IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
MOORE TRUST BY ITS CO- TRUSTEES, JAY L. MOORE AND No. 86291-0-I CHRISTINE A. MOORE, DIVISION ONE Appellants, UNPUBLISHED OPINION v.
FEDERAL NATIONAL MORTGAGE ASSOCIATION, †
Defendant,
AND
GLENN WILEY GRUBBS, III, AND TAMARA MCMILLEN, HUSBAND AND WIFE,
Respondents.
DÍAZ, J. — Appellant Moore Trust and respondents, Glenn Grubbs III and
Tamara McMillan, are adjoining landowners. Jay Moore and his wife are the
grantors, trustees, and beneficiaries of Moore Trust. 1 Moore believed respondents
† Pursuant to a stipulation of the parties, the court dismissed Federal National
Mortgage Association prior to the decisions challenged in this appeal. 1 While legally distinct, we will use the term “Moore” interchangeably to refer to
either Jay Moore or Moore Trust. No. 86291-0-I/2
installed a fence inches within his property. Moore forcibly removed the fence with
a blowtorch and sued respondents for inter alia trespass. Moore now argues the
court erred in dismissing his claims on summary judgment and in granting
summary judgment to respondents on their counterclaims for trespass and
trespass to chattels, which a jury later assessed damages on. He further
challenges the court’s award of attorney fees under CR 11. We affirm.
I. BACKGROUND
In 1983, Moore purchased land in Burien, Washington. In 1998, Moore
divided this property into four lots. In 2017, respondents purchased one of the lots
(“Lot 3”), on which Moore had built a house, in which respondents have lived since.
Moore retained ownership of the adjacent lot (“Lot 4”), which sat empty.
Grubbs is a professional fence builder. He claims he built a wooden split
rail fence on the property line between Lot 3 and Lot 4. Approximately four years
later, in November 2020, Grubbs replaced that fence with a chain link fence,
claiming he measured between the two pertinent property pins and set a stringline
three inches inside his own property line to ensure the fence was on his property. 2
Moore claims that, on April 6, 2021, he discovered the chain link fence
encroaching “several” inches onto his property during a “routine inspection” of Lot
4. He further claims McMillan promised that Grubbs would move the fence.
Believing he had “wait[ed] long enough,” between April 15 and 17, 2021, Moore at
2 For his part, Moore disputes any wooden fence ever existed and the timing of the
erection of the chain link fence, though he acknowledges there were some loose wooden rails on his property at some point. We need not discuss these factual disputes further, as they are immaterial. 2 No. 86291-0-I/3
least twice attempted to “disassemble” the fence with a blowtorch. Grubbs or
McMillan called the police and repaired the fence each time afterwards. Moore
claims that, after each incident, respondents “moved the offending section of
fencing, each time farther East to the point where, now, it was no longer on [his]
property” after litigation was underway.
In June 2021, Moore sued respondents in superior court. Moore alleged
the initial placement of the chain link fence amounted to trespass and nuisance.
The same month, respondents counterclaimed for inter alia trespass and trespass
to chattels.
In January 2022, respondents moved for partial summary judgment on
Moore’s claims, further asserting he violated CR 11. In March 2022, the court
granted their motion (First Order), dismissing Moore’s complaint. In April 2022,
court then granted respondents’ motion for attorney fees and costs under CR 11
and RCW 4.84.185, reducing to judgment the award of $50,359.27 (First
Judgment).
In March 2023, respondents and Moore moved for partial summary
judgment on some or all of respondents’ counterclaims, respectively. In April 2023,
the court granted respondents’ motion and denied Moore’s motion (Second Order),
granting partial summary judgment as to Moore’s liability for common law trespass
and trespass to chattels, leaving only the claims of civil assault and outrage for
trial, the latter of which was dismissed voluntarily prior to trial.
In November 2023, following trial, a jury awarded respondents $2,360 in
damages for trespass and $7,860 in damages for trespass to chattels, while
3 No. 86291-0-I/4
declining to find for respondents on their assault claim. 3 The court later trebled the
award of damages on respondents’ trespass to chattels claim to $23,580 under
RCW 4.24.630, and granted their motion for attorney fees in part, awarding, in a
judgment of February 2024, an additional nearly $92,000 (Second Judgment).
Moore now appeals.
