.”
The great object of this highly important requirement of the law regarding an inventory, is to enable the judge oí probate and the parties in interest to know what property belongs to the estate. Without it they could not understandingly call the executor or administrator to an account.
In the present case the bond on which the suit was brought is dated April 16,1862. The plaintiff alleges that the executor did not make an inventory of all the property belonging to the estate, but that promissory notes and moneys to the amount of several thousand dollars came into his hands, possession and knowledge, before the 26th day of November, 1862, the day of the settlement hereinafter referred to, which he never inventoried. The defendants in answer to this allegation interpose two pleas—one a general denial of the allegations in the declaration, and the other a special plea alleging a settlement of the administration account. Whether the plaintiff will be able to sustain his allegations by proof on the trial of the general issue, remains to be ascertained hereafter. The question for us to determine is only as to the sufficiency of the special plea, to which the plaintiff has demurred.
This plea sets up as a defence a settlement of the executor’s administration account with the court of probate on the 26tli day of November, 1862, not appealed from. In this account the executor does not charge himself with any assets, but on the contrary enters on the debtor side the following :—
“ Walter Holmes in account with said estate, Dr.
[560]*560“ (The appraisers of said estate made no return of personal property.”)
He then credits himself with various items, amounting to about seventy dollars. It is the decree of the court of probate approving of this account which the defendants setup as a bar to this action.
The plea does not by way of estoppel allege that any particular fact was found by the court of probate which would preclude an inquiry as to the same fact again. It could not bo seriously claimed that the court of probate, in approving such an account as this was, decided that no assets came into the hands or to the knowledge of the executor previous to the settlement. The memorandum of what return the appraisers made presents no such question for adjudication. If it did it would only cover the .time previous to the return of the appraisers, and would hot apply to the whole time covered by the declaration. The finding of the court of probate could not therefore be pleaded by way of estoppel to the allegations in the plaintiff’s declaration, as the question, if any, with regard to assets, which the court of probate was called upon to decide, was not the same as the declaration presents. For such a purpose the plea would be too narrow, and demurrable on that ground.
The plea evidently is founded on the assumption that a settlement of an administration account, approved by the court of probate and not appealed from, is a bar to an action on the probate bond charging the executor with not making a full inventory of the estate. Whether this assumption would be well founded where nothing appears on the pleadings to impeach such a settlement, it is not necessary now to decide.
As this is not, as we have seen, a plea of estoppel, it must be governed by the general rules applicable to special pleas. There is no rule of pleading more firmly established than that the defendant must either deny the material allegations of the plaintiff’s declaration or confess and avoid them. 1 Chitty PL, 472. The plaintiff in his declaration alleges that certain personal property belonging to the estate, came into the hands of the executor, which he did not inventory. In this plea the [561]*561defendants do not deny this allegation, and of course must be regarded as admitting it. They plead in bar of this apparently just ground of action on the bond, the settlement of the administration account to which we have referred. The whole account is set out in the plea, and from this it appears that the property which it is admitted the executor received was not brought into it. As the plea is demurred to, the only question is whether such a plea is sufficient in law. That the admitted facts show that there has been a palpable breach of the probate bond is too plain for comment. It'is equally clear that if the defendants prevail on this plea the executor on the admitted facts will secure to himself several thousand dollars which do not belong to him, and .that he will deprive those for whom he was acting as trustee of this amount. We think that such gross injustice can not be accomplished by such a legal maneuver as this. The executor was not only under obligation by law as a trustee, and by the rules of common honesty as a man, but by the express terms of the bond, “ to well and truly administer ” the estate. But he admits, as we have seen, that this property came to his hands before he presented his administration account. His account therefore must have been by his own showing false and fraudulent. His obtaining the sanction of the court of probate was itself a violation of his duty and a breach of the bond. In the settlement of an estate the responsibility rests upon the executor to see, so far as is in his power, that every thing is properly done by the court of probate as well as by himself.
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Dutton, J.
This is an action on a probate bond. Such bonds are required by the statute laws of this state on the settlement of every estate. They must be of sufficient amount, and the bondsmen of sufficient responsibility to secure every claim against the estate, and every interest involved in it. The law puts the property into the hands of the executor or administrator as a trustee, to manage and dispose of the same for the parties in interest under the supervision of the judge of probate. One of his most important duties, and this is named in the condition of the bond, is to “make a true and perfect inventory of all the goods, chattels, credits and estate that have or shall come to his hands, possession or knowledge or to the hands, possession or knowledge of any other person for him,” and lodge the same with the judge of probate. This must be done within sixty days, unless a sufficient excuse can, be shown for a further delay, on a penalty of $ 17 for every month’s neglect. No special provision is made by the statute for the case of other property subsequently coming to the possession or knowledge of the >executor or administrator, but tbe reason and spirit of the law evidently require that an additional inventory should be made, or something equivalent to it.
In Pratt v. Northern, 5 Mason, 95, it appeared that administration had been granted on an estate in Rhode Island,’ in the year 1800. The administration bond in that case was almost identical with that given by the defendants. In 1803 [559]*559money came into the hands of the administrator from an ancillary administration in England. He took no notice of this money in the settlement of the estate. Story, J., says, (page 108,) “ What then was the duty of the administrator upon the receipt of these assets ? It was plainly his duty to inventory them, and to account for them as part of the testator’s estate in his hands and possession.” On page 104 he remarks, that “ the money received by him through the instrumentality of the ancillary administration in England was clearly assets in his hands, and ought as such to have been accounted for in his administration account.”
The great object of this highly important requirement of the law regarding an inventory, is to enable the judge oí probate and the parties in interest to know what property belongs to the estate. Without it they could not understandingly call the executor or administrator to an account.