II. ANALYSIS
A. The Court’s Orders on Summary Judgment
“Summary judgment is proper where there is no genuine issue of material
fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” West v. Dep’t
of Fish & Wildlife, 21 Wn. App. 2d 435, 440, 506 P.3d 722 (2022). “A ‘material
fact’ is one on which the outcome of the litigation depends.” TracFone, Inc. v. City
of Renton, 30 Wn. App. 2d 870, 875, 547 P.3d 902 (2024) (quoting Jacobsen v.
State, 89 Wn.2d 104, 108, 569 P.2d 1152 (1977)). “A genuine issue of material
fact exists where reasonable minds could differ on the facts controlling the
outcome of the litigation.” Ranger Ins. Co. v. Pierce County, 164 Wn.2d 545, 552,
192 P.3d 886 (2008).
“Washington courts employ a two-step burden-shifting analysis for
summary judgment motions.” TracFone, 30 Wn. App. 2d at 875. “First, the ‘party
moving for summary judgment bears the initial burden of showing that there is no
disputed issue of material fact.’” Id. (quoting Haley v. Amazon.com Servs., LLC,
25 Wn. App. 2d 207, 216, 522 P.3d 80 (2022)). “Second, the ‘burden then shifts
3 In December 2023, the court denied Moore’s motion under CR 59 to set aside
the jury’s verdict, reconsider the earlier summary judgment motions, and order a new trial (together, “motion for reconsideration”). 4 No. 86291-0-I/5
to the nonmoving party to present evidence that an issue of material fact remains.’”
Id. (quoting Haley, 25 Wn. App. 2d at 216). “Stated otherwise, summary judgment
gauges whether the nonmoving party has met their ‘burden of production to create
an issue’ of material fact.” Id. (quoting Rice v. Offshore Sys., Inc., 167 Wn. App.
77, 89, 272 P.3d 865 (2012)).
Importantly, “[m]ere speculation cannot support or defeat a motion for
summary judgment.” Umpqua Bank v. Gunzel, 19 Wn. App. 2d 16, 34, 501 P.3d
177 (2021) (emphasis added); BLACK’S LAW DICTIONARY 1692 (12th ed. 2024)
(defining speculation as “theorizing about matters over which there is no certain
knowledge”). And “[c]onclusory statements of fact” also are “insufficient to defeat
a summary judgment motion.” Hamblin v. Castillo Garcia, 23 Wn. App. 2d 814,
831, 517 P.3d 1080 (2022) (emphasis added); BLACK’S LAW DICTIONARY, supra, at
365 (defining conclusory as “[e]xpressing a factual inference without stating the
underlying facts on which the inference is based”). In turn, a nonmoving party may
not rely “on having [their] affidavits considered at face value” and “must
demonstrate the basis for [their] assertions.” Strong v. Terrell, 147 Wn. App. 376,
384, 195 P.3d 977 (2008); Doty-Fielding v. Town of South Prairie, 143 Wn. App.
559, 566, 178 P.3d 1054 (2008) (emphasis added).
Equally importantly, the reviewing court “‘may not weigh the evidence,
assess credibility, consider the likelihood that the evidence will prove true, or
otherwise resolve issues of material fact.’” TracFone, 30 Wn. App. 2d at 876
(quoting Haley, 25 Wn. App. 2d at 217). In short, summary judgment does not
determine or resolve issues of fact. Id. at 875. And, specifically, on “cross motions
5 No. 86291-0-I/6
for summary judgment, we view the evidence in the light most favorable to the
nonmoving party with respect to the particular claim.” West, 21 Wn. App. 2d at
441 (citing CR 56). Finally, we review orders on summary judgment de novo.
TracFone, 30 Wn. App. 2d at 876.
To frame our discussion, the parties’ commissioned three surveys on the
property line dividing Lot 3 from Lot 4. The first is the June 1998 “Schroeter
Survey” commissioned by Moore. The second is the January 2022 “Ray Survey”
commissioned by respondents. The third is the March 2022 “Follansbee Survey”
commissioned by Moore.
1. First Order: Dismissing Moore’s Complaint
In its First Order, the court held that Moore “failed to sustain his burden on
summary judgment of submit[ing] admissible evidence to rebut the location of the
boundary line as established by both his own surveyor, Schroeter, and defendants’
surveyor, James Ray.” We agree.
Respondents, the moving party, submitted inter alia the Ray Survey and
Ray’s accompanying declaration. The Ray Survey, shown below, shows the
chain-link fence posts are entirely within respondents’ Lot 3.
6 No. 86291-0-I/7
Ray’s declaration states his survey shows the “fence, in its present position, is
within the lot line of” Lot 3.
Importantly, Ray’s declaration also provided the basis of his opinion, i.e.,
how he conducted the survey. Ray testified that he examined documents from the
1998 subdivision, including the Schroeter Survey, and additional documents such
as tax parcel maps and aerial photos, as well as visiting the site to look “for field
conditions for the controlling monuments.” At this visit, Ray “was able to locate
and dig up all of the original capped lot corner rebars set up by Schroeter” from the
1998 survey. The Ray Survey itself also includes a procedural description that
“field measurements using . . . static observations with a dual frequency GPS were
combined in the office with network least squares to confirm that the relative
7 No. 86291-0-I/8
positional precision between any two points shown is 0.07 feet + 50PPM at the
95% confidence level.”
The burden then shifted to Moore as the non-moving party to rebut the
above evidence with “specific facts showing there is a genuine issue for trial.”
TracFone, 30 Wn. App. 2d at 875; CR 56(e). Moore submitted his first declaration,
which described “his specific personal experience” with the property, and which he
contends was sufficient to defeat summary judgment. We disagree.
His first declaration substantively begins by stating that he was “born and
raised about 150 yards from the site of the property line in question” and he has
“been familiar with it since [his] childhood and lived on the same block in that
vicinity for 68 years.” Moore goes on to declare that the “North end of the fence
line dividing Lot 3 and Lot 4 . . . had, until [respondents] made unauthorized
changes to it, been marked by an appropriate metal corner marker . . . installed in
1998.” From this, he states that he has “always known where that corner was
located,” “checked it every year,” and “marked the South end of that line . . . with
an erect pole . . . about 8 feet long.” (Emphasis added.) Moore next declares that,
when he “went to the site for a routine inspection,” he discovered that the fence
“was located several inches West onto [his] property.”
It is undisputed that Moore is familiar with the property and familiar with
where the corner markers may have once been. None of these statements,
however, “demonstrate the basis” of Moore’s knowledge, specifically, of the run of
the property line, i.e, the line between the two relevant points, to any relative
positional precision. Doty-Fielding, 143 Wn. App. at 566. Even viewing his
8 No. 86291-0-I/9
declaration in the light most favorable to him as we must, Moore at most implies
that, because he has “always known” the corner marker’s location and placed a
pole there, he knows the precise location of the property line, down to the inches.
West, 21 Wn. App. 2d at 441. He fails to provide “specific facts” on how he knows
the necessary hyper-precise location of the property line. CR 56(e). Without
explaining in a non-“conclusory” way how he knows the location of the run of the
property line, he has no basis for his opinion that respondents trespassed.
Hamblin, 23 Wn. App. 2d at 831.
Moore next declares in pertinent part that, after he confronted respondents
in April 2021 and attempted to disassemble the fence, they “moved the offending
section of fencing, each time farther East to the point where, now, it is no longer
on my property.” And he argues that this portion of his declaration “stood in direct
opposition to the assertions of the surveyor speculating about the location of a
fence he did not see,” rendering “summary judgment improper.” This argument is
both inaccurate and fails for similar reasons.
The Ray Survey found and marked both the “previous former split fail fence
post[s]” and the “chain link fence post[s].” There was no mere speculation of the
location of fences, both of which Ray declared were on respondents’ property.
Moreover, Moore’s statements—regarding purportedly “unauthorized
changes” to the corner markers, and statements about respondents moving the
fence slightly further back over a period of days, weeks or months—are still silent
about how he knows respondents’ alleged “initial” placement of the fence was on
his property line with such remarkable accuracy. Even if not conclusory, this claim
9 No. 86291-0-I/10
is speculative and, thus, insufficient. Umpqua Bank, 19 Wn. App. 2d at 34; BLACK’S
LAW DICTIONARY, supra, at 1692.
Moore’s claim does not even stand in direct opposition to Grubbs’
declaration that, using the two pertinent property pins, he set a stringline to ensure
the fence was on his property. Moore nowhere claims he did anything similar to
establish a straight and accurate run of the property line.