In the present case the bond on which the suit was brought is dated April 16,1862. The plaintiff alleges that the executor did not make an inventory of all the property belonging to the estate, but that promissory notes and moneys to the amount of several thousand dollars came into his hands, possession and knowledge, before the 26th day of November, 1862, the day of the settlement hereinafter referred to, which he never inventoried. The defendants in answer to this allegation interpose two pleas—one a general denial of the allegations in the declaration, and the other a special plea alleging a settlement of the administration account. Whether the plaintiff will be able to sustain his allegations by proof on the trial of the general issue, remains to be ascertained hereafter. The question for us to determine is only as to the sufficiency of the special plea, to which the plaintiff has demurred.
This plea sets up as a defence a settlement of the executor’s administration account with the court of probate on the 26tli day of November, 1862, not appealed from. In this account the executor does not charge himself with any assets, but on the contrary enters on the debtor side the following :—
“ Walter Holmes in account with said estate, Dr.
[560]*560“ (The appraisers of said estate made no return of personal property.”)
He then credits himself with various items, amounting to about seventy dollars. It is the decree of the court of probate approving of this account which the defendants setup as a bar to this action.
The plea does not by way of estoppel allege that any particular fact was found by the court of probate which would preclude an inquiry as to the same fact again. It could not bo seriously claimed that the court of probate, in approving such an account as this was, decided that no assets came into the hands or to the knowledge of the executor previous to the settlement. The memorandum of what return the appraisers made presents no such question for adjudication. If it did it would only cover the .time previous to the return of the appraisers, and would hot apply to the whole time covered by the declaration. The finding of the court of probate could not therefore be pleaded by way of estoppel to the allegations in the plaintiff’s declaration, as the question, if any, with regard to assets, which the court of probate was called upon to decide, was not the same as the declaration presents. For such a purpose the plea would be too narrow, and demurrable on that ground.
The plea evidently is founded on the assumption that a settlement of an administration account, approved by the court of probate and not appealed from, is a bar to an action on the probate bond charging the executor with not making a full inventory of the estate. Whether this assumption would be well founded where nothing appears on the pleadings to impeach such a settlement, it is not necessary now to decide.
As this is not, as we have seen, a plea of estoppel, it must be governed by the general rules applicable to special pleas. There is no rule of pleading more firmly established than that the defendant must either deny the material allegations of the plaintiff’s declaration or confess and avoid them. 1 Chitty PL, 472. The plaintiff in his declaration alleges that certain personal property belonging to the estate, came into the hands of the executor, which he did not inventory. In this plea the [561]*561defendants do not deny this allegation, and of course must be regarded as admitting it. They plead in bar of this apparently just ground of action on the bond, the settlement of the administration account to which we have referred. The whole account is set out in the plea, and from this it appears that the property which it is admitted the executor received was not brought into it. As the plea is demurred to, the only question is whether such a plea is sufficient in law. That the admitted facts show that there has been a palpable breach of the probate bond is too plain for comment. It'is equally clear that if the defendants prevail on this plea the executor on the admitted facts will secure to himself several thousand dollars which do not belong to him, and .that he will deprive those for whom he was acting as trustee of this amount. We think that such gross injustice can not be accomplished by such a legal maneuver as this. The executor was not only under obligation by law as a trustee, and by the rules of common honesty as a man, but by the express terms of the bond, “ to well and truly administer ” the estate. But he admits, as we have seen, that this property came to his hands before he presented his administration account. His account therefore must have been by his own showing false and fraudulent. His obtaining the sanction of the court of probate was itself a violation of his duty and a breach of the bond. In the settlement of an estate the responsibility rests upon the executor to see, so far as is in his power, that every thing is properly done by the court of probate as well as by himself. Even a neglect to procure the necessary decrees from the court of probate has been held to be a breach of the probate bond. Warren v. Powers, 5 Conn., 373. Much more would the procurement of an illegal. or fraudulent decree.
The case of Pratt v. Northam, 5 Mason, 95, to which we have referred, presents some- strong points of resemblance to the present case, although that was a petition in equity, and not a suit on the probate bond. In that case there had been a settlement approved by the court of probate, and the statute of Rhode Island was very strong as to the conclusive [562]*562effect of a decree of probate not appealed from; yet Judge Story says, (page 108,) “ This language can not be considered as giving a stronger efficacy to a probate decree than a judgment possesses at the common law. Upon general principles fraud avoids the latter.” He evidently assumes that for obtaining such a decree there would be a remedy on the bond. He says, (page 104,) “The omission to do so” (that is to account for the assets which the administrator had received from England in his administration account,) “ was a departure from his duty, a breach of the condition of his probate bond, and an inexcusable fraud.” We can not see how a plea which admits such a state of facts can possibly be sufficient in law. To hold a contrary doctrine would enable an executor or administrator to perpetrate frauds to an unlimited extent He frequently is the only person who knows what assets belong to the estate. He can withhold them from the inventory or administration account without the knowledge of the parties in interest. If they should be present at the settlement of the account they would be in no situation to dispute its accuracy or to see the necessity of taking an appeal. They will ordinarily trust, as they generally can with safety? to the honesty of the executor or administrator. On this account there is the greater necessity, if it should be subsequently discovered when too late for an appeal that owing to the fraud of the executor or administrator property belonging to the estate had not been accounted for, that there should be a remedy on the bond. If in the present case no such fraud has in fact been practised, the defendants will have an opportunity of showing it on the trial of the other issue.
We advise that the plea is insufficient.
In this opinion the other judges concurred.