Finally, Moore declared that, sometime after the April 2021 confrontations,
the “fence was back over [his] meter box” and, thus, he “went back to work with
[his] torch.” If we were to hold that this statement rebuts respondents’ evidence,
we would need to assume—without any facts in evidence—that a fence which runs
above the meter box must be on Moore’s property. But he does not explain how
he knows the meter box is solely on his property line, rendering his statement again
conclusory. Hamblin, 23 Wn. App. 2d at 831. The Ray Survey shows the property
line passing through the water meter box, with the fence on respondents’ side.
That claim is effectively unrebutted.
Otherwise, Moore does nothing more than “rely . . . on having [his] affidavits
considered at face value.” 4 Strong, 147 Wn. App. at 384. Thus, we hold the court
properly dismissed Moore’s trespass claim in its First Order.
2. Second Order: Granting Respondent’s Counterclaims
In its Second Order, the court granted respondents’ motion for summary
4 Prior to the court’s First Order, Moore attempted to introduce photos that purportedly showed the fence encroaching on his property and placed over the meter box. The court struck these photos as lacking authentication and foundation. Moore does not assign error to this decision. 10 No. 86291-0-I/11
judgment on liability on their counterclaims for trespass and trespass to chattels,
while denying Moore’s partial motion for summary judgment to dismiss those
counterclaims. In support of his motion and in opposition to respondents’, Moore
had attached a relatively minimally revised second declaration, which he now
claims provided “the basis for his conclusion that the fence was initially constructed
on Trust property.” We disagree.
a. Respondents’ Trespass Claim
In his second declaration, Moore added some details about the appearance
of the 1998 corner marker and his familiarity with the property. 5 Neither provide a
“basis” or “specific facts” connecting the property line to respondents’ alleged
trespass. Doty-Fielding, 143 Wn. App. at 566; CR 56(e).
Moore also adds more detail as to his “encounters” with McMillan and the
police in April 2021. These new statements largely recount his view of events and
not how he knows respondents’ fence crossed his property line. At most, Moore
states, in conclusory fashion, that he “assisted [McMillan] in sighting down the line
to the tall pole that marked the Southeast corner of our property and the Southwest
corner of their property.” Moore fails to explain how he could accurately assist
McMillian or later the police “in sighting down the line,” rendering his statements
5 As to the corner marker, Moore declared that, “until [respondents] removed that
corner marker” it “had been marked by a 1/2” inch diameter length of rebar with an orange plastic cap about 1¼ inches in diameter which was installed in 1998 by [Schroeter].” As to his knowledge of the site, Moore declared that he was “very familiar with all the lots, the property lines and corner markers,” as he “previously owned that very Lot 3 and [was] well acquainted with its corners and boundary lines” and “marked the South end of that line . . . with an erect pole” that was “about 8 feet long, installed at that point as per the original survey.” 11 No. 86291-0-I/12
still conclusory. Hamblin, 23 Wn. App. 2d at 831.
Moore newly also claims that “[a]ll fencing was on my property line or near
enough to it that the concrete for the fencepost holes was partially on my property”
and the “northern portion of the original location of the fence built by Grubbs was
west of the line and was located on my property.” Once again, however, Moore
does not explain his basis for his assertion that the property line crossed the
“concrete” (and thus respondents trespassed), rendering these statements
likewise conclusory. Hamblin, 23 Wn. App. 2d at 831; Doty-Fielding, 143 Wn. App.
at 566.
Finally, as he did in his first declaration, Moore declares that respondents
“and I have each privately retained our own surveyor to confirm that the original
location of the corner post dividing our properties was correct and those surveyors
agree on the location of the line; but it is East of where the [respondents] initially
built the fence and thus the fence was initially built on my property.”
Moore appears to be referencing the Ray and Follansbee Surveys.
However, Moore did not provide the Follansbee Survey in support of his motion or
in opposition to respondents’ motion. In fact, the record before us indicates Moore
did not provide the court the Follansbee Survey until after the court had ruled and
in support of his motion for reconsideration, to be discussed later. For now, Moore
merely states, without elaboration, that while the surveys “agree on the location of
the line, . . . it is East of where [respondents] initially built the fence.” Thus, this
statement, as before, provides no reason to believe the alleged “initially” installed
fence trespassed on his land. Hamblin, 23 Wn. App. 2d at 831; Doty-Fielding, 143
12 No. 86291-0-I/13
Wn. App. at 566. Indeed, as did Ray’s, the Follansbee Survey provides, as shown
below, that respondents’ chain-link fence was on respondents’ property.
In short, Moore’s second declaration is insufficient to merit his own or defeat
respondents’ summary judgment as he asks to have his “affidavits considered at
face value.” Strong, 147 Wn. App. at 384. Thus, we hold the court properly
granted respondents’ motion for summary judgment on their trespass claim.
b. Respondents’ Trespass to Chattels Claim
In its Second Order, the court also granted summary judgment for
respondents’ trespass to chattels counterclaim. Relying on RCW 4.24.630(1),
Moore claims he “certainly” and “reasonably believed” that the initial placement of
the fence constituted trespass and had no reason to know otherwise, precluding
13 No. 86291-0-I/14
summary judgment on this counterclaim. We disagree.
RCW 4.24.630(1) states that “[e]very person who goes onto the land of
another and . . . wrongfully injures personal property or improvements to real estate
on the land, is liable to the injured party for treble the amount of the damages.”
(Emphasis added.) A “person acts ‘wrongfully’ if the person intentionally and
unreasonably commits the act or acts while knowing, or having reason to know,
that he or she lacks authorization to so act.” (Emphasis added.) Thus, a plaintiff
must show the perpetrator acted intentionally, unreasonably, and with the requisite
knowledge of lack of authorization. RCW 4.24.630(1); Clipse v. Michels Pipeline
Const., Inc., 154 Wn. App. 573, 580, 225 P.3d 492 (2010) (hereinafter Clipse I).
As to intentionality, under RCW 4.24.630(1), the party must be more than
merely negligent. Borden v. City of Olympia, 113 Wn. App. 359, 364, 374, 53 P.3d
1020 (2002) (“evidence here does not support an inference that the City
intentionally, as opposed to negligently, caused waste or injury” from flooding).
Here, Moore’s own declarations expressly and repeatedly admit that he
deliberately acted to “remove” or “disassemble” the fence with a blowtorch, and
successfully did so on parts of the fence at least twice. Thus, we conclude the
court did not err in holding there was no genuine issue of material fact that Moore
intentionally committed the act of going on to (what has been determined as a
matter of law to be) respondents’ property and destroyed a fence, under RCW
4.24.630(1).
As to reasonableness, under RCW 4.24.630(1), this court has held that
evidence of a party’s attempt to investigate or clarify property rights or obligations
14 No. 86291-0-I/15
can support a finding of reasonableness. Colwell v. Etzell, 119 Wn. App. 432, 436,
440, 81 P.3d 895 (2003) (“evidence indicated efforts by Mr. Etzell to attempt to
clarify and formally establish an easement access acceptable to both parties,”
which included “communicat[ing] several times” with the other party’s attorney);
see also BLACK’S LAW DICTIONARY, supra, at 1520 (defining reasonable in part as
“[r]eflecting good judgment; fair and proper under the circumstances.”).
Other than his conversations with McMillan, Moore offers no evidence of
any efforts to investigate or clarify the property boundary prior to his first attempt
to disassemble it. Moore simply asserts he had “always known” there the
boundary lines were, land “act[ed] reasonably in light of the mistake [respondents]
had made.” This is patently conclusory and, thus, insufficient to survive summary
judgment. Hamblin, 23 Wn. App. 2d at 831. Thus, we conclude the court did not
err in holding there was no genuine issue of material fact that Moore acted
unreasonably under RCW 4.24.630(1).
Finally, as to the knowledge component of RCW 4.24.630(1), a plaintiff must
show that the defendant had “kn[own] or ha[d] reason to know that he or she lacked
authorization” to act as they did. Clipse I, 154 Wn. App. at 580. This requirement
is met by either objective or subjective knowledge. In re Forfeiture of Chevrolet
Chevelle, 166 Wn.2d 834, 842, 215 P.3d 166 (2009).
As quoted above, Moore certainly claims that he “believed,” i.e., lacked
subjective knowledge, that he had authorization to enter what-he-thought-was his
own property. But, Moore also acknowledges that respondents made no effort
between April 6 and 15, 2021 to move the fence and that, when at least three
15 No. 86291-0-I/16
police officers and additional firemen arrived, the former ordered him to put down
his blowtorch, despite trying to convince them that it was his property. Having
procured no survey of the offending fence, i.e., to “clarify” the dispute, and now
having been met with, charitably, skepticism from third parties, Moore had reason
to know he was not actually authorized to enter their property to dismantle the
fence, and yet he returned again the next day to go “to work with [his] torch.” On
appeal, he offers nothing in response, other than conclusory statements that he
had reason to subjectively “believe . . . that he had lawful authority to remove” the
fence. Thus, we conclude the court did not err in holding that Moore had the
requisite knowledge under RCW 4.24.630(1).
In turn, we hold the court did not err in granting summary judgment to
respondents on their trespass to chattels claim as Moore failed to establish a
genuine issue of material fact under RCW 4.24.630(1). 6
B. Attorney Fees
1. Fees Assessed by the Trial Court 7
6 Moore assigns error to the court’s denial of his motion for reconsideration. Moore
fails to present any substantive argument or legal authority “bearing on” CR 59, and thus we need not consider the issue as it is waived. Smith v. King, 106 Wn.2d 443, 451-52, 722 P.2d 796 (1986). 7 As a preliminary matter, respondents move this court for dismissal of this portion
of Moore’s appeal because he “did not appeal the [First Judgment] within 30 days as required by RAP 5.2” and did not “designate that Judgment in his notice of appeal” as required by RAP 2.4(a) and RAP 5.3(a)(3). We disagree, deny the motion, and will consider the merits of Moore’s challenge because he assigned error to the court “awarding attorneys’ fees pursuant to RCW 4.84.185 and CR 11” and offers substantive argument. Clark County v. W. Wash, Growth Mgmt. Hr’gs Review Bd., 177 Wn.2d 136, 144, 298 P.3d 704 (2013) (noting the scope of an appeal is determined by “notice of appeal” as well as “the assignments of error, and the substantive argumentation of the parties.”). 16 No. 86291-0-I/17
Moore challenges the court’s award of $50,359.27 in attorney fees under
CR 11 and RCW 4.84.185. We disagree.
The decision to award fees under CR 11 or RCW 4.84.185 “is left to the trial
court’s discretion and will not be disturbed in the absence of a clear showing of
abuse.” Tiger Oil Corp. v. Dep’t of Licensing, 88 Wn. App. 925, 937-38, 946 P.2d
1235 (1997) (emphasis added). “A trial court abuses its discretion when its
decision is manifestly unreasonable, or is based on untenable grounds or for
untenable reasons.” Clipse v. Commercial Driver Serv’s Inc., 189 Wn. App. 776,
787, 358 P.3d 464 (2015) (“Clipse II”). “A decision is manifestly unreasonable if
the trial court takes a view that no reasonable person would take. And a trial court’s
decision rests on untenable grounds or reasons if the trial court applies the wrong
legal standard or relies on unsupported facts.” Id. (citing Salas v. Hi-Tech Erectors,
168 Wn.2d 664, 669, 230 P.3d 583 (2010)).
CR 11(a)(1) requires an attorney to certify that their filings were “to the best
of the party's or attorney's knowledge, information, and belief, formed after an
inquiry reasonable under the circumstances” and “well grounded in fact.” “If a party
violates CR 11, the court may impose an appropriate sanction, which may include
reasonable attorney fees and expenses.” Eller v. E. Sprague Motors & R.V.'s, Inc.,
159 Wn. App. 180, 190, 244 P.3d 447 (2010).
When gauging CR 11 sanctions, we apply “an objective standard to
determine ‘whether a reasonable attorney in like circumstances could believe his
or her actions to be factually and legally justified.’” Id. (quoting Bryant v. Joseph
Tree, Inc., 119 Wn.2d 210, 220, 829 P.2d 1099 (1992)). “The court is expected to
17 No. 86291-0-I/18
avoid using the wisdom of hindsight and should test the signer’s conduct by
inquiring what was reasonable to believe at the time the pleading, motion or legal
memorandum was submitted.” Bryant v. Joseph Tree, Inc., 119 Wn.2d 210, 220,
829 P.2d 1099 (1992).
The trial court first “‘must make a finding that either the claim
is not grounded in fact or law and the attorney or party failed to make a reasonable
inquiry into the law or facts, or the paper was filed for an improper purpose.’” State
ex rel. Quick Ruben v. Verharen, 136 Wn.2d 888, 904, 969 P.2d 64 (1998) (quoting
Biggs v. Vail, 124 Wn.2d 193, 201, 876 P.2d 448 (1994)). Here, the court primarily
found the former, asserting Moore’s “complaint was not well grounded in fact and
was not filed in good faith” or “reasonably based on information” because Moore
did “not check his own short plat” or “engage a professional to locate actual
markers that existed in the ground at the true corner boundary between Lots 3 and
4.”
Moore is correct that CR 11 sanctions are not warranted “merely because
an action’s factual basis proves deficient or a party’s view of the law proves
incorrect.” Doe v. Spokane and Inland Empire Blood Bank, 55 Wn. App. 106, 111,
780 P.2d 853 (1989). But Moore does not explain how the court took a “view that
no reasonable person would take.” Clipse II, 189 Wn. App. at 787.
Instead, Moore’s brief cites to only Moore’s declaration and photographs,
the latter of which were excluded at the time of the court’s First Order. As
discussed above, Moore’s declaration was conclusory and speculative as to one
of the key facts in this case: how Moore knew respondents’ initial placement of the
18 No. 86291-0-I/19
fence crossed into his property. The excluded pictures, not only were
inadmissible—again a claim not here contested—but provide no such support for
that crucial fact.
Otherwise, before the trial court, Moore’s counsel filed a separate
declaration defending his investigation. Therein, he declares that, on the one
hand, he “acted based on the reasonable representations of my client,” 8 and, on
the other, he “did not become aware, nor gain knowledge, of dispositive facts, until
he obtained the results of his own [Follansbee] survey which included proof that
Grubbs had, in fact, initially built the fence, in part, on the Moore property.” These
assertions are unpersuasive.
As to the former—that he reasonably relied “on the trustee’s experience and
representations”—“‘[a]n attorney’s blind reliance on a client . . . will seldom
constitute reasonable inquiry.’” MacDonald v. Korum Ford, 80 Wn. App. 877, 890,
912 P.2d 1052 (1996) (alterations in original) (quoting Miller v. Badgley, 51 Wn.
App. 285, 302, 753 P.2d 530 (1988)).
As to the latter, Moore mischaracterizes the Follansbee Survey, which
shows the chain-link fence on respondents’ property. And this assertion is
inconsistent with the fact that Moore filed his complaint and submitted his
declaration before Follansbee completed his survey, which is dated March 15,
2022, and coincidentally the same day the court issued its First Order.
8 Similar to Moore’s first declaration, his attorney declares in conclusory fashion
that Moore’s representations were “reasonable” due to his general status as the “developer and owner of the subdivision and short plat” and because he “continued to visit the site,” without any explanation about why he believed Moore had properly determined the property line in relation to the fence. 19 No. 86291-0-I/20
In short, Moore has made no “clear showing of abuse” when it held that
essentially he “shot first and asked questions later,” i.e., filed suit and even moved
for summary judgment before completing a survey. Tiger Oil Corp., 88 Wn. App.
at 937-38.
To be clear, we do not imply that a failure to obtain a survey establishes a
failure to make a reasonable inquiry in every property dispute. But the evidence
before the court at the time of the First Order did not show the court’s decision was
“manifestly unreasonable, or is based on untenable grounds or for untenable
reasons.” Clipse II, 189 Wn. App. at 787.
As the court equally premised its attorney fee order on CR 11 and RCW
4.84.185, we need not consider the latter.
2. Appellate Fees
Respondents seek their attorney fees and costs on appeal under RAP 18.1,
which authorizes an award where “applicable law grants to a party the right to
recover reasonable attorney fees or expenses on review.” Respondents rely on
RCW 4.24.630 and RCW 7.24.100.
The trespass to chattel statute, RCW 4.24.630(1), provides that the losing
party “is liable for reimbursing the injured party for the party’s reasonable costs,
including but not limited to investigative costs and reasonable attorneys’ fees and
other litigation-related costs.”
As respondents complied with the requirements of RAP 18.1, we grant their
request for attorney fees under RCW 4.24.630, and need not reach what costs
may be reimbursable under RCW 7.24.100.
20 No. 86291-0-I/21
III. CONCLUSION
We affirm.
WE CONCUR: